Power System Stability 185

Worked Examples
E 8. t A 4-pole, 50 Hz, 11 KV turbo generator is rated 75 MW and 0.86 power factor
lagging. The machine rotor has a moment of intertia of 9000 Kg-m2. Find the
inertia constant in MJ / MVA and M constant or momentum in MJs/elec degree
Solution:
co = 211:f = 100 11: rad/sec
. . 1 2 1 2
Kmetlc energy = 2")eo = 2" x9000 + (10011:)

= 443.682 x 106 J
= 443.682 MH
75
MYA rating of the machine = 0.86 = 87.2093

MJ 443.682
H = MY A = 87.2093 = 8.08755

GH 87.2093 x 5.08755
M = 180f = 180 x 50
= 0.0492979 MJS/O dc

E 8.2 Two generaton rated at 4-pole, 50 Hz, 50 Mw 0.85 p.f (lag) with moment of inertia
28,000 kg-m1 .ad l-pole, 50Hz, 75 MW 0.82 p.f (lag) with moment of inertia
t 5,000 kg_m 1 are eoaRected by a transmission line. Find the inertia constant of
each machine and tile inertia constant of single equivalent machine connected to
infinite bus. Take 100 MVA base.
Solution:
For machine I

1
K.E = 2" x 28,000 x(10011:)2 = 1380.344 x 106 J
50
MVA = 0.85 = 58.8235

1380.344
HI = 58.8235 = 23.46586 MJ!MYA

58.8235 x 23.46586 1380.344

MI =
180 x 50 180x 50
= 0.15337 MJS/degree elect.
For the second machine
286 Power System Analysis

1 1
K.E = "2 x 15,000 "2 x (100 n)2 = 739,470,000 J

= 739.470 MJ
75
MVA = 0.82 = 91.4634

739.470
H2 = 91.4634 = 8.0848

91.4634 x 8.0848
M2 = 180 x 50 = 0.082163 MJS/oEIc

M1M2 0.082163xO.15337
M= --'---"--
Ml+M2 0.082163+0.15337

0.0126
0.235533 = 0.0535 MJS/Elec.degree

GH = 180 x 50 x M = 180 x 50 x 0.0535

= 481.5 MJ
on 100 MVA base, inertia constant.

481.5
H= 100 = 4.815 MJIMVA
E 8.3 A four pole synchronous generator rated no MVA 12.5 KV, 50 HZ has an inertia
constant of 5.5 MJIMVA
(i) Determine the stored energy in the rotor at synchronous speed.
(ii) When the generator is supplying a load of 75 MW,the input is increased by
10 MW. Determine the rotor acceleration, neglecting losses.
(iii) If the rotor acceleration in (ii) is maintained for 8 cycles, find the change in the
torque angle and the rotor speed in rpm at the end of 8 cycles
Solution:
(i) Stored energy = GH = 110 x 5.5 = 605 MJ where G = Machine rating
(ii) Pa = The acclerating power = 10 MW

d20 GH d20
10 MW = M dt2 = 180f dt2
Power System Stability 287

=10
180 x 50 dt 2

d 28 d 28 10
0.0672 dt 2 = 10 or dt2 = 0.0672 = 148.81
a = 148.81 elec degrees/sec 2
(iii) 8 cyles = 0.16 sec.

Change in 8= !..xI48.8Ix(0.16)2
2
Rotor speed at the end of 8 cycles
__ 120f .(1:) x t __ 120 x 50
P u 4 x 1.904768 x 0.16
= 457.144 r.p.m
E 8.4 Power is supplied by a generator to a motor over a transmission line as shown in
Fig. E8.4(a). To the motor bus a capacitor of 0.8 pu reactance per phase is connected
through a switch. Determine the steady state power limit with and without the
capacitor in the circuit.

Generator~ ~-+I ___ ~-+_~ ~Motorv= Ip.u

X':':'hn::.::e_=_0_.2.:.P_'U__

x l1 =O.lp.u l x l2 =O.lp.u
Xd = 0.8p.u T'=
E= 1.2p.u
Xc = 0.5p.u

Fig. E.8.4 (a)

Steady state power limit without the capacitor

1.2 x 1 1.2
P = ::=- = 0.6 pu
ma,1 0.8 + 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.8 + 0.1 2.0
With the capacitor in the circuit, the following circuit is obtained.
0.8 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.8

Fig. E.8.4 (b)

288 Power System Analysis

Simplifying
jl.1 j 0.9

E = 1.2
- j 0.8

Fig. E.S.4 (c)

Converting the star to delta network, the transfer reactance between the two nodes X 12 .

