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NEC INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

THEORY - PREP

WELCOME

CUC –Form IIIs

Updated April 2018
DEVOTION
&
PRAYER
James 1:19 - Therefore, my beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear,
slow to speak, slow to wrath:
Ephesians 4:26 - Be ye angry, and sin not: let not the sun go down upon your
wrath:
 BATCH
AND
ONLINE PROCESSING
 ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What methods can I use to effectively
process data/transactions?
 IFL

How does God deal with you and I? In

terms of feedback, actions for or against
us?

Is it instantly or is it sometimes delayed.

 What is a computer system?

Answer - A Computer is a machine capable of executing

instruction on data (doing something when
commanded/programmed)
 WHAT IS DATA PROCESSING?
Data processing is when raw data is fed into a computer
and then analysed and changed into useful information.
This useful information can be output and used.
 BATCH PROCESSING
This is where a number of similar jobs or tasks are collected
together (batched) and processed by a computer all at once rather
than individually.

They are loaded onto a computer system (in a job queue)

And then processed all at once (in a batch)
BATCH PROCESSING:
HAVING YOUR FRIENDS OVER FOR LUNCH
 BATCH PROCESSING:
1. Producing bills (e.g. electricity, water, gas etc)
2. Payroll
3. Producing monthly credit card statements
4. Processing bank cheques.
5. Marking multiple choice examination papers
EXAMPLE OF BATCH PROCESSING
 ADVANTAGES OF BATCH
PROCESSING:
1. Jobs can be processed without a human present.
2. Long jobs can be left processing overnight when everyone
has gone home.
3. Can be done or processed independently during less-busy
times or at a desired designated or more opportune time.
4. Ideal for processing large volumes of data/transaction for it
increases efficiency rather than processing each individually.
5. Provides control over the processing transactions – you can
make changes because output is not given immediately
6. Also, allows a good audit trail.
 DISADVANTAGES OF BATCH
PROCESSING:
1. Batched jobs can take a long time to process.
2. You may not have the require output or result when needed
(e.g. no wares to use – all dirty in the sink; no money on card)
2. Time delay between the collection of data (transaction
receiving) and getting the result (output in master file) after the
batch process.
3. The Master File (The organizations big data) is not always
kept up to date. Data remains old until batch processing has taken
place
 ONLINE/REAL-TIME PROCESSING
Here the systems automatically updates immediately
when a change or transaction is made.
This type of processing is where a user communicates
directly with the computer system,
The computer system automatically updates its data as
changes are made immediately or in “real-time” so that
the computer responds to inputs without any delays.
 FEATURES OF ONLINE/REAL-TIME PROCESSING:

1. It ensures that the system always contains up-to-

date information.
2. Tend to use sensors rather than human input in
order to obtain its data.
3. Used with control systems where when processing
is complete, the system will send instructions to 'control
devices' telling them what to do.
 E.G. ONLINE/REAL-TIME PROCESSING:
1. Booking systems / Ticket reservations (airlines, cinema,
theatre, concerts)
2. ATM's (recalculates how much money is left in the account)
3. Purchasing goods on the Internet (e.g. Amazon recalculates
how many items are left in stock)
4. Warning systems on aircraft
5. Guiding missiles to their target (updates coordinate etc.)
6. Automatic greenhouses
7. Burglar alarms
Online booking systems rely on the ability to update files immediately, in order to
prevent double-booking of seats etc
There are a number of steps involved: the order of these is important
Steps Include
1. Customer logs on to theatre website and 4. If seats are available, seat numbers and
clicks on required performance price are displayed
2. Enter date & time + number of seats 5. Customer clicks ‘confirm’
3. Seating display: choose seats 6. Seats are now set temporarily in the
theatre database as ‘unavailable’
 ADVANTAGES OF ONLINE/REAL-TIME
PROCESSING:
1. Processing is carried out automatically with no need for human
supervision.
2. Can carry out jobs that humans are unable to (e.g. monitoring radiation).
3. No significant delay in response.
4. It must always be online
5. Information is always up to date thus giving the organization the ability to
take immediate action when responding to an event, issue or scenario in
the shortest possible span of time.
6. Immediate processing, up to date data
7. Files held online, can do ad hoc reports
 DISADVANTAGES OF ONLINE/REAL-TIME
PROCESSING:
1. Needs virus/hacker security (especially for online booking
systems).
2. System failure can cost lives (e.g. faulty airplane warning system)
3. This type of processing is more expensive and complex.
4. Real-time processing is a bit tedious and more difficult for
auditing.
5. Audit trails hard to perform because of very little paperwork, so
harder to check for errors, etc
6. Daily data backups are needed
HOW TO KNOW WHEN TO USE BATCH OR ONLINE-
REAL-TIME PROCESSING
1. The type and volume of data
2. Scale of the operation: Batch systems suited to processing of huge
amounts of data
3. The time that the data needs to be processed;
4. Whether information needs to be up to date at all times
5. Verify which process is really suited to a certain business.
6. Cost: Real-time system more expensive; more complex backup and
recovery procedures required
7. Computer usage: Adv of batch, can process overnight on mainframe
computers
 – DETERMINE IS THE FOLLOWING IS
BATCHED OR REAL-TIME PROCESSED
1. Payroll systems B
2. Airline booking systems R
3. Patient monitoring systems R
4. WASA Customer billing B
5. Games R
6. Order processing R
7. Preparation of financial statements B
What is a Computer?
 A Computer is an advanced electronic device that
takes raw data as input from the user, and processes
the data under the control of set of instructions (called
a program), and gives a result (output).
 A programmable device for processing, storing, and
displaying information
Benefits of using a Computer
 Speed - Faster task completion
 Accuracy - Less error prone than humans (spell check etc.)
 Global communication (network, Internet)
 Persistent Storage
 “Eco-friendly” (saves on paper)
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
 First fully operational electronic
computer.
A thousand times faster than its
electromechanical predecessors.
 It occupied 18000 square feet of floor space.
 Weighed 30 tonnes
 Used Vacuum Tubes
 Emitted lots of heat
TRANSISTORS
 Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and
ushered in the second generation of
computers.
 The transistor was far superior to the
vacuum tube, allowing computers to
become smaller, faster, cheaper, more
energy-efficient and more reliable than
their first- generation predecessors.
Integrated Circuits
 The integrated circuit, or as it is sometimes referred to as
semiconductor chip, was invented in 1958 by Jack Kilby of Texas
Instruments.
 Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards
and monitors and interfaced with an operating system
 Device were able to run different applications at the same time.
 Became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and
cheaper
Microprocessors
 Thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip
 In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user
 In 1976 Apple 1 introduced the Macintosh, at a cost of $2000
 Currently used in most PCs
 Fifth generation computers are in developmental stage which is
based on the artificial intelligence.
 The goal of the fifth generation is to develop the device which
could respond to natural language input and are capable of
learning and self- organization.
 Quantum computation, molecular and nanotechnology is used in
this technology.
Super
 Notebook PCs - is a portable, battery- or AC-powered personal computer
generally smaller than a briefcase
 Desktop PCs – used at a single location
 Handheld Computers – can be used while you are holding it.
 Workstation – used for specialised function e.g. engineering application and
programming,
 Server Computer -is responsible for sharing data or hardware and software
resources among clients.
 Supercomputers – the fastest, most powerful and most expensive computer
used for applications that require complex and sophisticated mathematical
Super
 A microcomputer is a computer that can perform all of its input,
process, output, and storage activities by itself.
 Microcomputers are often known as personal computers (PC).
 Microcomputers include:
•Desktop Computers
•Tower Model Computers
•Notebook Computers (Portable)
•Handheld Computers (Pda’s)
•Internet Appliances.
 A computer of medium power, more than a microcomputer but less
than a mainframe.
 A minicomputer is also called as a mid-range or mid-size computer.
 They are also called small or mid-size servers
 Intermediate between a microcomputer and a mainframe in size,
speed, and capacity
 Used for scientific and engineering computations,
business-transaction processing, file handling, and database
management,
 A mainframe is a large, expensive, but powerful computer that can
handle thousands of connected users at the same time
 They are essentially servers
 Users typically access a mainframe via a personal computer or a terminal.
 Typical users of mainframes include banks, insurance companies, and
airlines with sophisticated reservation systems.
 A server is the host or central computer that manages the resources
on a network. Or a server is a computer program or a device that
provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients"
 A server provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, information.
 A dedicated server is a server that performs a specific tasks.
 A file server stores and manages files.
 A print server manages printers and print jobs.
 A database server stores and provides access to a database.
 A network server
 Proxy Server
 A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful, and most expensive
computer used for applications that require complex and
sophisticated mathematical calculations.
 Typical tasks carried out by supercomputers include:
• Weather forecasting,
• Space exploratory projects,
• Weapons research.
Complete the following

