rd) Sanain Rah FREE SUPPLEMENTARY COPY FOR ~ POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS (EE3501) For B.E,, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Branch of Anna University, Chennai (Regulations 2021) Dr. M.JERALDIN AHILA LAKSHMI PUBLICATIONS CONTENTS UNITI POWER SYSTEM S1.1-S1.6 S11. Direct Inspection Method .... S11 UNIT II POWER FLOW ANALYSIS S2.1- Sz3 $2.1. Flow chart of Newton Raphson Method... 2.2. Comparison of gauss Seidel (GS), Newton Raphson (NR) and Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF) Methods... UNIT V S24 STABILITY ANALYSIS $5.1. Solution of swing equation by step by step method. $5.2. Multi - machine stability analysis $5.3. Modified Euler methodSYLLABUS ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI ” Electrical and Electronics Engineering Branch ______ POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS For B.E. Need for system planning and components, Represen an operational studies - Power scenario in India - Power system Hie a eectance dagen, Nace ee ice diagram, Network graph Theory - Bus incidence matrices, Primitive Parameters, Formation of bi . jus admittance matrix - Direct sl Sileicclioa Pee inspection method - Singular UNIT I: ER FI 'T 1: POWER FLOW ANALYSIS , By clasiiation ~ Formulation of Power Flow problem in polar coordinates - Power flow Salsa tains Gauss Seidel method - Handling of Voltage controlled buses - Power Flow ‘olution by Newton Raphson method - Flow charts - Comparison of methods. UNIT Il: SYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS ° Assumptions in short circuit analysis - Symmetrical short circuit analysis using Thevenin’s theorem - Bus Impedance matrix building algorithm (without mutual coupling) - Symmetrical fault analysis through bus impedance matrix - Post fault bus voltages - Fault evel - Current limiting reactors, UNIT IV: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS > Symmetrical components - Sequence impedances - Sequence networks - Analysis of unsymmetrical faults at generator terminals: LG, LL and LLG - unsymmetrical fault occurring at any point in a power system. UNIT V: STABILITY ANALYSIS 9 Classification of power system stability - Rotor angle stability - Power-Angle equation - Steady state stability - Swing equation - Solution of swing equation by step by step method - Swing curve, Equal area criterion - Critical clearing angle and time, Multi-machine stability analysis - modified Euler method. TOTAL : 45 PERIODS:UNIT I POWER SYSTEM $1.1. DIRECT INSPECTION METHOD. The Direct Inspection Method in power system analysis is a technique used to determine the state variables, such as bus voltages and power flows, without the iterative process typically required in other methods like Newton-Raphson or Gauss-Seidel. This method simplifies the power flow analysis by directly solving the power system equations under certain assumptions and conditions. Steps Involved in the Direct Inspection Method: 1. Model Simplification: ‘The power system model is simplified, often linearized, to make the equations solvable by direct methods. 2. Formation of System Equations: ‘The power flow equations are formed in a simplified linear or linearized format. This often involves assuming a direct relationship between power and voltage, ignoring certain nonlinearities. 3. Matrix Solution: + The simplified equations are expressed in matrix form. The system of linear equations is then solved using direct matrix inversion techniques or other linear algebra methods. 4, Solution Extraction: The solution of the matrix equations gives the state variables directly, such as bus voltages and phase angles. Applications: Small or Medium-Sized Systems: It is often used for small to medium-sized power systems where the assumptions hold true. Preliminary Studies: Useful in preliminary feasibility studies or initial stages of power system planning. Educational Purposes: Used for teaching basic concepts of power flow analysis without delving into more complex iterative methods. 