Fig. E.S.4 (d)

(j1.1)(j0.9) + (j0.9)(-jO.8) + (-jO.8 x jl.1)

X\2 = -jO.8

-0.99 + 0.72 + 0.88 -0.99 + 1.6 jO.61

------= =--
- jO.8 - jO.8 0.8
= jO.7625 p.u

1.2x 1
Steady state power limit = 0.7625 = 1.5738 pu
E 8.5 A generator rated 75 MVA is' delivering 0.8 pu power to a motor through a
transmission line of reactance j 0.2 p.u. The terminal voltage of the generator is
1.0 p.u and that of the motor is also 1.0p.u. Determine the genera,tor e.m.f behind
transient reactance. Find also the maximum power that can be transferred.
Solution:
When the power transferred is 0,8 p.u
1.0 x 1.0 sin a 1
0.8 = (0.1 + 0.2) = 0.3 sin e

- Sin e = 0.8 x 0.3 = 0.24

Power System Stability 289

ffi,
j 0.1

,~ ~ ~_+-I__~--,=-JO_I·2_ _-+_~
J 0.1

Fig. E.8.5

Current supplied to motor

lL13.o8865 -lLOo (0.9708 + jO.24) -I

1=
jO.3 jO.3

-0.0292 + jO.24
jO.3 = j 0.0973 + 0.8 = 0.8571/Tan- 1 0.1216

1 = 0.8571 /6. 0934

Voltage behind transient reactance
= lLOo + j 1.2 (0.8 + j 0.0973)
= 1 + j 0.96 - 0.11676
= 0.88324 +.i 0.96
= 1.0496 47°.8

EV 1.0496xl
Pmax = X = 1.2 = 0.8747 p.u

E 8.6 Determine the power angle characteristic for the system shown in Fig. E.8.6(a).
The generator is operating at a terminal voltage of 1.05 p.u and the infinite bus is
at 1.0 p.u. voltage. The generator is supplying 0.8 p.u power to the infinite bus.

Gen~:: ~.~r--_J_.O_.4_p_u_....,~,
j 0.4 pu bus

Fig. E.8.6 (a)

Solution:
The reactance diagram is drawn in Fig. E.8.6(b).
290 Power System Analysis

j 0.4 pu

Fig. E.8.6 (b)

jO.4
The transfer reactance between.V I and V is = j 0.1 + -2- = j 0.3 p.u

~
we have -x
VV . t
Sin u ==
(1.05)(1.0)
0.3
.
Sin 0 = 0.8
Solving for 0, sin 0 = 0.22857 and 0 = 13°.21
The terminal voltage is 1.05/13 0 .21 '
1.022216 + j 0.24
The current supplied by the generator to the infinite bus
1.022216 + jO.24 - (1 + jO)
1=
jO.3

(0.022216+ jO.24)
jO.3 • = 0.8 - j 0.074

= 1.08977/5.°28482 p.u
The transient internal voltage in the generator
EI = (0.8 - j 0.074) j 0.25 + 1.22216 + j 0.24
= j 0.2 + 0.0185 + 1.02216 + j 0.24
= 1.040 + j 0.44
= 1.1299 /22°.932
The total transfer reactance between E l and V
. . jO.4.
= J 0.25 + J 0.1 + -2- = J 0.55 p.u
The power angle characteristic is given by

p = E I V sin 0 == (1.1299).(1.0) sin 0

e X jO.55
Pe = 2.05436 sin 0
Power System Stability 293

E 8.8 For the system considered in E.8.6 if the H constant is given by 6 MJ/MVA obtain
the swing equation
Solution:
H d 20
The swing equation is -f - ) = P - Pe = Pa, the acclerating power
7t dt- In

If 0 is in electrical radians
ISOx 50 P _
6 a - 1500 Pa

E 8.9 In E8.7 jf the 3-phase fault i,s cleared on line 2 by operating the circuit breakers
on both sides of the line, determine the post fault power angle characteristic.
Solution: The net transfer reactance between EI and Va with only line 1 operating is
j 0.25 + j 0.1 + j 0.4 = j 0.75 p.u
(1.05)(1.0)
Pe = jO.75
Sin 0 = 1.4 Sin 0

E8.10 Determine the swing equation for the condition in E 8.9 when 0.8 p.u power is
delivered.
1
Given M = 1500

