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AUTOMATIC FAULT DETECTION AND PROTECTION OF THREE PHASE

INDUCTION MOTOR

Technical Report · January 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.12236.92803/1

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 A

Technical Report on

AUTOMATIC FAULT DETECTION AND PROTECTION

OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Submitted By
Prof. Anil Tekale
Prof. Swapna God

Students of Electrical Engg. Department

SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

KORTI,
PANDHARPUR
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical Engineering
Year 2014-2015

Table of Contents

Chapter Title of Chapter Page

No. No.
Abstract i

1
 List of Abrivation ii

List of Figures iii

List of Tables iv

List of Photographs v

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Necessity 2
1.3 History 2
1.4 Objective 3 3
1.5 Need
2 Literature Survey 4
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Literature Survey on Faults 2.3 4
Literature Survey on Protection 4

3 Three Phase Fault Analysis 6

3.1 Introduction 6
3.2 Block Diagram of Three Phase Fault Analysis 6
3.3 Block Diagram of Fault Detection Circuit 7
3.4 Block Diagram of Load Controller 7
3.5 Control Power Supply Circuit Diagram and PCB 8
3.6 Current Sensing Circuit Diagram and PCB 9
3.7 Relay Module 11
4 Description of Components 12
4.1 Introduction 12
4.2 Induction Motor 12 12
12 13
4.2.1 Introduction
13
4.2.2 Construction
13
4.2.2.1 Stator
4.2.2.2 Rotor
4.3 PIC Controller Functional Pin Description
4.4 PORT Register 19
4.5 LCD 20

2
 4.6 Current Transformer 20
4.7 Potential Transformer 20
4.8 Diode 21
4.9 The Full Wave Bridge Rectifier 21
4.10 Transistor 22
4.11 Transistor as Switch 22

4.12 Resistor 23
4.13 Electrolytic Capacitors 24
4.14 Voltage Regulator 24
4.15 Light Emitting Diode 25
4.15.1 Function 25
4.15.2 Calculating a LED Resistor Value 25
4.16 Relay 4.17 27 28
MCB
4.17.1 Working Principle 29

5 PIC Registers 30
5.1 Introduction 30
6 5.2 PIC Analog to Digital Converter 30 37
Flowchart
7 Results 38
7.1 Under Normal Condition 38
7.2 Under Fault Condition 38
8 Expenditure 39
9 Advantages and Disadvantages 40
9.1 Advantages 40
9.2 Disadvantages 40
10 Conclusion and Future Scope 41
10.1 Conclusion 41
10.2 Future Scope 41
References 42
Annexure

3
 ABSTRACT
Various studies have shown that anywhere from 70%, to as high as
90%, of faults on most overhead lines are transient. A transient fault, such as
an insulator flashover, is a fault which is cleared by the immediate tripping of
one or more circuit breakers to isolate the fault, and which does not recur
when the line is re-energized. Faults tend to be less transient (near the 80%
range) at lower, distribution voltages and more transient (near the90% range)
at higher, sub transmission and transmission voltages.

Permanent faults are those that will not clear upon tripping and
reclosing. An example of a permanent fault on an overhead line is a broken
wire causing a phase to open, or a broken pole causing the phases to short
together. Faults on underground cables should be considered permanent.
Cable faults should be cleared without auto reclosing and the damaged cable
repaired before service is restored. There may be exceptions to this, as in the
case of circuits composed of both underground cables and overhead lines.

An induction or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which

the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by
electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An
induction motor therefore does not require mechanical commutation,
separate-excitation or self-excitation for all or part of the energy transferred
from stator to rotor, as in universal, DC and large synchronous motors. An
induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type.

Although auto reclosing success rates vary from one company to

another, it is clear that the majority of faults can be successfully cleared by
the proper use of tripping and auto reclosing. This de-energizes the line long
enough for the fault source to pass and the fault arc to de-energize, then
automatically recloses the line to restore service. Thus, auto reclosing can
significantly reduce the outage time due to faults and provide a higher level
of service continuity to the customer. Furthermore, successful high-speed
reclosing auto reclosing. on transmission circuits can be a major factor when
attempting to maintain system stability. For those faults that are permanent,
auto reclosing will reclose the circuit into a fault that has not been cleared.