1. For the network shown in Figure, form the bus admittance matrix. Determine the reduced admittance by eliminating mode 4. The values are marked in p.u,Supplement Yai new = Yisnew =J0.622 © Va2pew = Y23new =J06 Fi Yaa Y, Yasnee = Vaso -— Hy, —/1.5- DD - _ jr 222 3 ‘The reduced admittance matrix after eliminating 4* row is -jll2 j0.5 70.622 Yu =| JOS -J1.1 06 0.622 j0.6 —j1.222UNIT V STABILITY ANALYSIS ‘55.1. SOLUTION OF SWING EQUATION BY STEP BY STEP METHOD ‘Swing Equation De od e The rotor of a synchronous machine is subjected to two torques; Te and T,, which are acting in opposite direction as shown in figure. (a) Generator (b) Motor Fig. $5.1. Torque acting on rotor of synchronous machine where T, — Net electrical or electromechanical torque in N-m Ty, Mechanical or shaft torque supplied by the prime mover in N-m- © Under steady state operating condition the T, and T;, are equal and the machine runs at constant speed, which is called synchronous speed. © * Ie dere is a difference between the twfowboagues trea ize rouswmuliinve smi tecelersting or decelerating torque, denoted as T, . 1, = T22%e Here T,, and T, are positive for generators and Ty, and Te are negative for motors. 4 Let 0,,— Angular displacement for rotor with respect _ to stationary reference axis. 4 8,,— Angular displacement of rotor with respect with synchronously rotating reference axis “By Newton’s second law of motion, POn P20 T, @ “Ga Ts = Fae 2%, Frye oF Deets ‘The angular displacements @,, and 8,, are related to synchronous speed by the following equation.Supplement 2HS a a P. @ d& ~ Pmact~ Peact On substituting for @,= 22 f s, 28 is 2HS d%8 _ HS 28 = Phos Peact ay d2@ = Pmacr~Peact Tif d? ee p.u. value of mechanical power, P,, = Pact /S p.u. value of electrical power, Pe = Peacr /S HS 5 _ H#s _p -p Ty ade = P,S-P,S Tf de? ec + This equation is called swing equation % It is fundamental equation which governs the dynamics of the synchronous machine rotor. + This swing equation is a second order differential equation. Its solution gives a plot of 6 versus ¢. The swing equation indicates that 6 starts decreasing after reaching maximum value, the system can be assumed to be stable. The swing equation is a non-linear equation and a formal solution is not feasible. The step by step solution is very simple and common method of solving this equation. In this method the change in 8 during a small time interval A, is calculated by assuming that the accelerating power P, calculated at the beginning of the interval is constant from the middle of the preceding interval to the middle of the interval being considered. Let us consider the nth time Interval which begins at 1 = (n — 1) A,. The angular position of the rotor at this instant is 3,.,(Fig, ). The accelerating power P,(n ~ 1) and hence, acceleration am —1 as calculated at this instant is assumed to be constant from t = (7 -3/2) A, to (1/2) Ay. ob Bl- n-2 m1 0 Fig. 55.2. Step by step solution of swing equation 55.2. MULTI - MACHINE STABILITY ANALYSIS “The equal-area criterion cannot be used directly in systems where three or more machine: are represented, because the complexity of the numerical computations increases with the scenber of machines considered in a transient stability studies. To ease the systen(asa) Power tom hg complexity of system modeling, and thereby computational tmeden, the Sollerwing assumptions are commonly made in transient ability studies 1, The mechanical power input to each machine remsins constant 2, Damping power is negligible, i ech sachine may be represented by 4 consist tension: reactance ia settee with 4 constant transient internal voltage 4, The mechanical rotor angle of each machine comcides with 6. 5. All jos may be considered as shunt impedances 10 ground with values determined bry conditions prevailing immediately prior to the transient conditions. The system stability model based on these assumptions is called the classical stability model, and studies which use this model are called classical stability studies. Consequently, in the multi-machine case two Preliminary steps are required. ‘5 The steady-state prefault conditions for the system are calculated using » production- type power flow program, a The prefault network representation is determined and then modified to account for the fault and for the postfault conditions, The bus admittance matrix which is used for the prefault power-flow calculation is now augmented to include the transient reactance of each generator and the shunt admittance of each load, as shown in Fig. Note that the injected