1____ 2____

3____
Match the following
Answer
(Letters) Labels Descriptions
G 1. Vacuum Tubes A. Also called semiconductor chip, can run different applications at the same time.
A 2. Integrated Circuit B. Your typical desktop and laptop
H 3. Microprocessor C. Used for applications that require complex , sophisticated maths calculations
D 4. Transistors D. Replaced vacuum tubes; ushered in the next generation of computers
E 5. Nanotechnology E. Used for Artificial Intelligence
B 6. Microcomputer F. Provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients"
I 7. Minicomputer G. First fully operational electronic computer.Used lots of energy; emitted lots of
heat
J 8. Mainframe H. Thousands of integrated circuits built onto a single silicon chip;
F 9. Supercomputer I. Ranges between a microcomputer and mainframe in size, speed, capacity
C 10. Server J. Users include banks, insurance companies, and airlines
CAREERS IN COMPUTING
 ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Why should you consider a career
in ICT?

Parable of the talents,

 HMMM!
Can you think of any job that does
not entail the use of computers or
computer related devices?
REFLECT THEN RESPOND
 I Write programs based on specifications, prepares
I take care of the physical
documentations parts of existing
and maintains the computer system
software
 I oversee
Responsible activities related to the design and
I design and maintain the company’s databaseLAN
for networking of computers using and
system
development of new information systems
WAN
ICT JOBS AND DESCRIPTIONS
 S-2 QUESTION
S.A.: Oversees activities related to the design and development of new info systems

CP: Designs, writes, tests, debugs/troubleshoots and maintains the source code of
computer programs.
CT Possess skilled knowledge, hands-on experience and different tools to repair and
maintain computer hardware, software and network/Internet issues.

CE/SE: writes programs based on specifications, prepares docs, and maintains existing software
DA: Designs and maintains the org database system
DC – Enter or update data into a computer system.
S-2 QUESTION
 S-2 QUESTION – IT CAREERS/JOBS ANSWERS
S.A.: Oversees activities related to the design and development of new info systems

CP: Designs, writes, tests, debugs/troubleshoots and maintains the source code of
computer programs.

CT Possess skilled knowledge, hands-on experience and different tools to repair and
maintain computer hardware, software and network/Internet issues.

CE/SE: writes programs based on specifications, prepares docs, and maintains existing software
DA: Designs and maintains the org database system
DC – Enter or update data into a computer system.
 User interfaces
A user interface is the method by which the user and the
computer exchange information and instructions.
There are three main types –
1. Command-line,
2. Menu driven and
3. Graphical user interface (GUI).
Command Line
Features of a command-line interface
• Commands must be typed correctly and in the right order or the command will
not work.
• Experienced users who know the commands can work very quickly without
having to find their way around menus.
• An advantage of command driven programs is that they do not need the
memory and processing power of the latest computer and will often run on
lower spec machines.
• Command driven programs do not need to run in Windows.
• A command-line interface can run many programs, for example a batch file
could launch half a dozen programs to do its task.
• An inexperienced user can sometimes find a command driven program difficult
to use because of the number of commands that have to be learnt.
 Menu Driven Interface
• The user is offered a simple menu from which to choose an option. One
menu often leads to a further menu. Part of the screen may have an
instruction followed by a numbered list of options to choose from.
• May entail A full screen menu that takes up the entire screen.
• May entail a Menu bar - the set of options at the top of the screen. When an
option is chosen a drop-down menu may be offered.
Features of menu driven interfaces include:
• they are easy to use as the user does not have to remember sets of
commands
• they are user friendly - you can often guess your way around the options
• they can be irritating if there are too many levels of menus to move around
 Graphical User Interface
• Graphical user interface is sometimes shortened to GUI. The user
chooses an option usually by pointing a mouse at an icon
representing that option.
Features of GUIs include:
• They are much easier to use for beginners.
• They enable you to easily exchange information between software
using cut and paste or 'drag and drop'.
• They use a lot of memory and processing power. It can be slower to use
than a command-line interface if you are an expert user.
• They can be irritating to experienced users when simple tasks require a
number of operations.
S-2 QUESTIONS

