IETE Journal of Research

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Antenna in Lossy Medium

D. Bhattacharya

To cite this article: D. Bhattacharya (1966) Antenna in Lossy Medium, IETE Journal of Research,
12:7, 403-410, DOI: 10.1080/03772063.1966.11485333

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 Antenna in Lossy Medium
D. BHATTACHARYA*
(Manuscript received on 14 June 1966)

ABSTRACT
Attempt has been made to present a review of the important and connected
works on antennas in lossy medium, primarily antennas buried under earth.
The theoretical approaches are only mentioned. For detailed discussions of
the theoretical treatments the reader may consult references at the end of the
paper. A number of practical sub-surface antennas have been discussed in
respect of their ~ain, efficiency, radiation pattern, etc., characteristics of antennas
buried in plasma have been discussed in brief.

1. INTRODUCTION

NTENNA in lossy medium is the subject of interest for many years. Extensive

A literatures can be had from the days of Heaviside till now. A detailed reference
of the work on the subject may be found in the paper of Hanseri1 • For the
purpose of the paper, discussion will be confined to a selected number of works.
The earlier work was primarily confined to theoretical developments. Only very
recently the actual antenna is getting importance. Basically antenna in lossy medium
can be divided into two main groups:
(1) The antennas in partially conducting medium such as earth, sea-water, etc.
(as discussed in section II) ; and
(2) the antennas in ionized medium such as plasma (as discussed in section III).
In either of the case, the main problem is associated with exponential attenuation
in propagation and considerable change in antenna characteristics.
2. ANTENNAS IN PARTIALLY CONDUCTING MEDIUM
Recently, increased interests on antennas in partially conducting media have de-
nloped primarily due to its application in sub-surface communication. Sub-surface
Communication is being a subject of current interest in communicating information
from an underground transmitter to an underground receiver by electromagnetic
waves. This provides excellent survival against natural hazards such as cyclones and
tornadoes, and hazards resulting from a nuclear bombardment. This also helps com-
munication between forward trenches and army headquarters as also in between
trenches in the forward area. In a practical sub-surface system, the transmitting and
receiving antennas are placed under the surface of the earth.
Antenna in such medium is different from the antenna in free space because of dissi-
pation in the ' induction field ' and ' static field'. Due to finite conductivity of the
medium, several factors are complex (e.g. propagation constant, intrinsic impedance,
dielectric constant, etc.). Consequently the approach in two cases, both theoretically
an,i experimentally, is quite different from one another. The exponential attenuation
as~ 'l.ted with conducting medium makes the situation altogether different from

*Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology,

Kharagpur.

403
 J. INST. TELECOM. ENGRS, Vol. 12, No. 7, 1966

non-condocting medium. In view of these difficulties we will discuss the possibni.ties of

different types of antenna in conducting (underground or under-sea) medium in the
following sub-sections. The discussion is confined to standard types of antenna such
as dipole, loop, etc.
(A) DIPOLE ANTENNA: (LINEAR ANTENNA)
Dipole antennas are the first to occur in any discussion of antenna. The vertical
electric dipole and vertical magnetic dipole in the conducting medium are very poor
radiators. The radiation characteristics of low frequency vertical magnetic dipole inside
semi-infinite conducting medium has been studied by Sinha and Bhattacharya2 and
others. The paper (ref. 2) gives the variation of the electric and magnetic fields under
various conditions. It has been observed that energy dissipation is large compared
to horizontal magnetic dipole. The horizontal magnetic dipole can be ignored com-
pared to horizontal electric dipole in respect of the figure of merit. Moore 3 and Lien 4
both tried to solve the problem of dipole source placed in the conducting medium. Moore
set up a vector potential parallel to the interface and another vector potential normal
to the interface, the latter accounted for the surface charges at the interface. Moore
showed that if a<<w: and Kp (distance in free space wavelength)>>1, the exponential
term of attenuation can be taken out of the integrand (the vector potential are expressed
as integrals of cylindrical waves}. Lien also solved the problem of horizontal electric
dipole in identical fashion. In both cases, it has been assumed that displacement current
can be neglected compared to conduction current.
Moore 5 has also shown that in the case of electric and magnetic dipoles, total power
radiated is not independent of the radius of the sphere and hence it is not easy to cal-
culate the radiation resistance. In the conducting medium, due to large dissipation
in the immediate vicinity, different average power is flowing out through different spheres.
If 1J is the intrinsic resistance of the medium, total power,