ISOf lS0x50
Solution: == = 1500
H 6

1 d20
1500 dt2' = O.S - 1.4 sin 0 is the swing equation

where 0 in electrical·degrees.
E8.11 Consider example E 8.6 with the swing equation
Pe = 2.05 sin 0
If the machine is operating at 28° and is subjected to a small transient disturbance,
determine the frequency of oscillation and also its period.
Given H = 5.5 MJIMVA
Pe = 2.05 sin 28° = 0.9624167
Solution:

dPe
do = 2.05 cos 28° = 1.7659
294 Power System Analysis

The angular frequency of oscillation = con

O
CO = )COS = 21tx50x1.7659
n 2H 2x5.5
= 7.099888 = 8 elec rad/sec.
I 4
f = - x 8 = - = 1.2739 Hz
n 21t 1t

1 1
Period of oscillation = T = fll = 1.2739 = T = 0.785 sec

E8.12 The power angle characteristic for a synchronous generator supplying infinite
bus is given by
Pe = 1.25 sin 8
The H constant is 5 sec and initially it is delivering a load of 0.5 p.u. Determine the
critical angle.
Solution:

Pmo 0.5
-P- = I 25 = 0.4 = Sind 80 ; 80 = 23°.578
max .

Cos 80 = 0.9165
80 in radians = 0.4113
280 = 0.8226
1t - 280 = 2.7287

Cos 8e = 1.09148 - 0.9165 = 0.17498

be = 79°.9215
E8.13 Consider the system shown in Fig. E.8.13.

Fig. E.8.13
Power System Stability 295

x~ = 0.25 p.u

lEI = 1.25 p.u and IVI = 1.0 p.lI ; XI = X 2 = 0.4 p.u

Initially the system is operating stable while delivering a load of 1.25 p.lI. Determine the
stability of the system when one of the lines is switched off due to a fault.
Solution.
When both the lines are working

1.25 x I 1.25
Pe max = 0.25 + 0.2 = 0.45 = 2.778 p.u

When one line is switched off

pI = 1.25 x I = 1.25 =
emax 0.25 + 0.4 0.65 1.923 p.u

Pea = 2.778 Sin 8 0 = 1.25 p.u

Sin 80 = 0.45
8 0 = 26°.7437 = 0.4665 radinas

At point C P~ = 1.923 Sin 8 1 = 1.25

Sin 8 1 = 0.65
8 1 = 40°.5416
== 0.7072 radian
296 Power· System Analysis

0] 07072

A] = area abc = f(P2-P~)dO= fO. 25 -1.923sino)do

00 04665

0.7072
= 1.25 I + 1.923 Cos 0
0.4665
= 0.300625 + (-0.255759) = 0.0450
Maximum area available = area c d f g c = A2 max
Om ax 1t-0 7072
A2 max = f (P:-P,)do= f (1.923Sino-1.25)do
0] 07072

139°.46
= -1.923 Cos 0 I 1.25 (2.4328 - 0.7072)
40°.5416
= 0.7599 - 1.25 x 1.7256
= 0.7599 - 2.157 = -1.3971 »A]
The system is stable
[Note: area A] is below P2 = 1.25 line and
area A2 is above P2 = 1.25 line; hence the negative sign]
ES.14 Determine the maximum value of the rotor swing in the example ES.13.
Solution:
Maximum value of the rotor swing is given by condition
AI =A 2
AI = 0.044866

02
A2 = f(-1.25 + 1.923 Sino}do
oj

= (-1.25 O2 + 1.25 x 0.7072) - 1.923 (Cos O2 - 0.76)

i.e., = + 1.923 Cos O2 + 1.25 ° = 2.34548 - 0.0450
°
2
i.e., = 1.923 Cos O2 + 1.25 = 2.30048
°=
2
By trial and error 2 55°.5
Power System Stability 297

E8.15 The M constant for a power system is 3 x 10-4 S2/elec. degree

The prefault, during the fault and post fault power angle characteristics are given by

Pel = 2.45 Sin °

Pe2 = 0.8 Sin °
and Pe
3
= 2.00 Sin ° respectively
choosing a time interval of 0.05 second obtain the swing curve for a sustained fault on
the system. The prefault power transfer is 0.9 p.u.
SolutIOn:

P
el
= 0.9 = 2.45 Sin °°
0.9 )
The initial power angle 0o = Sin-I ( 2.45

= 21.55°
At t = 0_ just before the occurrence of fault.

Pmax = 2.45
Sin 0o = Sin 21 °.55 = 0.3673

Pe = Pmax Sin 0o = 0.3673 x 2.45 = 0.9

Pa = 0

At t = 0+, just after the occurrence of fault

Pmax = 0.8; Sin ° 0

= 0.6373 and hence
Pe = 0.3673 x 0.8 = 0.2938

Pa, the acclerating power = 0.9 - Pe

= 0.9 - 0.2938 = 0.606
Hence, the average acclerating powr at t = 0ave

0+0.606
= 0.303
2
I
(~t)2 P _ (0.05 x 0.05) _ _ x _ °
M a- 3 X 10-4 - 8.33 Pa - 8.33 0.303 - 2 .524

~o = 2°.524 and 0° = 21 °.55.