4
 LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

AC/DC Alternating Current/ Direct Current

ADC Analog to Digital Converter
AN0-AN7 Analog to Digital Converter Channel from 0-7
B Blue
CPU Central Processing Unit
CT Current Transformer
EMF Electromotive Force
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
I/O Input Output
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
LT Low Tension
MOV Metal Oxide Variastor
PCB Printed Circuit Board
PIC Peripheral Interface Controller
PH Phase
PT Potential Transformer
R Red
Y Yellow

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Figure Name Page

No. No.
3.3.1 Block Diagram of Fault Detection Circuit 7
3.4.1 Block Diagram of Load Controller 8
3.5.1 5V and 12V DC Power Supply Circuit 9
3.6.1 Current Sensing Circuit Diagram 10
4.2.2.1 Induction Machine Construction 12
4.3.1 Pin Out of PIC18F452 14

4.9.1 The Full Wave Bridge Rectifier 22

4.11.1 Transistor as Switch 23
4.16.2 LED Driving Circuit 26
5.2.1 Characteristics of A/D Converter with Two-Bits 30
5.2.2 Characteristics of A/D Converter with Three-Bits 31

5
6.1 Flowchart of Fault Detection 37

LIST OF TABLES

Table Table Name Page

No. No.
4.2.1 Pin Descriptions of PIC 18F452 14
4.12.1 Resistor Color Coding 23
4.14.1 78XX Series Device 25
4.15.1 Standard LED Data 27
5.2.1 Voltage Level, Hex and Decimal number Representation 32
5.2.2 Bit Control 36
8.1.1 Total Estimated Cost 39

6
 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Photograph Photograph Name Page

No. No.

3.2.1 Project Image 6

3.5.1 5V and 12V DC Power Supply Circuit PCB 9

3.6.1 Current Sensing Circuit PCB and Resistor Mounting 10

Arrangement

3.8.1 Relay Module PCB 11

4.2.2.1 Induction Machine 13

4.5.1 LCD view and pin description 20

4.8.1 Diode 21

4.12.1 Power Resistor 24

4.15.1 LED Terminals and Symbol 25

4.16.1 Electromagnetic Relay and Its Symbol 28

4.17.1 MCBs 28

7
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction

In an electric power system, a fault is any abnormal flow of electric

current. For example a short circuit is a fault in which current flow by passes
the normal load. In three phase systems, a fault may involve one or more
phases and ground, or may occur only between phases. In a “ground fault” or
“earth fault”, current flows into the earth. The prospective short circuit
current of a fault can be calculated for power systems. In power systems,
protective devices detect fault conditions and operate circuit breakers and
other devices to limit the loss of service due to a failure. An induction or
asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in
the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction
from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor therefore
does not require mechanical commutation, separate-excitation or self-
excitation for all or part of the energy transferred from stator to rotor, as in
universal, DC and large synchronous motors. An induction motor's rotor can
be either wound type or squirrel-cage type.

Three phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used in

industrial drives because they are rugged, reliable and economical. Single-
phase induction motors are used extensively for smaller loads, such as
household appliances like fans. VFDs offer especially important energy
savings opportunities for existing and prospective induction motors in
variable-torque centrifugal fan, pump and compressor load applications.
Squirrel cage induction motors are very widely used in both fixed-speed and
VFD applications.

Three-phase induction (asynchronous) motors are industrial work-

horses, responsible for consumption of 40–50% of generated electrical
power. Therefore, the diagnostics of induction motor problems are of prime
importance. There are different kinds of induction motor faults, broadly
classified as rotor and stator faults. The source of such faults could be
external and/or internal due to various electrical, environmental, mechanical
reasons.
 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

In this project, the faults are detected and after clearing those faults
motor get auto turn on which depends on temporary or permanent faults.
There are one PIC microcontroller is used to detect the faults like short
circuit and over/under voltage and turn off motor as well as display the
message on LCD display. Relays are used to operate supply to switch off
load in case of short circuit.