W = - - + -1 (Jl
(Jl)2 "IJ
- )2 [21)
- + -1Ra] \Vatts
2
f.. 3 3 47t R cr
In case of m::~gnetic dipole, the situation is of course not so cntical, but still the
dependence on R is present as

W = 3~(~Y(1+i]watts
The coupling of energy from the antenna to the surrounding medium is also
another problem. In order to have better coupling, the dipole is placed in a radome.
Gain in this case can be compared with insulated long wire with Pnd electrodes1 •
3k3a' 3
G (dipole in radome) =
4
4k 3l8 2
G (long wire)
The performance of a small antenna is roughly proportional to the volume occupied.
Since wire length (insulated) practically can be much larger than the spherical radome,
the long wire antenna is superior to the dipole in radome.
Iizuka6 has studied the driving point admittance and the amplitude and phase
distribution of current of an insulated dipole antenna whose 1ip is in contact with the

404
 BHATTACHARYA: ANTENNA IN LOSSY MEDlllM

conducting medium thus producing a top conductive loading. The current intensity
increases linearly towards the loading and this type of antenna therefore has the ad-
vantage of travelling wave antenna. He used Polyfoam as the coating for insulation
with dielectric constant close to unity. King and Iizuka7 also studied the field of half-
wave dipole in dissipative medium -the most interesting aspect of electromagnetic
field of half-wave dipole is the elliptically polarized electric field near the antenna. Biggs
and Swarm8 studied the generalized problem of the dipole orienting it in any fashion
and obtained the expressions for radiation field of inclined antenna within the conduct-
ing medium. The field due to horizontal electric dipole for various distance ranges was
studieaby Wait9 • An electric dipole (Idl) situated at a depth of hand if placed parallel
to the interface will give rise to fields, the approximate expressions of which involve
exponential term such as
i[J.w(Idl)
E, ~ (1 +y0 p) cos cp exp [ -y0p+y1 (z+h)]
- 21tY1P 2
The above expression is a particular one for near zone field. Those who are in-
terested are referred to the original paper of Wait 9 • The purpose of this expression is
only to show that due to exponental decay term, it is obvious to use low frequency. At
high frequencies the attenuation with respect to depth and distance may be excessive,
for transmittmg antennas, frequencies below 1 Mcfs. represent a practical Iange for
earth and frequencies below 20 Kcfs. for sea water. It is useful at the same time simple
from the structural point of view to have a straight wire of circular cross section
parallel to the interface as the antenna. Vertically polarized component of a horizontal
subsurface linear antenna (m this range of frequencies the propagation of vertically
polarized waves suffer least attenuation)1° is

\E,1,j =
w£
60 ( T
0)1/2 (Rin
p )1/2
f(cp) Fp- 1 (
exp -
h)8
where 8 is the skin depth and h the depth of the antenna. Rin is the input resistance
and f(cp) is the pattern length factor given by f(tfo)

- J/
12
J(cf>} = K-costfoI(x) exp(iKx cos tfo)dx
10 ·-1/2
The efficiency of such an antenna not only depends upon the operating frequency and
the conductivity of the medium, but also on the geometry of the structure of the
antenna. In terms of skin depth and propagation constant, the efficiency becomes

1l =.[ exp(-'0) g-1(~. ~)E(:.J.~)

a ·8 KK f.11 K~

where g (R' t) is the geometry loss factor. For small length, the efficiency per unit
length is approximately same. Such linear antennas have an efficiency in the order
of -:-25 to -35 db. in average soil. The shorted end linear antenna has an efficiency
pr.r unit length 30 per cent higher than the open-ended antenna. Yet when compared,
ope,1-ended linear antenna is better compared to shorted end as no elaborate shorting
electrode arrangement is required. Further, the shorting electrode may corrode and in-
crease the input impedance and hence lowers the efficiency. Open-ended antenna requires
fewer feed points and hence lesser loss. Moore 5 has given approximate expressions