The calculations are tabulated upto t = 0.4 sec.

298 Power S.ystem 1nalysis

Table 8.1

(~t)2
S.No t (sec) Pmax Sin .s P
•= Pa = -- M .s
M
(p.u.) P max Sin .s 0.9- p. p. = 8.33 x p.
I. 0- 2.45 0.3673 0.9 0 - - 2155°

0+ 0.8 0.3673 0.2938 0.606 - - 21.55°

°ave 0.3673 - 0.303 2.524 2°.524 24°.075

2. 0.05 0.8 0.4079 0.3263 0.5737 4.7786 7°.3 24°.075
3. 0.10 0.8 0.5207 0.4166 0.4834 4.027 II °.327° 31.3766
4. 0.15 0.8 0.6782 0.5426 0.3574 2.977 14°.304 42°.7036
5. 0.20 0.8 08357 0.6709 0.2290 1.9081 16°.212 570.00

6. 0.25 0.8 0.9574 0.7659 0.1341 1.1170 170.329 73°.2121

7. 0.30 0.8 0.9999 0.7999 0.1000 08330 18°.1623 90.5411
8. 0.35 0.8 0.9472 0.7578 0.1422 1.1847 19°.347 108.70
9 0.40 0.8 0.7875 0.6300 0.2700 2.2500 21°.596 128.047
149°.097

Table of results for E8.1S.

From the table it can be seen that the angle 0 increases continuously indicating instability.

160 E (8.15)

'""
140 \
tb 120
Curve I
'"
0

<.0 100

1 80

60

40

20
•

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 • 0.5

t(sec)~
Power System Stability 299

ES. t 6 If the fault in the previous example E.S. t 4 is cleared at the end of 2.5 cycles
determine the swing curve and examine the stability of the system.

Solution:

(M2 )
As before M Pa = 8 . 33 Pa

2.5 cycles second

Time to clear the fault =
50 cycles

= 0.05 sec.
In this the calculations performed in the previous example E8. 14 hold good for Dave'
However, since the fault in cleared at 0.05 sec., there will two values for Pa1 one for
Pe = 0.8 sin 8 and another for P = 2.00 sin 8.
2 e3

At t = 0.5 - Gust before the fault is cleared)

Pmax = 0.5; Sin 8 = 0.4079, and

Pe = Pmax Sind 8 = 0.3263, so that Pa = 0.9 - Pe = 0.57367
giving as before 8 = 24°.075

But, at t = 0.5+ Gust after the fault is cleared) Pmax becomes 2.0 p.u at the same 8 and
Pe = P max Sin 8 = 0.8158. This gives a value for P a = 0.9 - 0.8158 = 0.0842. Then for
t = 0.05 are the average accelerating power at the instant of fault clearance becomes

0.57367 + 0.0842
Pa ave = = 0.8289
2

(~t)2
M . Pa = 8.33 x 0.3289 = 2°.74

and A8 = 5.264

8 = 5.264 + 24.075 = 29°.339

These calculated results and further calculated results are tabulated in Table 8.2.
300 Power System Analysis

Table 8.2

(dt)2
•= •=
S.No t Pm•• Sin /) P P d/) /)
M
Pmax Sin /) 0.9 - p. p. = 8.33 x p.
I. 0- 2.45 0.3673 0.9 0 - - 21.55°
O~ 0.8 03673 0.2938 0.606 - - 21.55°

°ave 0.3673 - 0.303 2.524 2.524 24.075

2. 0.05 - 0.8 0.4079 0.3263 0.5737 - - -
0.05+ 2.0 0.4079 0.858 0.0842 - - -

O.O\ve 0.4079 - 0.3289 2.740 5.264 29.339

3. 0.10 2.0 0.49 0.98 -0.08 -0.6664 4.5976 33.9J67
4. 0.15 2.0 0.558 1.1165 -0.2165 -1.8038 2.7937 36.730
5. 0.20 2.0 0.598 1.1196 -0.296 -2.4664 0.3273 37.05
6. 0.25 2.0 0.6028 1.2056 -0.3056 -2.545 -2.2182 34°.83
7. 0.39 2.0 0.5711 1.1423 -0.2423 -2.018 -4.2366 30°.5933

Table of results for E8.15.