1.2 Necessity
Various studies have shown that anywhere from 70%, to as high as
90%, of faults on most overhead lines are transient. A transient fault, such as
an insulator flashover, is a fault which is cleared by the immediate tripping of
one or more circuit breakers to isolate the fault, and which does not recur
when the line is re-energized. Faults tend to be less transient (near the 80%
range) at lower, distribution voltages and more transient (near the90% range)
at higher, sub transmission and transmission voltages.

In this project, the faults are detected and after clearing those faults
motor get auto turn on which depends on temporary or permanent faults.
There are one PIC microcontroller is used to detect the faults like short
circuit and over/under voltage and turn off motor as well as display the
message on LCD display. Relays are used to operate supply to switch off
load in case of short circuit.

1.3 History
“Microcontroller based fault detection”,[4] presents a full design of
the fault detection and alerting system by using 8051 for a three phase
induction motor. The proposed system is used to protect entire system
without any damages and also display on a LCD.
“Three Phase Fault Analysis with Auto Reset for Temporary Fault and
Trip for Permanent Fault”,[5] this paper to develop an automatic tripping
mechanism for the three phase supply system. The project output resets
automatically after a brief interruption in the event temporary fault while it
remains in tripped condition in case of permanent fault. The electrical
substation which supply the power to the consumers, have failures due to

SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 10

 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

some faults which can be temporary or permanent. IC555 timers are used for
handling short duration and long duration fault conditions.
While the fault is occurred then the inbuilt ADC of the PIC18F452 is
sense the voltage level according to programming and behaves active
LOW/active HIGH, then relay operated. Hence during the short period short
circuit fault motor get auto started after clearing fault but for long period
short circuit fault motor get turn OFF permanently and shows the message on
LCD display. This is low cost solution for protection of three phase induction
motor in rural area as well as in industrial area.
1.4 Objectives
The objectives of this research are outlined as follows:
1) Reduction in supply recovering time.
2) Reduction in fault finding time.
3) Proper working and protection of three phase induction motor.
4) If short circuit is there then it display on the LCD.
5) Maintain the supply voltage automatically during the Auto reset of
the motor.
6) Development of varying voltage level after auto reset.
1.5 Need
Permanent faults are those that will not clear upon tripping and
reclosing. An example of a permanent fault on an overhead line is a broken
wire causing a phase to open, or a broken pole causing the phases to short
together. Faults on underground cables should be considered permanent.
Cable faults should be cleared without auto reclosing and the damaged cable
repaired before service is restored. There may be exceptions to this, as in the
case of circuits composed of both underground cables and overhead lines.
Although auto reclosing success rates vary from one company to
another, it is clear that the majority of faults can be successfully cleared by
the proper use of tripping and auto reclosing. To overcome this damage of
the induction motor this auto corrector and protector model should be useful
and also the varying voltage of the induction motor can be displayed.
1) To avoid wastages of time due to interruption of supply caused by
short circuit.

SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 11

 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

2) To maintain the voltage level during the auto restarting.

3) To improve the motor efficiency.

SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 12

 Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Introduction
The need of developing such an auto correcting and protecting
mechanism is essential to prevent the equipments used in the industries. Also
this model is essential to adapt to the advancement in the protection and
correction strategy, looking back into the past there was one model which
only prevent the faults which are occurs in the induction motor that mean
fault related to the stator, rotor bar conductor. As per discussed M. E. H.
Benbouzid [7] fault detection and protection is done with the help of rest of
techniques, but in the induction motor we can analyze that correction and
protection
2.2 Literature Survey on Faults
The deviation of supplying voltage from the rated one can cause
important damages to end user equipments. The level of these damages
depends on the amplitude of the residual voltage and on the duration of the
perturbation. Voltage sag due to a fault has a rectangular form; the voltage is
constant during the fault and then increases suddenly to the pre-fault value
after the protection enclosure. [6] This does not happen when the load
includes induction motors, because the rotor speed decreases during the fault
and after clearing the fault the motor reaccelerates, leading to a slowly
recovery of the voltage up to the pre-fault value.
Anderson PM [8] represents the paper on faulted system. Under
normal conditions, a power system operates under balanced conditions with
all equipments carrying normal load currents and the bus voltages within the
prescribed limits. This condition can be disrupted due to a fault in the
system. A fault in a circuit is a failure that interferes with the normal flow of
current. A short circuit fault occurs when the insulation of the system fails
resulting in low impedance path either between phases or phase(s) to ground.
This causes excessively high currents to flow in the circuit, requiring the
operation of protective equipments to prevent damage to equipment.
2.3 Literature Survey on Protection
 “Over Current Protection Relay Using PIC Microcontroller” [3] explains an
Over Current Relay is a type of protective relay which operates when current
exceeds a preset value. In a typical application the over current relay is used
for over current protection,
 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