 GUI; CUI; MDI

 GUI

 Easier to use for beginners; Can use mouse to point and click vs keyboard to
type exact command; Enables easy exchange of info between software using cut
and paste or 'drag and drop’; it’s intuitive; more friendly looking interface
APPLICATION PACKAGES
 Mail merge: the basics

Mail merge is used to create a set of documents for many

people. Each document has the same information, but the
content is personalized.
 SPREADSHEETS
A spreadsheet package is an application package that can
be used in any job that involves repetitive numerical
calculations.
MS Excel is a spreadsheet application that is part of the
MS Office Suite.
 SPREADSHEETS
Other Spreadsheet packages include:
• Google Docs
• OpenOffice
• LibreOffice
Spreadsheets can be used for?
• Statistics – e.g. Finding averages
• Budgeting
• Stock-keeping in a supermarket
• Payrolls
• Keeping accounts in a club
• Preparing end-of-term school reports
 SPREADSHEETS
A spreadsheet can be used to
1. Organize data
2. Analyse data
3. Graphically display numeric data
 SPREADSHEETS
• It is a large grid divided into rows and columns.
• The intersection of a row and column is called a cell
• Each cell is identified by its cell reference or address
(column/row position; number and letter)
• A cell can hold one of three kinds of information:
1. Labels or texts
2. Value or numbers
3. Formulas
 SPREADSHEET TERMINOLOGIES
Cell Address – The column letter and row number for that cell
Workbook – A collection of related spreadsheet saved as one
file. We are currently viewing an excel workbook
Function – Remember that a formula is an expression which
calculates the value of a cell. Functions are simply predefined
formulas and are already available in Excel.
 SPREADSHEET TERMINOLOGIES
Cell Address – The column letter and row number for that cell
 SPREADSHEET TERMINOLOGIES
Range - A cell range is a collection of selected cells in a spreadsheet. This cell range is usually
symmetrical (square), but can exist of separate cells just the same.
 SPREADSHEET TERMINOLOGIES
Function – Remember that a formula is an expression which calculates the value of a cell.
Functions are simply predefined formulas and are already available in Excel.
 SPREADSHEET TERMINOLOGIES
Function – Remember that a formula is an expression which calculates the value of a cell.
Functions are simply predefined formulas and are already available in Excel.
 SPREADSHEET TERMINOLOGIES
Formula – Remember that a formula is an expression which calculates the value of a cell. You
can create your own formula using logical operators – Let’s Try!
Here Are Some Basic Operators Before You Get Started
 Answer The Following Past Paper Ques.
A B C D
1. What is the formula (using
1
cell addresses) entered in D5
2 to get that value? (4marks)
3
4 Item Unit Quantity Price Paid 2. What is the formula (using
Price cell addresses) entered in
5 Pants $200 10 2000 D10 to get that value?
6 Shirts $150 30 4500 (5marks)
7 Shoes $300 15 4500
8 Skirts $230 17 3910 3. What cell address contains
9 Jackets $500 12 6000 the word “Skirts”?
10 Total Cost 20910
QUESTION

 Microsoft Excel
 To organize events; participants; collect and sort
names of individuals; payments made; who does
what etc.  Microsoft Publisher
 To make flyers; invitations; letters to parents and
other invitees
 S-2 QUESTION

Antivirus

Password
Underline Item Technical Term

i.
No.
Piracy
System software
Virus/Malware i. Operating software
i. Microsoft Window
i. Application Software
i. Word Processor/Microsoft Word
i. Hard Disk/ Hard Drive
Hack Biometric
i. Spreadsheet Application or Package/Microsoft Excel
i. Database (Access/Excel)
authentication
i. Specialize or Application Software
i. Computer Programmer
Backup
 System software
Operating software

MS Windows
Application software
Word Processor
Hard Disk/Drive

Spreadsheet application
Data based - Access

Specialise or Application Software

Underline Item No. Technical Term

i System software
ii Operating software
iii Microsoft Window
iv Application Software
v Word Processor/Microsoft Word
vi Hard Disk/ Hard Drive
vii Spreadsheet Application or Package/Microsoft Excel
viii Database (Access/Excel)
ix Specialize or Application Software
 OPERATING SYSTEM
HIGH LEVEL & LOW LEVEL
LANGUAGES
 KWL - HARDWARE VERSUS SOFTWARE
Hardware refers to the parts of the computer
that you can actually feel and touch

Software on the other hand is the general

name given to all the programs used to direct
the operation of a computer, as well as
documentation giving instructions on how to
use them. (see resources below)
 TWO MAIN TYPES OF SOFTWARE:

System Software and Application

Software
 TWO MAIN TYPES OF SOFTWARE:
Application Software
Application software, or simply applications, are
often called productivity programs or end-user
programs because they enable the user to complete
tasks, such as creating documents, spreadsheets,
databases and publications, doing online research,
sending email, designing graphics, running
businesses, and even playing games!
 TWO MAIN TYPES OF SOFTWARE:
Application Software
Application software, or app for short, is
software that performs specific tasks for an end-
user.
Effectively, if the user is interacting directly with a
piece of software it is application software.
 TWO MAIN TYPES OF SOFTWARE:
System Software and Application Software

