Dalmia Bharat Group (Sugar Mill) : Process Overview and Flowchart of Distillery Division
Dalmia Bharat Group (Sugar Mill) : Process Overview and Flowchart of Distillery Division
INTERNSHIP REPORT
The sugar mill is spread across acres of land and is equipped with world class machinery
and processing setup. The distillery division of the mill employs the use of molasses, which
is a product obtained upon refining of sugar. Here, three different grades of alcohols are
being produced :-
Apart from this, the company also produces power alcohol (ethanol) which is used as fuel
Grade alcohol.
PROCESS OVERVIEW
The process used here can be broadly divided into two stages :-
● Fermenting stage
This stage involves obtaining raw material (molasses) and its alcoholic fermentation to form
wash.
● Distillation stage
This process involves distillation of wash obtained from the fermentation stage into various
grades of potable and non potable alcohols.
2
FERMENTATION STAGE
The raw material for this unit is molasses, which is obtained from the sugar mill present in
the same complex. Raw material is first sampled and tested for TRS (Total Reducible Sugar).
Several samples are carefully tested by skilled lab workers, so as to maintain precision from
the very beginning. The molasses used here contain 42.97% wt/V of TRS.
3
Composition of Molasses
Composition %
Ash 7-15
Water 17-25
Sugar 40-65
Sucrose 30-40
Glucose 4-9
Fructose 5-12
Protein 0.5-1
● Culture Development
The main zest of the entire process lies in the
culture development step. A team of learned
and experienced microbiologist start the
culturing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by
growing yeast culture in petri plates, in a BOD
incubator, which is maintained at 37℃. After a
span of 15-20 hours, yeast formation is
observed. Next step is transferring culture to
test tubes containing molasses sample diluted
50% with distilled water. The test tubes here
are refrigerated and monitored every hour to
check for growth of yeast. Over time, the yeast
culture is multiplied several folds, by
increasing volume of molasses and water
mixture. That is, the starter culture that begins
in small petri plates multiplies to volume of
4
one litre, then two litres and finally to seven litres. This quantity of starter culture is enough
to start the process of fermentation on an industrial scale.
● Fermenting tanks
Culture development is followed by industrial scale fermentation. However, to systemise
the process several fermentation tanks are used, each of which has different capacity, and
a different function to perform,
● Pre-Fermenter Tank - I
This is the first tank that marks the start of the process. It’s capacity is 80
litres. This tank is filled with a 50% diluted mixture of molasses and water (by
volume). THe specific gravity of liquid mixture is 50 and the temperature is
maintained at a constant of 32-33℃. This tank holds the liquid for 8 hours,
before transferring it to the next tank.
This tank is again serves the purpose of elevating the volume of liquid used.
It’s capacity is 1100 litres. At this step, 60% solution from Pre-fermenter tank -
I is added to Pre-Fermenter Tank-II and is further diluted with water. The
temperature, specific gravity remains constant. The mixture ferments in this
tank for about 8 hours.
Capacity of this tank is 13,000 litres. Like in the previous step, again 60%
solution from previous tank is added. Specific gravity and temperature are
maintained constant at 50 and 32-33℃ respectively. Mixture ferments here
for about 8 hours. By the time the mixture reaches this tank the activity of
yeast is very high. Hence from this stage onwards mixture samples are tested
to check the involvement of any other undesirable microbial species.
5
Fermentation that takes place at this stage is very crucial for the process. Due
to the activity of yeasts the specific gravity of mixture drops from 50 to 18. If
specific gravity does not fall below 30, it is indicative of involvement of
foreign bacteria/yeasts. Thus necessary actions are taken such as addition of
hydrochloric acid to suppress or eradicate the growth of undesirable
microbes. This is necessary to be done because the undesirable microbes
lead to formation of various aldehydes, ketones, aldols and ketols in the
mixture during fermentation, however desired product is alcohol. Hence, this
reduces the percentage of alcohol in the mixture and contains other
compounds which will have to be filtered in the subsequent process. This
may also lead to colour and odour changes which are detrimental factors in
the manufacturing of potable grade alcohols. Temperature is kept constant
at 32-33℃. Capacity of this tank is 70000 litres. After this stage the mixture
has sufficient alcohol to be fed into the fermenter tanks.
● Fermenter Tank
6
also present. The mixture is kept here for 14-15 hours for proper
fermentation. The authenticity of process is maintained by using minimum
addition of chemicals and additives. The process is allowed to take place as
naturally as possible. After the fermentation is complete her the liquid is
termed as Wash. This liquid now contains a large amount of alcohol, water
and some other chemical compounds and hence is ready to be distilled and
purified.
The fermented wash is held here till it is supplied to the distillation unit for
further processing. No fermentation takes place in this tank.