connected to a current transformer and calibrated to operate at or above

specific current level. This project will attempt to design and fabricate over
current protection relay using PIC microcontroller. The PIC microcontroller
will calls the circuit breakers to trip when the current from load current
reaches the setting value in the PIC microcontroller. In order to design it, first
the load current need to measure in order to monitor it using current sensor
including testing the fault (Over current ) and when such condition arise, it
will isolate in the shortest time possible without harming the any other
electrical devices.
As Per paper [6] explains the protection of an induction motor (IM)
against possible problems, such as overvoltage, over current, overload and
under voltage, occurring in the course of its operation is very important,
because it is used intensively in industry as an actuator. IMs can be protected
using some components, such as timers, contactors, voltage, and current
relays. This method is known as the classical method that is very basic and
involves mechanical dynamic parts. Computer and programmable integrated
circuit (PIC) based protection methods have eliminated most of the
mechanical components. However, the computer-based protection method
requires an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) card, and the PIC-based
protection method does not visualize the electrical parameters measured. In
this study, for IMs, a new protection method based on a programmable logic
controller (PLC) has been introduced. In this method, all contactors, timers,
relays, and the conversion card are eliminated. Moreover, the voltages, the
cur- rents, the speed, and the temperature values of the motor, and the
problems occurred in the system, are monitored and warning messages are
shown on the computer screen. Experimental results show that the PLC-
based protection method developed costs less, provides higher accuracy as
well as safe and visual environment compared with the classical, the
computer, and the PIC-based protection systems.
By taking reference from the above papers we are implementing this
project. In this project, the faults are detected and for short period short
circuit fault system get turn OFF and auto restart after fault clears and
permanently turn OFF for long period short circuit faults. There is one PIC

SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 15

 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

microcontroller is used to detect fault and send command to the relay. Relays
are used to operate supply to motor off in case of short circuit.

SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 16

 Chapter 3
AUTOMATIC FAULT DETECTION AND PROTECTION
OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
3.1 Introduction
There is one controller is used to detect the fault and display the
message on the LCD display as well as when temporary fault is cleared then
voltage should be gradually increased which is shown on LCD display. In
this chapter block diagram of fault detection circuit and load controller are
discussed also it contains schematic diagrams of current sensing circuit,
control power supply and relay module. Also it contains photographs of same
PCB’s. Photograph 3.1.1 shows the complete project view.
3.2 Block Diagram of Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in IM
In this automatic fault detection and protection system, three phase
auto-transformer is used to give the supply voltage to the induction motor. To
reduce the voltage level there is voltage divider circuitry is applied and input
required to microcontroller should be DC [1][2] hence there is rectifier
circuit is used to convert AC to DC. Switches are connected in between the
lines to create the manual fault which are Line-to-Line.

Photograph 3.2.1: Project Image

 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

3.3 Block Diagram of Fault Detection Circuit

The block diagram of fault detection circuit contains various blocks
like PIC18F452, R ph voltage sensor, R phase current sensor, LCD etc. as
shown in Figure 3.3.1. The load current will be measured by the current
transformer which is given to the current sensing circuit which will convert
the 1ampere ac current to 5V dc and given to the AN0, AN1 and AN3
channels of ADC of PIC18F452.
All the processed values are compared with predetermined standard
limits and display the measured value on the LCD display. If the measured
value will not be within the limit then it will display the fault on LCD as well
as disconnect the Induction motor.