System Software – is a type of computer

program that is designed to run a computer's
hardware and application programs. The
system software is the interface between the
hardware and user applications (apps). E.g.
Android and Windows or MacOS.
THREE TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE
1. Operating System – OUR FOCUS
2. Utility Programs – These assist in improving and
maintaining the efficiency of the computer system. E.g.
Defragmenters; Antivirus; Disk Cleanup; Backing up files;
Screen saving
3. Translations Programs – These converts program
commands into machine code/binary. They include:
Compilers; Interpreters; Assemblers
 OPERATING SYSTEM –
ANOTHER DEFINITION
The low-level software that supports a
computer's basic functions, such as
scheduling tasks and controlling
peripherals
 FUNCTIONS OF THE OS
Provide a way for applications to communicate with the computer
hardware (example printing)
Manage system resources such as memory and CPU time allowing
for multitasking and multiusers etc.
Manage the transfer of data to and from peripherals such as
keyboard and mouse
Manage system security – user rights (such that some users cannot
install and app or access areas without a password
Provides an interface between the user and the computer hardware
 FUNCTIONS OF THE OS
Schedule jobs – such as in printer its spools/sends jobs to the buffer
or waiting area
Manages files and folders
The operating system is the first thing you see when you turn on
your computer or related device and its loading is also referred to as
booting or booting up.
Examples of OS – Microsoft Windows; Mac OS; Android
 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
What is a computer program?
A program is a set of instructions that tell a computer
what to do. Programming language – are formal
language designed to communicate instructions to a
computer.
Programming language – are formal language designed
to communicate instructions to a computer
 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
NOTE:
When we are speaking about language and the
computer we are looking at it from the computer’s
perspective not the really from the user or
programmer’s perspective.
 HIGH AND LOW LEVEL PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE
Low level language –languages that are easier for
the computer to understand rather than the
programmer (they are low/basic/easy for the
computer to understand)

High level languages – these are developed with

the programmer in mind rather than the computer.
LOW LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

1. Machine Language or Machine Code

2. Assembly language
 MACHINE LANGUAGE/MACHINE CODE
Also called the 1st Generation language as first programmer
wrote in this
This is directly understood by the computer and is
essentially binary “0s and 1s”.
It is only language that computer actually understand
It requires no translation (compiler or interpreter)
It’s often machine specific – so that it will not work across
computer types
 MACHINE LANGUAGE/MACHINE CODE
It executes or runs very fast as it needs no translation (dah!)
It’s very difficult for humans to understand
Still writing them is tedious and requires highly trained
professionals
What kind of programs or apps do you think are written in
machine language?
Games; OS; Simulations
 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE – 2G
This language allows programmers to use Mnemonics –
instead of 1s and 0s.

(E.g. Types of Translators (CIA or for Music EGBDF/Eat Good

Bread Dear Father). Such as ADD (meaning to add) or SUB ( to
subtract).
 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE – 2G
Assembly language are much easier for humans to write and debug
than machine code
They however require a translator for the computer to understand
by an assembler
Still writing them is tedious and requires highly trained
professionals
This is the 2nd Generation language or 2GL
Typically, in low level languages, one line of source code creates one
line of machine code
 HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES 3G & 4G ETC.
 These are developed with the programmer in mind rather
than the computer.
They are “high” (difficult) for the computer to understand
however
They are not machine dependent/typically work across
computer type
Very similar to English making it easy for programmers to
understand
Easy to debug/correct errors
 HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES 3G & 4G ETC.
They include:
 Pascal (used to teach beginning programming techniques
COBOL(used for business data processing),
C++ (good for graphics and commercial software
JAVA good for website design
 HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES 3G & 4G ETC.
Typically, in high level languages, one line of source
code creates many lines of machine code

We also have 4G (like Microsoft Access and JAVA) and

5G (this represents the future possibilities where its
hope computers will be able to solve problems without
being instructed how to solve them – WHAT DO YOU
THINK? Alexa; Cortana etc.
 SOLVING THE COMMUNICATION PROBLEM -
TRANSLATION PROGRAMS
Translation programs or translators are part of the
system software and are used to converts the program
commands into machine code.
They include: CIA CAN ANYONE REMEMBER WHAT THE
MNEMONIC MEANS?
Compilers
Interpreter
Assemblers
 SOLVING THE COMMUNICATION PROBLEM -
TRANSLATION PROGRAMS

Compilers and Interpreters works similarly – in that they

change high level language into machine code, but in
different ways
 SOLVING THE COMMUNICATION PROBLEM -
TRANSLATION PROGRAMS
Compiler – This is a software program that converts an
entire program written in high level language (also
called the source code) into machine code (also called
the object code) in one instance/one go.
 SOLVING THE COMMUNICATION PROBLEM -
TRANSLATION PROGRAMS
Interpreter – This is a software program that takes each instruction
written in high level language (also called the source code) converts its
and runs it line by line at a time rather than translating the entire
program all at once into machine code (object code
 SOLVING THE COMMUNICATION PROBLEM -
TRANSLATION PROGRAMS
Assembler – Simply translate assembly language (3G) into
machine language. It recognizes and replaces the mnemonics
with machine code instructions
COMPILER INTERPRETER
SOLVING THE COMMUNICATION PROBLEM -
TRANSLATION
Compiler works on the complete PROGRAMS
Interpreter program works line-by-line. It
program at once. It takes the entire
takes one statement at a time as input.
program as input.

Compiler generates intermediate code, Interpreter does not generate

called the object code or machine intermediate object code or machine
code. code.

Compiler executes conditional control

statements (like if-else and switch- Interpreter execute conditional control
case) and logical constructs faster than statements at a much slower speed.
interpreter.
COMPILER INTERPRETER
SOLVING THE COMMUNICATION PROBLEM -
Interpreter does not generate
TRANSLATION
Compiled programs take PROGRAMS
intermediate object code. As a
more memory because the entire
result, interpreted programs are more
object code has to reside in memory.
memory efficient.
Compile once and run anytime.
Interpreted programs are interpreted
Compiled program does not need to
line-by-line every time they are run.
be compiled every time.
Error is reported as soon as the first
Errors are reported after the entire
error is encountered. Rest of the
program is checkedfor
program will not be checked until the
syntactical and other errors.
existing error is removed.
 Debugging is easy because
A compiled
SOLVINGlanguage
THEis more
COMMUNICATION PROBLEM
interpreter stops and reports-
difficult to debug.
TRANSLATIONerrors PROGRAMS
as it encounters them.
Compiler does not allow a program Interpreter runs the program from
to run until it is completely error- first line and stops execution only if
free. it encounters an error.
Interpreted languages are less
Compiled languages are more efficient but easier to debug. This
efficient but difficult to debug. makes such languages an ideal
choice for new students.
Examples of programming
Examples of programming
languages that use interpreters:
languages that use compilers:
BASIC, Visual Basic, Python, Ruby,
C, C++, COBOL
PHP, Perl, MATLAB, Lisp
 CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH & LOW
LEVEL LANGUAGES
Low level language –languages that are easier for
the computer to understand rather than the
programmer (they are low/basic/easy for the
computer to understand)