current is zero at all buses except the internal buses of the generators. Fig. $5.3. Augmented power system network second preliminary step the bus admittance matrix is modified to correspond to the Bete cc px ft conte Dsog ed ur in ttc pome ow mee sot | from each generator is calculated by the corresponding power angle equation. $5.3. MODIFIED EULER METHOD This method is used to solve the swing equation z In this the swing equation are transformed into the state variable formFREE SUPPLEMENTARY COPY FOR POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS For B.E. V Semester EEE Branch As per the Latest Syllabus of Anna University, Chennai (Regulations - 2021) November / Decmber 2023 (Reg - 2021) November / Decmber 2023 (Reg - 2017) BY Dr. M. JERALDIN AHILA LAKSHMI PUBLICATIONS CHENNAIsolved Anna University Question Papers SQ.t —— B.E / B.Tech DEGREE EXAMINATIONS, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023 Fifth Semester, Electrical and Electronics Engineering EE 3501 — POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS (Regulations 2021) ‘Time Three Hours Maximum : 100 Marks L Answer ALL Questions PART A - (10 x 2 = 20 Marks) Draw the symbol air circuit breaker and power circuit breaker in power system. — | Power Circuit breaker ACB or Air Circuit Breaker Symbol Summarize the properties of tree of a graph. ‘A Tree is a connected acyclic undirected graph. There is a unique path between every pair of vertices in G. A tree with N number of vertices contains (N-1) number of edges. The vertex which is of 0 degree is called root of the tree. The vertex which is of | degree is called leaf node of the tree and the degree of an internal node is at least 2 Outline the elements of Jacobian matrix. The Jacobian matrix is a mathematical tool used in power systems to represent the relationship between the power system variables, such as voltage and current. It is @ square matrix that contains partial derivatives of the power flow equations with respect to the system variables. When the PV bus is treated as PQ bus in power flow study? ‘When a network containing one slack bus, one PV bus and the reactive power value of PV bus is in the out of range for a given value of reactive power limits, so that PV ‘bus is working as PQ bus with the value of Q List out the differences in representing the power system for load flow and short circuit studies. ‘Load flow analysis helps in determining the loading conditions of transmission lines, transformers, and generators, and ensures that voltage levels are within acceptablePower Syst —E————— Highlight the significance of sub transient reactance and transient reactance in sh, circuit studies, The subtransient reactance can be used to estimate the initial value of fault cure immediately on the occurrence of the fault. The maximum momentary short circ Current rating of the circuit breaker used for protection or fault clearing should be Ie than this initial fault current. Compare sequence component currents in different faults. In a single line to ground fault, all the sequence components of fault currents a) equal. In a double line to ground fault, the sum of all sequence components of fay currents is zero. Why prefault current is not considered for unsymmetrical fault analysis? Before fault (Prefault) the system is assumed to be working in balanced condition(a Phases are equal in magnitude and are mutually 120 apart). The unbalance in system created after the occurrence of fault, unless it is symmetrical fault. Thus the Prefau value have no use in unsymmetrical analysis. How to improve the transient stability limit of power system? Transient stability of the system can be improved by Increasing the system voltage Increase in the X/R ratio Using high-speed governors on machines faster fault clearing High-speed circuit breakers help to clear the fault as quickly as possible By turbine fast valving High-speed excitation Use of auto re-closing breakers | Some of the other ways to improve the transient stability are by employing lightn arresters, high neutral grounding impedance, single pole switching, quick Autom. Voltage Regulators (AVRs). VVVVVVVV |. Define critical clearing angle. Critical clearing angle: It is related to the transient stability limit study of p\ system. The maximum allowable