405
 J. INST. TELECOM. ENGRS, Vol. 12, No. 7, 1966
for the gains of shorted wire and open-ended wire antennas as G:;_ax. = 41ft.. and
c:aL = 31ft... Hence if the structure of the antennas are nearly same, the gain is
more or less the same.
Burrow11 in his paper discussed the antenna configuration in the lossy medium,
when propagation is intended through the dissipative medium. The antennas both
transmitting and receiving may be simple vertical rectilinear conductors through suit-
able tuning and impedance matching units by coaxial transmission lines. Burrow has
calculated the attenuation and transmission losses for different antennas to be dis-
cussed here, the frequency was kept low at SO Kc/s. and even some observations were
made at 1 Kcfs. Since length of antenna is small compared to wavelength, the antenna
can be terminated by an impedance which is smaller than the characteristic impedance,
effecting constant current and minimizing the impedance matching problem. This
can be achieved by loading the antenna with a conducting sphere. It has also been
suggested that two conducting vertical cylinders may act as an efficient horizontal dipole.
The power transfer,
p2 l~l~
-,--=--=-----
pl 16P'ln li-ailn lz-a2
al a2
shows that it is independent of conductivity.
(B) ARRAYS OF DIPOLES
The types of antenna discussed above though simple in structure, yet the trans-
mission efficiency is low. In order to increase the efficiency and at the same time to
have directed beam, it is always useful to have antenna array system. Ghose12 showed
that an array of subsurface antennas can be used to increase the efficiency provided the
interelement sp::~.cing is approximately three-skin depth when there will he no appre-
ciable mutual coupling. The same conclusion was arrived by Guy and Hasserjain13 •
They have shown that process of arraying effectively reduces the local losses of the
antenna and thus increases the radiated power. The optimum spacing to increase effi-
ciency will be between 2 and 3 skin depth; otherwise mutual coupling will deteriorate
the situation. Such an antenna array can also be utilized to have directive pattern
when gain has to be optimized with respect to dimension of the array structure. The
optimum gain can be achieved by feeding equal powers to each element. The im-
provement by arraying can be seen from the data of the measured gain of a 4 element
array of 100 feet grounded monopole, relative to single element at different frequencies,
a typical figure being 4·5 db. at 206 Kcfs. 11 • Arrays of dipole was also the subject of
study of Sivaprasad and King15 • They have shown the possibility of getting a highly
directed beam with two broadside arrays of dipoles with a number of modifications. The
phase difference between succeeding elements in the broadside array must be equal to
the space difference, and the source strength of the deeper array has to be increased
corre<>ponding to attenuation for that length.
(C) BICONICAL ANTENNA
Biconical antenna has drawn attention in the study of antenna in conducting
medium because the analysis in conducting medium is simpler than in air due to the
absence of reflected waYe. The gain of a biconical antenna in terms to the unit 21/1.. is

406
 BHATTACHARYA: ANTENNA IN LOSSY MEDIUM

G =0 91 (21/f..). A shorter antenna would probably have a somewhat larger gain in terms
of its length, but then there will be reflections. Gain is of course slightly smaller than
the shorted end or open-ended linear antenna, or loop antenna. But if the biconical
antenna is insulated and shorted at the end to the medium, current will be uniform and
a larger gain can be achieved.
(D) LOOP ANTENNA

The problem of small loop antennas immersed in a dissipative medium has been
studied by several authors. We will start with the work of Wait16 who obtained the
field due to current carrying wire immersed in a conducting medium and also studied
the behaviour of magnetic dipole in lossy space. Wait has· derived expressions for
fields due to a magnetic dipole enclosed by a spherical cavity17• He got expression for
the total power, neglecting all displacement currents in the medium. Magnetic dipole
may be conceived of as an infinitesimal loop of wire carrying a current. This will pro-
duce spherical T.E. waves inside and outside the cavity. In terms of spherical polar
coordinates (r, 6, <f>), the electric field