High level languages – these are developed with

the programmer in mind rather than the computer.
 TRANSLATORS
Translation programs or translators are part of the system
software and are used to converts the program commands
(HLL) into machine code.
They include: CIA CAN ANYONE REMEMBER WHAT THE
MNEMONIC MEANS?
i. Compilers
ii. Interpreter
iii. Assemblers
 TRANSLATORS
Compilers and Interpreters works similarly – in that they
change high level language into machine code, but in different
ways
How is Storage Capacity Measured?
QUESTION
 Classification of Digital Computers
• Computers are classified according to sizes, speed and memory capacity.
Computers are different types:

• Super Computers
• Mainframe Computers
• Mini Computers
• Micro/Personal Computers
– Desktop Computes
– Laptop Computers
– Tablet Computers
– Palmtop (handheld pc) Computers
 Super Computers
• Supercomputer are very fast computers that can perform hundreds of
millions of instructions per second. These are the fastest calculating
devices.
• Uses:
– Super computer are used by government agencies .
– Used for scientific and engineering applications that must handle very
large databases or do a great amount of computation.
– Astronomers and space scientists use super computers to study the
Sun and space weather.
– Supercomputers are used in nuclear technology.
– Supercomputers are used to research in the field of medicine. For
example Cancer.
– Supercomputers are used for the heavy stuff like weather maps,
construction of atom bombs, finding oil, earthquake prediction, and
sciences where a lot of calculations must be done.
World's Fastest Super Computers Ref:
www.top500.org
RANK SUPER COMPUTER NAME SPEED
Cores | 3,120,000
Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2)
O/S | Kylin Linux
1 National University of Defense Technology
Power: 17,808.00 kW
Manufacturer (NUDT)
Memory: 1,024,000 GB
2 Titan - Cray XK7 Cores | 560,640
Oak Ridge National Laboratory O/S | Cray Linux Environment
Manufacturer Cray Inc. USA Power: 8,209.00 kW
Memory: 710,144 GB
Cores | 1,572,864
Sequoia - BlueGene/Q O/S | Linux
3 IBM Power: 7,890.00 kW
Livermore – USA Memory: 1,572,864 GB

A petaflop/s is equivalent to 1,000 trillion calculations per second.

China was rapidly becoming a "player" in high performance computing. China
aims to become supercomputer superpower.
Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2) Sequoia - BlueGene/Q

Titan - Cray XK7

 Mainframe Computers
• Mainframe computers are smaller than Super Computers. Usually, a
main frame would occupy an entire room and could cost over million
dollars.
• The name comes from the way the machine is build up: all units
(processing, communication etc.) were hung into a frame. Thus main
computer is build into a frame, therefore it is called mainframe.
• Mainframes are typically manufactured by large companies such as IBM,
Hitachi etc.
• Uses:
– Mainframe computers are the big, powerful, expensive computers used in
the background by most large organizations.
– Mainframe computers are used to run commercial applications and
other large-scale computing purposes.
– It is also used in banking and insurance businesses where enormous
amounts of data are processed.
– For example millions of records , each day.
Mainframe Compuer
 Mini Computers
• Minicomputers are relatively low cost and small .
• This setup (mini Computers) allowed more people to have access to
computers.
• minicomputer is a class of multi-user Computer that lies
in the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between
the largest Multi-user systems (mainframe computer) and the
smallest single-user systems (Microcomputers or personal
computers.
• Uses:
– Mainframe computers are used to run commercial applications and
other large-scale computing purposes.
– It is also used in banking and insurance businesses where enormous
amounts of data are processed.
– For example millions of records , each day.
Mini Computer Name: PDP 7
 Personal (Micro) Computers
• The term “ microcomputer” came into popular use after the introduction
of the minicomputer.
• A personal computer (PC) is any general-purpose Computer whose size,
capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which
is intended to be operated directly by an end user.
• A personal computer may be a desktop computer, a laptop, a tablet PC, or a
handheld PC (also called a palmtop).
• Software applications for personal computers include word processing,
spreadsheets, databases, Web browsers and e-mail clients, games and special-
purpose software applications.
• A PC may be used at home or in an office. Personal computers may be
connected to a local area network (LAN), either by a cable or a wireless
connection.
 Personal (Micro) Computers : Features
• Cheap and easy to use:
– Micro computers are cheap and easy to use.
• Limited Support for I/O device
– They support very limited input and output capacities.
• Storage Capacity
– They have less storage capacity
• Software Capacity
– These computers support very limited number of software
• Architecture
– Most of microcomputers are self-contained unit, which are light enough and can be
moved easily.
• Number of Operators
– They are designed to be used by one person at a time.
• I/O devices
– In addition to CPU , a microcomputer has diff input / output devices like.
 Personal (Micro) Computers : Features
• Data Storage
– Hard disk and floppy disk drivers are used to enter and store data and programs.
• Softcopy Output
– A visual display screen (monitor) and / or a printer is used to get the output.
 Personal (Micro) Computers : Uses
• Like other computers (super, mainframe, micro), personal
computers can be instructed to perform a variety of individual
functions.
• A set of instructions that tells a computer what to do is called a
program.
• Today, thousands of application programs are available for use on
personal computers. They include such popular programs as word
processing programs, spreadsheet programs, database programs,
and communication programs.
• Desktop Computers
– Today the desktop computers those computers which have the
different desktop computer cases that can be laid on the desk and they
are different from the tower computers on the basis of the design of the
case as in tower computers .
Personal Computer (Desktop)
 Personal (Micro) Computers : Uses

