Physics Transformer
Physics Transformer
Topic :-
Transformer
SUBMITTED TO :- KARUNA RAHUL KUMAR
PGT (Physics)
SUBMITTED BY :- ANSHU GANGWAR
XII (SCIENCE)
ROLL NO. :-
CERTIFICATE
This is here to by certify that the original and
genuine investigation work has been carried
out to investigated about the subject matter
and the related data collection and
investigation has been completed solely
sincerely and satisfactorily by
Anshu Gangwar of class 12th of Bedi
International School regarding “transformer.
PRINCIPLE
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighbouring coil.
INTRODUCTION
A transformer is a electrical device which is used for charging the
A.C. voltages. A transformer is a widely used for in both low and
high current circuit. As search Transformer are built in an
amazing strength of sizes. In electric, measurement and control
circuits transformer size may be so small that is weight only a
few tens of grams where as in High Voltage power circuits, it may
weight hundred of tones. In a transformer, the electrical energy
transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without
the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the
voltage is called Step-Up transformer. A Transformer which
decreases the A.C. voltage is called the step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of Apparatus both
high and low current circuits.
CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core
made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one
another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the
same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note
that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the
source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p1p2, the
primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to s1 s2,
the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there
can be no current through the sec. coil so long as the
switch is open.
For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of
the primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further,
the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also
negligible.
Theory and working of transformer
When an altering e.m.f is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current startsfalling in it . The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which includes
altering voltage in the primary as well as the secondary. In a
good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, then the induced e.m.f
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous
values of the e.m.f's induced in the primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this
instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt = _______________ (1)
Es = -Ns dф/dt = _______________(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing
2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primarycoil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, RpIp can be
neglected so therefore
E – Ep=0 or Ep=E
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
In a step up transformer
Es > E so K > 1
hence Ns > Np
In a step down transformer
Es < E so K < 1
hence Ns < Np
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.co.in/
www.slideshare.com/
www.en.wikipedia.com/
NCERT Textbook of Physics
Physics Laboratory Manual
Pradeep’s Fundaments of physics