Figure 3.3.1: Block Diagram of Fault Detection Circuit

3.4 Block Diagram of Load Controller
This is used to control the loads according to the priority of the
customer’s uses within their time limit. The same three current sensors
outputs are given to the ADC of PIC18F452 controller which will sense the
load current and it is given to the ADC of the PIC18F452 as shown in Figure
3.4.1.
When the motor is in running condition then there is normal current
through the circuit but after the short circuit fault this current becomes higher

SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 18

 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

than normal current. At that time CT sense the increased current and gives
analog output via current sensing circuit. After that ADC of the PIC18F452
works and convert this analog output into the digital output and when there is
changes in digital value then each get NO, either any value at ADC is change
then again relay get NC and motor get started automatically with gradually
increasing voltage level, it can be happen if and only if there is temporary
fault occurred which having time duration of 0 to 5 seconds. If fault could
not be cleared within the time limit then this fault is defined as permanent
fault and for permanent fault motor gets disconnected for long time.

Figure 3.4.1: Block Diagram of Load Controller

3.5 Control Power Supply Circuit Diagram and PCB
A three phase rectifier used to convert ac supply to the dc in two
different voltage levels of 5V and 12V as shown in Figure 3.5.1. A three
phase star-delta transformer is used to convert 415V/12V. Capacitor filter is
used to remove the ripples from the rectified output of the rectifier. MOVs
are used to protect transformer winding from overvoltage. The fixed voltage
regulators 7805 and 7812 are used to convert the rectifier output of the
rectifier to fixed 5V dc and 12 V dc. Photograph 3.5.1 shows 5V and 12V
DC Power Supply Circuit PCB.

SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 19

 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

Figure 3.5.1: 5V and 12V DC Power Supply Circuit

SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 20

 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

Photograph 3.5.1: 5V and 12V DC Power Supply Circuit PCB

3.6 Current Sensing Circuit Diagram and PCB

SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 21

 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

By using this circuit we can convert the load current into the 0-5Vdc as
shown in Figure 3.6.1. To step down the current we can use the current
transformer which secondary current is 1A. CT secondary is connected to the
bridge rectifier across which a 5ohm resistor is connected. When 1A current
flows through the circuit a 5V drop will be across the 5ohm resistor. A
capacitor is used as a filter. The required voltage is adjusted across the
resistor R2 by setting the preset RP. Photograph 3.6.1 shows Current Sensing
Circuit PCB and Resistor Mounting Arrangement.

Figure 3.6.1: Current Sensing Circuit Diagram

Photograph 3.6.1: Current Sensing Circuit PCB and Resistor Mounting Arrangement

3.7 Relay Module

The output of the PIC18F452 is given to the three relays which are
already having 12V supply from the power supply circuit and each relay’s
NC terminal connected to the supply voltage ant common terminal is
connected to the load i.e. three phase induction motor. When there is change
SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 22
 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

in digital values of any ADC channel then the relay gets trip and relay
module is shown below in Figure 3.7.1. Wiring arrangement and mounting
on PCB is shown in Photograph 3.7.1.

Photograph 3.7.1: Relay Module PCB

SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 23

A
Chapter 4
DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
4.1 Introduction
In this project we are going to use following components, Here we
take a one three phase half HP induction motor also for giving the supply
voltage to the motor we use three phase auto-transformer which gives
voltage manually. Project contains miscellaneous components like
PIC18F452, diode, relays, resistors, LED’s, LCD display, CT, PT, transistor,
control transformer, capacitor and fixed voltage regulator etc. In this chapter
explanation of used components are given.
4.2 Induction Motor
4.2.1 Introduction
The three-phase, squirrel-cage induction motor normally consists of a
stator, a rotor, and two end shields housing the bearings that support the rotor
shaft. In induction motor stationary part is known as stator and rotating part
is known as rotor.
4.2.2 Construction
The three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor can, and many times
does, have the same armature (stator) winding as the three-phase
synchronous motor. As in the synchronous motor, applying three-phase
currents to the armature creates a synchronously-rotating magnetic field. Fig
4.2.2.1 illustrates the rotor construction