• Laptop Computers
– A laptop is a personal computer designed for mobile use.
– It is small and light enough to sit on a person’s lap while in use.
– A laptop integrate most of the typical components of a desktop
computer , including a display , keyboard, a pointing device ( a touch
pad, also known as a track pad, and / or a point stick, speakers, and
often including a battery, into a single small and light unit.
Personal Computer (Laptop)
 Personal (Micro) Computers : Uses
• Palmtop Computers
– A computer small enough to hold in one hand and operate with the
other. Also called a “handtop”
– These ultra-small computers may have specialized keyboards or
keypads for data entry applications or have small qwerty keyboards.
– Because of their small size, most palmtop computers do not include
disk drives .
– However, many contain PCMCIA(Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association) slots in which you can insert disk drives,
modems, memory, and other devices.
Personal Computer (palmtop)
 Personal (Micro) Computers : Uses
• Tablet Computers
• A tablet personal computer (tablet PC) is a portable personal
computer equipped with a touchscreen as a primary input device
and designed to be operated and owned by an individual
– The Tablet PC provides all of the features, reliability and
power of Windows XP, plus pen and ink capabilities that
allow you to write directly on the screen or use the pen as
you would a mouse and keyboard.
– The Tablet PC extends the way you would use a laptop or
notebook computer.
– You can use the wireless pen to take notes while in
meetings, sketch ideas, even add personality to your e-
mail and instant messages.
Tablet Computers, Google Glass & wearable Pc

http://www.google.com/glass
QUESTION
Define what is a peripheral device?
QUESTION
QUESTION
QUESTION
 What is a computer system?

Answer - A Computer is a machine capable of executing

instruction on data (doing something when
commanded/programmed)
QUESTION
QUESTION
 Two Main Types of Software:
System Software and Application Software
Application Software - or apps, are often called productivity
programs or end-user programs because they enable the end-
user (like you and I) to complete tasks and solve problems, such
as creating documents, spreadsheets, databases and
publications, doing online research, sending email, designing
graphics, running businesses, and even playing games
 Two Main Types of Software:
System Software and Application Software
System Software – is a type of computer program that is designed
to run a computer's hardware and application programs. The system
software is the interface between the hardware and user applications
(apps). E.g. Android and Windows or MacOS.

It makes the computer system available (WORK) for use and manages
the computer resources.
 3 Types of System Software:
1. Operating System – This is a set of programs that control the
hardware and provide common services for computer programs
(they help run apps). THEY OPERATE THE COMPUTER
2. Utility Programs – These assist in improving and maintaining
the efficiency of the computer system. E.g. Defragmenters;
Antivirus; Disk Cleanup; Backing up files; Screen saving
3. Translations Programs – These converts program commands
into machine code/binary. They include:
i. Compilers ii. Interpreters iii.Assemblers
Operating System: e.g. Microsoft Windows; Mac OS; Android
Functions of the OS
1. Provide a way for applications to communicate with
the computer hardware (example printing)
2. Manage system resources such as memory and CPU
time allowing for multitasking and multiusers etc.
3. Manage the transfer of data to and from peripherals
such as keyboard and mouse
Operating System: e.g. Microsoft Windows; Mac OS; Android
Functions of the OS
4. Manage system security – user rights (such that some users cannot
install and app or access areas without a password
5. Provides and interface between the user and the computer
hardware
6. Schedule jobs – such as in printer its spools/sends jobs to the buffer
or waiting area
7. Manages files and folders
The operating system is the first thing you see when you turn on your
computer or related device and its loading is also referred to as
booting or booting up.
 3 Types of System Software:
1. Operating System – This is a set of programs that control the
hardware and provide common services for computer programs
(they help run apps). THEY OPERATE THE COMPUTER
2. Utility Programs – These assist in improving and maintaining
the efficiency of the computer system. E.g. Defragmenters;
Antivirus; Disk Cleanup; Backing up files; Screen saving
3. Translations Programs – These converts program commands
into machine code/binary. They include:
i. Compilers ii. Interpreters iii.Assemblers
QUESTION
QUESTION
 Encryption and Decryption
Data Encryption and Decryption.
Encryption is the process of
translating plain text data (plaintext)
into something that appears to be
random and meaningless
(ciphertext). Decryption is the
process of converting ciphertext
back to plaintext. To encrypt more
than a small amount of data,
symmetric encryption is used.
QUESTION
 Networks
A computer network is a number of computers linked together to allow
them to share resources. Networked computers can share hardware,
software and data.

Most computer networks have at least one server. A server is a

powerful computer that provides one or more services to a network
and its users. For example, file storage and email.
There are two main types of network:
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
LANs and WANs
There are two main types of network:
1.Local Area Network (LAN)
2.Wide Area Network (WAN)
LANs and WANs
There are two main types of network:
1.Local Area Network (LAN)
2.Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Networks
Advantages
1. Sharing devices such as printers saves money.
2. Site (software) licences are likely to be cheaper than buying several
standalone licences.
3. Files can easily be shared between users.
4. Network users can communicate by email and instant messenger.
5. Security is good - users cannot see other users' files unlike on stand-
alone machines.
6. Data is easy to backup as all the data is stored on the file server.
 Networks
Disadvantages
1.Purchasing the network cabling and file servers can be expensive.
2. Managing a large network is complicated, requires training and a
network manager usually needs to be employed.
3.If the file server breaks down the files on the file server become
inaccessible. Email might still work if it is on a separate server. The
computers can still be used but are isolated.
4.Viruses can spread to other computers throughout a computer
network.
5. There is a danger of hacking, particularly with wide area networks.
Security procedures are needed to prevent such abuse, eg a firewall.
QUESTION
QUESTION
QUESTION
QUESTION
S-2 QUESTIONS

Mouse; Trackerball; TouchScreen

Printer; Speaker; Plotter

CD; RAM
Smart Phone; Netbook
Modem
Input/Output Devices
S-2 QUESTIONS MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) tech used to
verify the legitimacy or originality of paper documents,
e.g. checks. Special ink, sensitive to magnetic fields, is
used in the printing of certain characters on the original
documents.