E .l.'~'"' = ~r o'l'"' ,· m= 1, 2
06
when ~"' satisties the equation

r2 o
2
'1"
or + --
--
2
1 -
sin 6 o6
a(sin 6 a~) - Y r
~
i36
2 2
m
~
m
= 0

Due to high conductivity and associated ohmic losses the loop must be insulated.
The approximate expression for the power dissipated,
P ~ (IdA) 2 (!L(I));
121ta
where a is the .radius of the sphere. If a tends to zero, dissipation increases.
Hence the radius of the sphere determines the amount of power required to maintain
a given field. Kraichmann18 studied the characteristic of a small loop coated with an
insulating material of infinitesimal thickness. Wait 19 has investigated the impedance
and field of a small circular loop antenna with a spherical insulating cavity, all im-
mersed in a homogeneous dissipative medium. Both Wait and Kraichmann has assumed
the uniformity of current in the loop. The problem on bare loop was treated by Chen
and
t
King20• They have evaluated the impedance of such a loop antenna. and concluded
that so long ~b ~0·3, the input susceptance is independent, while the input conductance
increases rapidly with the increase of the dissipation of the medium and hence the
assumption of uniform current is not valid.
Moore5 has showed that a small loop antenna of diameter d has a gain.
G~~- = 3·7(d/t..). This factor when compared with the gains of linear antennas
(shorted or open) and biconical antenna shows that for same dimension gain is more
or l~ss same for different antenna types (the figures for these antennas are stated
previously). The gain of a flat multitumloop antenna enclosed in an insulating spherical
cavity1 is given in terms of radome radius a, and skin depth d. Here G =3](3a32 /4 from
l~e previous discussion in the section of dipole antenna, it is obvious that the gain of
loop antenna is less than that of long wire, because both the radome radius and skin

407
 J. INST. TELECOM. ENGRS, Vol. 12, No. 7, 1966

depth are much less than air wavelength, while for the long wire, though the leng:~ will
be smaller than air wavelength, still it is m3.ny times the skin depth. If a low loss
magnetic ferrite core be placed inside the loop, it will improve all parameters except gain.
Even then the perform'l.nce is inferior compared to long wire.
3. ANTENNA IN PLASMA
In the group of lossy medium, we can include plasma with the basic difference that
the medium is ionized. Since our main interest centres around the study of antenna
in medium as like earth (partially conducting), we will present in this section a very
brief discussion on the antennas in plasma.
Antennas in plasma getting importance firstly for rocket and satellite experi-
ments to determine experimentally the amount of attenuation and transmission that one
will obtain from the ionosphere at frequencies below the plasma frequency of the iono-
sphere. Extensive literatures can be had on the subject, of course discussion is mainly
focused on the analysis to typical antenna structures. A review type discussion based
on some typical antenna structure are summarized below.
The difficulty associated with antenna in plasma is that in its neighbourhood, an
ion-sheath is formed. In order to avoid tp.e situation, the antenna is surrounded by a
rigid dielectric covering. Wait 21 has studied dielectric encased antenna immersed in
compressible plasma. The antennas considered were magnetic line source with a cylin-
drical cavity and a radially oriented electric dipole in a spherical cavity. In both the
cases, the electromagnetic radiation will be converted to acoustic type wave at the di-
electric plasma interface. Detailed analysis is out of the scope of this paper. It has
been observed tha't: centrally located magnetic line source within the cavity will not
excite acoustic type wave, which will be maximum for a highly eccentric source.
In another paper22 Wait has discussed the electromagnetic field of dipole immersed
in an anisotropic medium. The medium was considered to be homogeneous. Green's
function for generally anisotropic medium was studied and starting from it that for gyro-
electric medium was developed. Those interested in the complete analysis are referred
to original paper of Wait.
The radiation field from a linear electric or magnetic antenna, when the dimension
of the antenna is assumed small compared to wavelength, can be obtained by the super-
position of spherical vector wave function 23 • It has been shown that in the infinitesimal
dipole case, the transmission coefficient (transmitted through the plasma relative to
out-going power incident on the inner surface of plasma) does not involve the antenna
parameters and can be regarded as purely a property of the plasma shell. This would
not be the case for antennas whose length is comparable to wavelength, since the plasma
would effect the relative contributions of the different multipole modes and thereby
change the effective radiation pattern of the antenna. Radiation pattern of magnetic
line source covered by an anisotropic plasma slab was investigated by Shore and Meltz24 •
The analysis when such a m1gnetic line source is supported by a perfectly conducting
plasm'!. and coated with a sheath of gyroplasma has been done by Hodara and Cohn25 •
A uniform pla<;ma coating (width L) over a long narrow slot antenna alters the radia-
tion characteristic at signal frequencies less than one-tenth of plasma frequency, tire
radiated power is reduced approximately by e-4..,L/Ae. If the collision frequency is
increased, the attenuation is reduced for frequencies below the plasma frequency.