DISTILLATION STAGE
7
The fermented wash undergoes fractional distillation in tall distillation columns each of
which has many plates in it. Plates are maintained at different temperatures for distillation
of different components from the wash. Heat is supplied via steam. The entire process is
maintained by six distillation columns, each of which has a different function.
● Analyser Column
This column receives direct feed of fermented wash from fermented wash
tank. The bottom of column is maintained at 80-81℃ while the top is
maintained at 67-68℃. Different components of alcohol are obtained from
the column. From the top, vapours of alcohol escape the column which, while
8
from the bottom, via two pumps, spirit wash goes ahead for further
processing. The vapours from the top reach Rectifier cum exhaust column.
This column is maintained under high pressure ( 2.1-2.2 Kg/㎤ ). The
temperature here ranges from 80℃ at the top to 108℃ at the bottom. This
column has 50 different plates. The vapours that reach here from analyser
column, due to higher temperature of the wash get heated to a temperature
as high as 98.2℃, while the spirit wash heats from 81.4℃ to 82.2℃. The
vapours here condense with the help of a condenser to form a alcohol
water liquid (AWL). the AWL is collected in a flush tank. From the flush tank
AWL goes to reflux tank where it again heats up due to temperature
difference and the vapours of alcohol so formed again go back to analyser
column. Meanwhile, the spirit wash fills up the flush tank, from where it goes
ahead for further the distillation. The purpose of vaporizing and condensing
AWL twice is to ensure its purity, so that potable grade liquor (ENA) can be
obtained from it. This procedure, hence is typical for distillation of ENA. From
the bottom of this column, spent lees keeps on exhausting, which is actually
water components of the wash, hence the name rectifier cum exhaust
column. For formation of rectified spirit, which is also a fine grade potable
alcohol, vapours from top of analyser column reach the Pre-rectifier cum
exhaust column.
● Pre-rectifier cum
exhaust column
9
washing tank and an alcohol scrubber. Alcohol vapour enter here from the
top while feed bottle attached to this column acts as a source of spirit and
water mixture, taken in concentration 1:10 (spirit:water). This mixture is fed
on plate number 20 to 22. After further application of steam, the spirit
converts to vapour. This column is attached to three different condenser and
an alcohol scrubber :-
The temperature of the column is different for rectified spirit and extra
neutral alcohol. For RS bottom of the column is maintained at 97℃ and top
of the column is maintained at 56℃, while for ENA these temperatures are
78℃ and 64℃ respectively. In this column one of the main product that
separates out apart from rectified spirit and ENA is Fusel oil. Two grades of
fusel oil - HFO & LFO (heavy and light) are obtained from this column. Fusel
oil has wide range of industrial applications.
This is the only column in the distillation unit that has its own pre-boiler for
steam. The pre-boiler used for supplying steam to this column is supplies
10
1700-1850 kg of steam per hour. As the name suggest this tower simply
serves the purpose of distillation of the liquor again in order to obtain
impurity free, pure and potable grade alcohol. Attached to it is a vapour
condenser tank which collects the liquid and feeds it into the Recovery
column.
● Recovery column
The function of this column mainly includes removal of more and more
impurities from the liquor. By application of direct steam, alcohol is
converted to vapours and other components like fusel oil, aldehydes etc. are
removed. From the recovery column condensed alcohol liquid goes to
Simmering column. This alcohol before being supplied to the last column, i.e,
simmering column is first cooled to 32℃ by means of coolers. Impure fusel
oil, spent lees and other components of disinterest are collected in mix
bottle.
● Simmering column
11
is 95-96% pure and is potable. A part of it goes to absolute alcohol distillation
unit where it is further distilled to form 99% pure technical
alcohol/denatured alcohol.
After completion of this process final product is obtained which is ready to be supplied to
different industries.
PROCESS FLOWCHART
12
KEY OBSERVATIONS
● The unit has its own furnace that supplies steam to distillation columns.
● The unit is entirely operated by electricity generated from sugarcane bagasse ash.
13
● The workers are provided with all sort of protection gears and all measures are
taken as far as safety of workers is concerned.
● The distillery division is not entirely organised as per 5-S organisation method.
However, there are separate rooms and areas for storage of different chemicals
used. Also the pipelines and tanks carrying and storing different liquids are coloured
differently, for e.g. receival tank and pipeline carrying molasses is coloured blue,
while all pre-fermentation and fermentation tanks are coloured green. Also, harmful
chemicals are stored properly and caution is conveyed through messages displayed
on walls in the entire working area.
● The unit is PLC (Program Logic Control) based. The commands from computer reach
PLC which directly commands flow control valve/pressure control valve/Air
compressor to make the desired changes. Process value and set points can be
monitored at all times.
● The workers are skilled, dedicated and very punctual towards working hours.
14