Barcode
Readers/Scanner

OMR or Optical Mark

Reader
S-2 QUESTIONS

Impact Printer - Uses a striking or Non-Impact Printer - may use laser

hammerlike mechanism to (faster); inkjet (nozzle spray) or thermal,
impact the paper or other not striking on paper/medium (most
medium – The print one character modern printers). They are fast and print
e.g. a letter or number at a time high quality output; also more silent
(e.g. Dot matrix (Very Reliable than impact:
esp for multiple copies of the Plotters are used for large print output
same thing) or chain printer – such as billboards and banners; used for
may be noisy-hammer!
WHAT THE FOUR COMPONENTS OF A TYPICAL COMPUTER?
Your typical computer includes four main hardware components
CPU – the brain of the computer and contains the ALU (the
arithmetic logic unit) also called the processor or microprocessor,
interprets and carries out basic instructions
Main memory or immediate access storage/primary storage such as
RAM stores data instructions and results being processed by the CPU
Secondary storage or backing store –Stores data, instructions and the
results tends to be permanent. They include: Flashdrives, memory
cards DVDs etc.
Input output devices – accepts input and give output to the user
 RAM VS ROM
 RAM is Random Access  RAM requires a flow of electricity to
Memory. retain data (e.g. the computer powered
ROM is Read Only Memory. on).
ROM will retain data without the flow of
 RAM is the memory available electricity (e.g. when computer is
for the operating system, powered off).
programs and processes to use  RAM is a type of volatile memory. Data
when the computer is running. in RAM is not permanently written.
ROM is the memory that comes When you power off your computer the
with your computer that is pre- data stored in RAM is deleted.
written to hold the instructions ROM is a type of non- volatile memory.
for booting-up the computer. Data in ROM is permanently written and
is not erased when you power off your
computer.
S-2 QUESTIONS

 RAM requires a flow of electricity to retain data (e.g. the computer powered
Main
on). memory or immediate access storage/primary storage such as
ROM will retain data without the flow of electricity (e.g. when computer is
RAM stores
powered off). data instructions and results being processed by the CPU
Secondary
RAM is a typestorage ormemory.
of volatile backingData
storein –Stores data,
RAM is not instructions
permanently and the
written.
When
resultsyou power
tends to off
be2your computer
permanent.
1 the
4 data
They storedFlashdrives,
include:
3
in RAM is deleted.
memory
ROM is a type of non- volatile memory. Data in ROM is permanently written
 S-2 QUESTIONS
DVD; USB Flash Drive; External Hard Drive; Flash Memory Card

 Diskettes; Magnetic Tape; CD

 Outdated/Obsolete; Storage Capacity

 8 * 1024 = 8,192KB. Therefore since each pic is 1KB he can store 8,192 pics
How is Storage Capacity Measured?
S-2 QUESTIONS
 User interfaces
A user interface is the method by which the user and the
computer exchange information and instructions.
There are three main types –
1. Command-line,
2. Menu driven and
3. Graphical user interface (GUI).
Command Line
Features of a command-line interface
• Commands must be typed correctly and in the right order or the command will
not work.
• Experienced users who know the commands can work very quickly without
having to find their way around menus.
• An advantage of command driven programs is that they do not need the
memory and processing power of the latest computer and will often run on
lower spec machines.
• Command driven programs do not need to run in Windows.
• A command-line interface can run many programs, for example a batch file
could launch half a dozen programs to do its task.
• An inexperienced user can sometimes find a command driven program difficult
to use because of the number of commands that have to be learnt.
 Menu Driven Interface
• The user is offered a simple menu from which to choose an option. One
menu often leads to a further menu. Part of the screen may have an
instruction followed by a numbered list of options to choose from.
• May entail A full screen menu that takes up the entire screen.
• May entail a Menu bar - the set of options at the top of the screen. When an
option is chosen a drop-down menu may be offered.
Features of menu driven interfaces include:
• they are easy to use as the user does not have to remember sets of
commands
• they are user friendly - you can often guess your way around the options
• they can be irritating if there are too many levels of menus to move around
 Graphical User Interface
• Graphical user interface is sometimes shortened to GUI. The user
chooses an option usually by pointing a mouse at an icon
representing that option.
Features of GUIs include:
• They are much easier to use for beginners.
• They enable you to easily exchange information between software
using cut and paste or 'drag and drop'.
• They use a lot of memory and processing power. It can be slower to use
than a command-line interface if you are an expert user.
• They can be irritating to experienced users when simple tasks require a
number of operations.
S-2 QUESTIONS

 GUI; CUI; MDI

 GUI

 Easier to use for beginners; Can use mouse to point and click vs keyboard to
type exact command; Enables easy exchange of info between software using cut
and paste or 'drag and drop’; it’s intuitive; more friendly looking interface
QUESTION

 Microsoft Excel
 To organize events; participants; collect and sort
names of individuals; payments made; who does
what etc.  Microsoft Publisher
 To make flyers; invitations; letters to parents and
other invitees
 Database Terms
Database - is an integrated collection of logically related records or
files.
•Field - a field consists of a grouping of characters.
•Record - Data is stored in records. A record is composed of fields and contains
all the data about one particular person, company, or item in a database.
•File - a group of related records. Files are frequently classified by the
application for which they are primarily used (employee file). A primary key in
a file is the field (or fields) whose value identifies a record among others in a
data file.
•Index: Similar to a library's card catalogue: in a library it provides quick access
to a particular book; in a computer, an index provides quick access to a
particular record within the file that it indexes.
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT –KEY TERMS

Database – an organized collection of

information and data.
- think about a filing cabinet
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT –KEY TERMS

Files – A collection of related records

(think of the files inside the filing
cabinet)
Databases contain files – you computer
database contains files for documents,
music, pictures etc.
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT –KEY TERMS

Records – A collection of fields/items

related to objects within a file.
For example all the information related to Kaelon
Mohammed in his file - is his records. Usual all the data in
the corresponding row for the object/Kaelon
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT –KEY TERMS

Records – A collection of fields/items related to

objects within a file. E.g. 16, M, Christian, etc.
Name/Object Age Sex Religion Interest
Mohammed, K 16 M Christian Sports

Records
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT –KEY TERMS

Fields – A record may consist of several fields.