The fact that the increase of angle 8, started decreasing indicates stability of the system.
ES.17 A synchronous generator represented by a voltage source of 1.1 p.u in series with
a transient reactance of jO.1S p.u and an inertia constant H = 4 sec is connected
to an infinit~ bus through a transmission line. The line has a series reactance of
j0.40 p.u while the infinite bus is represented by a voltage source of 1.0 p.u.

The generator is transmitting an active power of 1.0 p.u when a 3-phase fault occurs at
its terminals. Determine the critical clearing time and critical clearing angle. Plot the
swing curve for a sustained fault..
Solution:
Power System Stability _ 301

8e = COS-I [(1t - 28 0 }sin 8 0 - COS 8 0 ]

= COS-I [(ISOo - 2 x 30° )Sin 30° - Cos 30° ]

= cos-I[~-0.S66] = COS-I [l.S07]

= 79°.59
Critical clearing angle = 79°.59

Critical clearing time =

49.59 x 3.14
8e - 80 = 79° - 59 -30° = 49 - 59° = ISO rad

= 0.S6507 rad

2 x 4 x 0.S6507
te = = 0.2099 sec
Ix3.14x50
Calculation for the swing curve

_ _ + (ISOf)
[\8 n -8 H [\t2 Pa(n-I)
n l

Let [\t = 0.05 sec

8n _ 1 =30°

ISOf ISOx50
--= = 2250
H 4

H I
M = ISOf = 2250 = 4.44 x 10-4

([\t)2 P = (0.05 x 0.05) P = 5.63 P

M a (4,44 x 10-4 ) a a

Accelerating power before the occurrence of the fault = Pa- = 2 Sin 80 - 1.0 =0
Accelerating power immediately after the occrrence of the fault
Pa+ = 2 Sin 80 - 0 = I p.u
0+1
Average acclerating powr = -2- = 0.5 p.u. Change in the angle during 0.05 s~c after
fault occurrence.
302 Power System Analysis

~81 = 5.63 )( 0.5 = iO.81

81 = 30° + 2°.S1 = 32°.S1
The results are plotted in Fig. ES.17.

One-machine system swing curve. Fault cleared at Infs

1400

1200 "1' ....

1000 .... ,............r············\"" ........ t············:···········

800

600

400

200 .......: ....... ,!' .......:...... .

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.4

t, sec

Fig. E.8.17 (a)

One-machine system swing curve. Fault cleared at Infs

90r---.---~---r--~---,----r---r---r---~--,

: :
80 ....... ;........... \......... ..;. .......... \.............( ........ !......... ,. ..........::.......... '" ... .
70 ... . ...,............ i ..........:........... 1... ......... j......... +......... ,......... .i..........;......... .
: : . : ; : : :
60 ... :.... ;......... ;..........; ....... (·······t········1·········;····· ..!...........;.........
50 ..... . .: ...... ~...........~ .. .

40 ....

300~~~--~--~--~---7----~--~--~--~~
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
t, sec

Fig. E.8.17 (b)

The system is unstable.
Power Sy!tem Stability 303

E8.18 In example no. E8.17, if the fault is cleared in 100 msec, obtain the swing curve.
Solution:
The swing curve is obtained using MATLAB and plotted in Fig. E.S.IS.
One-machine system swing curve. Fault cleared at 0.1 s
70. .' . .
60' ... ;.... , .\~
.. : ........... .
: . ~ :

\"
50 .. : .. : ...: :.. ., ...... .

40

30
. ':'.•
~: ..... , ....., :., ........... \
... ;'.:" .. :'.:.. " .. .

o. ."i~
-10~~ __~~__~~__~~__~__~~
o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
t, sec
Fig. E8.18
The system is stable.
Problems
PS.I A 2 pole, 50 Hz, II KV synchronous generator with a rating of 120 Mw and 0.S7
lagging power factor has a moment of inertia of 12,000 kg-m 2 . Calculate the constants
HandM.
PS.2 A 4-pole synchronous generator supplies over a short line a load of 60 Mw to a load bus.
If the maximum steady stae capacity of the transmission line is 110 Mw, determine the
maximum sudden increase in the load that can be tolerated by the system without loosing
stability.
PS.3 The prefault power angle chracteristic for a generator infinite bus system is given by
PeI = 1.62 Sin 0 .
.
and the initial load supplied is I R.U. During the fault power angle characteristic is given by
Pe = 0.9 Sin 0
2
Determine the critical clearing angle and the clearing time.
PS.4 Consider the system operating at 50 Hz.

G 81---'1~_P2_-+_0,7_5P_,u----111--18
1 X = 0.25 p.ll 0
xd= 0.25p.u I LO
H=2.3 sec
If a 3-phase fault occurs across the generator terminals plot the swing curve.
Plot also the swing curve, if the fault is cleared in 0.05 sec.