Figure 4.2.2.1: Induction Machine Construction

 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

4.2.2.1 Stator
The stator frame consists of laminations of silicon steel, usually with
a thickness of about 0.5 millimeter. Lamination is necessary since a voltage
is induced along the axial length of the steel as well as in the stator
conductors. The laminations are insulated from each other usually by a
varnish layer. This breaks up the conducting path in the steel and limits the
losses (known as eddy current losses) in the steel.
4.2.2.2 Rotor
Rotor consists of cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots
that carry conductor bars. Conductors are heavy copper or aluminum bars
which fits in each slots. Induction motor is shown in photograph 4.2.2.1
Here the relative velocity between the rotating flux and static rotor
conductor is the cause of current generation; hence as per Lenz’s law the
rotor will rotate in the same direction to reduce the cause i.e. the relative
velocity [9]. Thus from the working principle of three phase induction motor
it may observed that the rotor speed should not reach the synchronous speed
produced by the stator. If the speeds equals, there would be no such relative
velocity, so no emf induction in the rotor & no current would be flowing, and
therefore no torque would be generated. Consequently the rotor cannot reach
at the synchronous speed. The difference between the stator (synchronous
speed) and rotor speeds is called the slip. The rotation of the magnetic field
in an induction motor has the advantage that no electrical connections need
to be made to the rotor.

Photograph 4.2.2.1: Induction Machine

SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 25

 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

4.3 PIC Controller Functional Pin Description

PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller given by Microchip

Technology to identify its single-chip microcontrollers. These devices have
been very successful in 8-bit microcontrollers. Following is the functional
pin description of PIC18F452 as shown in Figure 4.3.1[1] [2].

Figure 4.3.1: Pin Out of PIC18F452

The PIC18F452 microcontroller from Microchip Technology has 16K

of code space, 10-bit A/D converters, 34 I/O pins and many other features in
a 40-pin DIP package. Our ranges of BASIC and C compilers make it easy to
write programs for Microchip PIC Microcontrollers. Compilers include the
micro Engineering Labs PicBasic Pro Compiler which features an enhanced
instruction set compatible with the BASIC Stamp 2 and the CCS C Compiler
which gives developers the capability to quickly produce very efficient code
from an easily maintainable high level language. The pin description of
PIC18F42 is shown in Table 4.2.1
Table 4.2.1: Pin Descriptions of PIC 18F452

Pin No Pin Name I/O Descriptio

Type
/VPP

SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 26

 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

1 I Master Cle
Programm
VPP I
RA0/AN0
2 RA0 I/O Digital I/O
AN0 I Analog inp
RA1/AN1
3 RA1 I/O Digital I/O
AN1 I Analog inp
4 RA2/AN2/VREF-/CV
REF I/O Digital I/O
RA2 I Analog inp
AN2 I A/D refere
VREF- O Comparato
CVREF
RA3/AN3/VREF+
5 RA3 I/O Digital I/O
AN3 I Analog inp
VREF+ I A/D refere
6 RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT
RA4 I/O Digital I/O
T0CKI I Timer0 ex
C1OUT O Comparato
7 RA5/AN4/SS/C2OU
T I/O Digital I/O
RA5 I Analog inp
AN4 I SPI slave s
SS O Comparato
C2OUT
8 RE0/RD/AN5
RE0 I/O Digital I/O
RD I Read contr
AN5 I Analog inp
9 RE1/WR/AN6
RE1 I/O Digital I/O
WR I Write cont
AN6 I Analog inp
10 RE2/CS/AN7
RE2 I/O Digital I/O
CS I Chip selec
AN7 I Analog inp
11, 32 VDD Positive su
Power
12, 31 VSS Ground re
Power
13 OSC1/CLKI
OSC1 I Oscillator
Oscillator

SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 27

 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

External c
CLKI I

14 OSC2/CLKO O Oscillator
OSC2
OSC2 also

15 RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
RC0 I/O Digital I/O
T1OSO O Timer1 osc
T1CKI I Timer1 ex
16 RC1/T1OSI/CCP2
RC1 I/O Digital I/O
T1OSI I Timer1 osc
CCP2 I/O CCP2 pin