Fields are the portion of a record that defines what
that records should be. Usually the label for the
columns. It contains one piece of information. Such
as the label; Age, Sex, etc.
Fields
Name/Object Age Sex Religion Interest
Mohammed, K 16 M Christian Sports
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT –KEY TERMS

Index – A particular sorting criteria/standard. It is a

reference table that contains the key or reference
needed to address or sort the data by and criteria
used to access the data. Such as; by Lastname;
Firstname; etc.
Cust# Name Age Sex Religion Interest
014452, Moh, K 16 M Christian Sports
Index
 WHAT IS DATA PROCESSING?
Data processing is when raw data is fed into a computer
and then analysed and changed into useful information.
This useful information can be output and used.
 TYPES/DATA-PROCESSING MODES INCLUDE:

1. Batch Processing
2. Online Processing/ Real-time Processing.
 BATCH PROCESSING
This is where a number of similar jobs or tasks are
collected together (batched) and processed by a
computer all at once rather than individually.
 BATCH PROCESSING:
1. Producing bills (e.g. electricity, water, gas etc)
2. Payroll
3. Stock Control
 ADVANTAGES OF BATCH
PROCESSING:
1. Jobs can be processed without a human present.
2. Long jobs can be left processing overnight when
everyone has gone home.
3. Ideal for processing large volumes of data/transaction
for it increases efficiency rather than processing each
individually.
4. Can be done or processed independently during less-
busy times or at a desired designated time.
 DISADVANTAGES OF BATCH
PROCESSING:
1. Batched jobs can take a long time to process.
2. Time delay between the collection of data
(transaction receiving) and getting the result (output in
master file) after the batch process.
3. The Master File (The organizations big data) is not
always kept up to date.
 ONLINE/REAL-TIME PROCESSING
Here the systems automatically updates when a change
or transaction is made. This type of processing is where
a user communicates directly with the computer
system, the computer system automatically updates its
data as changes are made immediately real-time
(immediately) so that the computer responds to inputs
without any delays.
 FEATURES OF ONLINE/REAL-TIME PROCESSING:

1. It ensures that the system always contains up-to-

date information.
2. Tend to use sensors rather than human input in
order to obtain its data.
3. Used with control systems where when processing
is complete, the system will send instructions to 'control
devices' telling them what to do.
 ONLINE/REAL-TIME PROCESSING:
1. Booking systems / Ticket reservations (airlines, cinema,
theatre, concerts)
2. ATM's (recalculates how much money is left in the account)
3. Purchasing goods on the Internet (e.g. Amazon recalculates
how many items are left in stock)
4. Warning systems on aircraft
5. Guiding missiles to their target (updates coordinate etc.)
6. Automatic greenhouses
7. Burglar alarms
 ADVANTAGES OF ONLINE/REAL-TIME
PROCESSING:
1. Processing is carried out automatically with no need for
human supervision.
2. Can carry out jobs that humans are unable to (e.g. monitoring
radiation).
3. No significant delay in response.
4. It must always be online
5. Information is always up to date thus giving the organization
the ability to take immediate action when responding to an
event, issue or scenario in the shortest possible span of time.
 DISADVANTAGES OF ONLINE/REAL-TIME
PROCESSING:
1. Needs virus/hacker security (especially for online
booking systems).
2. System failure can cost lives (e.g. faulty airplane warning
system)
3. This type of processing is more expensive and complex.
4. Real-time processing is a bit tedious and more difficult
for auditing.
5. Daily data backups are needed
 HOW TO KNOW WHEN TO USE BATCH OR
ONLINE-REAL-TIME PROCESSING
1. The type and volume of data
2. The time that the data needs to be processed
3. Verify which process is really suited to a certain
business.
S-2 QUESTION

F – This is a record

T
T
T
F – Batch
F – Transaction File
T
T – This is sequential
 DISADVANTAGES OF ONLINE/REAL-TIME
PROCESSING:
1. Needs virus/hacker security (especially for online
booking systems).
2. System failure can cost lives (e.g. faulty airplane warning
system)
3. This type of processing is more expensive and complex.
4. Real-time processing is a bit tedious and more difficult
for auditing.
5. Daily data backups are needed
 S-2 QUESTION
S.A.: Oversees activities related to the design and development of new info systems

CP: Designs, writes, tests, debugs/troubleshoots and maintains the source code of
computer programs.
CT Possess skilled knowledge, hands-on experience and different tools to repair and
maintain computer hardware, software and network/Internet issues.

CE/SE: writes programs based on specifications, prepares docs, and maintains existing software
DA: Designs and maintains the org database system
DC – Enter or update data into a computer system.
S-2 QUESTION
 S-2 QUESTION – IT CAREERS/JOBS ANSWERS
S.A.: Oversees activities related to the design and development of new info systems

CP: Designs, writes, tests, debugs/troubleshoots and maintains the source code of
computer programs.

CT Possess skilled knowledge, hands-on experience and different tools to repair and
maintain computer hardware, software and network/Internet issues.

CE/SE: writes programs based on specifications, prepares docs, and maintains existing software
DA: Designs and maintains the org database system
DC – Enter or update data into a computer system.
 S-2 QUESTION

Antivirus

Password
Piracy
Virus/Malware

Hack Biometric
authentication

Backup
S-2 QUESTION
LANs and WANs
There are two main types of network:
1.Local Area Network (LAN)
2.Wide Area Network (WAN)
LANs and WANs
There are two main types of network:
1.Local Area Network (LAN)
2.Wide Area Network (WAN)
S-2 QUESTION
11. A Teacher has a spreadsheet showing Form 5 students and
their marks scored in an IT test. To find the student with the
highest mark, which of the following functions should be
used?
A. AVERAGE
B. COUNT
C. MAX
D. SUM
S-2 QUESTION
12. Reading data is performed in magnetic disks by_______

A. Lower surface
B. Read/Write heads
C. Sectors
D. Tracks
S-2 QUESTION
13. What is a set of step-by-step instruction that is used to
solve a problem?

A. An Algorithm
B. A logical plan
C. A problem statement
D. A sequential structure
S-2 QUESTION
14. In an algorithm, in a condition can be define as

A. A Value which is true or false

B. A numerical value
C. A statement that causes repetition
D. All of the above
S-2 QUESTION
15. Which of the following is an example of a low level
language of programming?

A. Assembly
B. BASIC
C. JAVA
D. Pascal
 SEE YOU GUYS NEXT TIME!

1. Reminder of Database Project

2. Go through your material for the course
3. Come prepared for quiz next class – DAY 5 on
Data base; Batch and Online Processing and
Operating Systems and Languages

May The Lord Bless and Keep You Until…