408
 BHATTACHARYA: ANTENKA IN LOSSY MEDIUM

When communication is to be made by means of slots or horns that are flush with the
missile surface, a suitable structure describing the antenna system28 is a slot excited
grounded plas:Qta slab. The presence of small losses in the plasma layer does not have
any appreciable effect on the radiation pattern, the radiation peaks are shifted only
slightly when such losses are introduced. Wait 27 has taken up an antenna model as
a conducting sphere excited by a thin annular slot surrounded by compressible plasma.
The electron-acoustic wave will be excited, when the operating frequency is a fraction
of the plasma frequency. The relative, power in the acoustic wave Is increased if the
overall dimensions are reduced, as is evident from the ratio of acoustic power (Pp) to
electromagnetic power P. as
Pp w5(u)c Koa4
fi·.'::::'.. 2 ~2
1

when a is the radius of the sphere. The above result was fo·r losslcss plasma assump-
tion. Wait studied the problem taking losses when the slotted sphere was surrounded
by a dielectric coating.
If a rectangular slot radiator is covered with a gyroelectric pla~ma sheath for
w~ > >(•J 2 +u 2 (Nb is the cyclotron frequency, v and w are collision and operating fre-
quency), the reduction of radiated power is insignificant28 • Rusch29 has investigated
the radiation from an axially slotted cylinder covered by plasma. It has been shown30
that the radiation pattern of microwave horn is distorted due to the effect of plasma
layer, as energy is diverted to off-axis regions. Ideally the aperture of such horn should
be small with relation to plasma tube to closely approximate propagation in a uniform
plasma layer of infinite extent. On the other hand a larger aperture is desirable to mini-
mize divergence of the radiated energy. The gradual taper assumed that the wavefront
em1nating from the'aperture wauld be nearly planar.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it may be stated that the above discussion clearly indicates the effect
of lossy medium on the antenna characteristics. The modifications and difficulties en-
countered in going from free space to underground in respect of antenna characteristic
clearly point out to suitable antenna structures that can be used for specific purpose
of sub-surface communication depending upon the operating frequency, soil condition,
dimension of the antenna, etc. The gain of typical underground antenna have been
compared and that for horizontal wire is found, to be greater. So the simple radiator
may be a flexible cable with its insulation removed. Since the length of such linear
antenna is smJ.ll compared to wavelength, the efficiency i'> generally very low. A wire
wound on an insulating forma m:.ty increase the efficiency, since the effective length is
bigger than the straight wire case for the same linear dimension.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was financially supported by the Research & Development Organiza-
tbn of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India, for which the author is grateful.
The author is also indebted to Dr B. Chatterjee for the fruitful discussions enjoyed in
preparing the paper. The paper is being published with the kind permission of the
Ministry of Defence, Government of India.

409
 J· INST. TELECOM. ENGRS, Vol. 12, No. 7, 1966

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410