value of the clearing time and angle for the syst« remain stable are known respectively as critical clearing time and angle. PART B - (5 x 13 = 65 Marks) (a) Obtain the bus incidence matrix and bus admittance matrix for the follo network.solved Anna University Question Papers Element Number Self Meithi 1 Bus Code | Impedance | Bus Code | Impedance 1 12 0.6 2 13() 05. ul 34 0.3 ie 4 1-32) 0.4 1-3) OL 5 2-3 0.5 6 14 0.2 ‘Solution: Take 1 as reference . The Bus Incidence Matrix @) GB) 4 0 1-10 Pe |er0) 1220 hers [eos 4} 0-10 |. sian ule scone ® @ «) @ ® Fig. SQ.1. driented Graph g ® A) z ® * ® Fig. SQ.2. Take | as reference, draw a tree‘Solved Anna University Question Papers B.E / B.Tech DEGREE EXAMINATIONS, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023 Fifth Semester Electrical and Electronics Engineering EE 8501 - POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS (Regulations 2017) Time Three Hours Maximum : 100 Marks Answer ALL Questions PART A — (10 x 2 = 20 Marks) : How are the loads are represented in the reactance and impedance diagram? Impedance diagram — Reactance diagram 2. Define Bus incidence matrix. It is the matrix which represents the graph Consider the oriented graph as shown in figure. ® @ ® Fig. SQ.15. Tree @ @ Fig. SQ.16. ay, = 1iff® element is incident to and oriented away from the k* node a, ~ —1 if 7 element is incident to and oriented towards the k* node ay, = (if the i* clement is not incident to the k* node= Seaeieesiies aaieeieeieenell Power System Analy, ee , abede 1 100-1 0 (A) =. 2a acetal 3 loo1 i Bus incidence matrix is rectangular and singular. What is swing bus? Im slack bus, voltage magnitude and phase angle of voltages are oe Pertaining a tor bus usually a large capacity generation bus is chosen. We assun,., Voltage (V) as reference phasor, ie, where 8=0 5 = Phase angle of voltage This bus makes up the difference between the scheduled loads and generated that an caused by the losses in the network. 4 Explain what do you mean by flat voltage start? Initial bus voltages are assumed as, V = |VigeclZ0° for slack bus, V = lVigec| 40° for generator bus, v= 120 for load bus This is referred to as flat voltage start. 5. What is the need for current limiting reactor? The main motive of using current limiting reactors is to reduce short-circuit currents | Sih : : 2 reactance, subtransient reactance. Synchronous Reactance | Iris the ratio of induced emf and the steady state rms current (Le, it is the reactance of synchronous machine Steady state condition). It is the sum of leakage reactance and the armature reaction reactance,|Anna University Question Papers LEI mI X= ‘Transient Reactance Itis the ratio of induced emf on no-load and the transient symmetrical rms current it is reactance of a synchronous machine under transient condition). LEI - Itis given by, Transient reactance, X’, - =X/+7 1 bot Where X) = Leakage reactance X, = Field winding reactance X, = Armature reaction reactance subtransient reactance is the ratio included emf on no load and the subtransient is the reactance of a synchronous machine under a,= ~1,, (1.02 (-0.0156—/1.924) + 0.015198 =) 1.9938) = -1, cates Q = Tyfty 3.93}System anayysis Power aa [sQ.26) . ee 9.366) (0.0375) * = 00374 + (05-0860) ( (035+ 0.866) (0.0363) 5 +j0.031 Z ons7a_00i875 JOUR : Vv, =0 V.= 0 Line to Line Voltages Vinay = 0.1112-0=0.1112 pu Vie = 0-0=0pu 15. (a) 6) 16. (a) V,—V,=0.1112-0= 0.1112 Pe wus machine swinging against an Examine infinite ee ee in deducing the swing equation. (13) Ans: Refer Section No. 11.5.1 Page No. 11.9 [OR] ; Explain with neat flow chart, the modified Euler method of analyzing cs machine power system for stability. Ans: Refer Section No. 11.10 Page No. 11.68 PART C (1 x 15 = 15 Marks) A 3 phase transmission line operating at 33 kV and having resistance of 5@and reactance of 2082is connected to the generating station through 15,000 kVA step up transformer. Connected to the bus bar are two alternators one of 10,000 kVA with 10% reactance and another of 5000 kVA with 7.5% reactance. Draw the single line diagram and calculate the short circuit kVA for symmetrical fault between phases at the load end of the transmission line. ads) 10 MUA C ’) 15 MUA j0.1pu 5 MUA 3 g 33kv o—- oe j0.075pu Fig. SQ.23. Base KV = 33KV Base MVA = 15MVA