17 RC2/CCP1
RC2 I/O Digital I/O
CCP1 I/O CCP2 pin
18 RC3/SCK/SCL
RC3 I/O Digital I/O
SCK I/O Synchrono
Mode.
SCL I/O Synchrono
Mode.
19 RD0/PSP0
RD0 I/O Digital I/O
PSP0 I/O Parallel Sl
20 RD1/PSP1
RD1 I/O Digital I/O
PSP1 I/O Parallel Sl
21 RD2/PSP2
RD2 I/O Digital I/O
PSP2 I/O Parallel Sl
RD3/PSP3
22 RD3 I/O Digital I/O
PSP3 I/O Parallel Sl
23 RC4/SDI/SDA
RC4 I/O Digital I/O
SDI I SPI data in
SDA I/O I2C data I/
24 RC5/SDO
RC5 I/O Digital I/O

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

SDO O SPI data o

25 RC6/TX/CK
RC6 I/O Digital I/O
TX O USART as
CK I/O USART sy
26 RC7/RX/DT
RC7 I/O Digital I/O
RX I USART as
DT I/O USART sy
27 RD4/PSP4
RD4 I/O Digital I/O
PSP4 I/O Parallel Sl
28 RD5/PSP5
RD5 I/O Digital I/O
PSP5 I/O Parallel Sl
29 RD6/PSP6
RD6 I/O Digital I/O
PSP6 I/O Parallel Sl
30 RD7/PSP7
RD7 I/O Digital I/O
PSP7 I/O Parallel Sl
33 RB0/INT
RB0 I/O Digital I/O
INT I External in
34 RB1 I/O Digital I/O
35 RB2 I/O Digital I/O
36 RB3/PGM
RB3 I/O Digital I/O
PGM I Low-volta
37 RB4 I/O Digital I/O
38 RB5 I/O Digital I/O
39 RB6/PGC
RB6 I/O Digital I/O
PGC I (ICD)In-ci
40 RB7/PGD
RB7 I/O Digital I/O
PGD I/O In-circuit d

4.4 PORT Register

The role of the PORT register is to receive the information from an

external source (e.g. sensor) or to send information to the external elements
(e.g. LCD). The 40-pin devices, like PIC18F452, have 5 I/O ports located in
the BANK 0.[1]

 PORTA is a 6-bit wide, bidirectional port. The corresponding data

direction register is TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit (= 1) will make the

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

corresponding PORTA pin an input. Clearing a TRISA bit (= 0) will

make the corresponding PORTA pin an output.

 PORTB is an 8-bit wide, bidirectional port. The corresponding data

direction register is TRISB. Setting a TRISB bit (= 1) will make the
corresponding PORTB pin an input. Clearing a TRISB bit (= 0) will
make the corresponding PORTB pin an output.

 PORTC is an 8-bit wide, bidirectional port. The corresponding data

direction register is TRISC. Setting a TRISC bit (= 1) will make the
corresponding PORTC pin an input. Clearing a TRISC bit (= 0) will
make the corresponding PORTC pin an output.

 PORTD is an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers. Each pin
is individually configurable as an input or output.

 PORTE has 3 pins (RE0/RD/AN5, RE1/WR/AN6 and RE2/CS/AN7)

which are individually configurable as inputs or outputs. These pins
have Schmitt Trigger input buffers [1].

4.5 LCD

In recent year the LCD has been finding widespread use replacing LEDs
(seven-segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs). This is due to
following reason:

 The declining prices of LCDs.

 The ability to display number, characters and graphics. This is in

contrast to LEDs, which are limited to numbers and few characters.

 Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

Photograph 4.5.1: LCD view and pin description

 Incorporation of refreshing the controller into LEDs, thereby

relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the
LEDs must be refreshed by CPU to keep displaying the data.

4.6 Current Transformer

A current transformer is an instrument transformer in which the

secondary current is substantially proportional to primary current. It is used
to step down the current for measurement as well as protection purpose. E.g.
200A/1A or 200A/5A.

4.7 Potential Transformer

Potential transformer or voltage transformer is used in electrical power

system for stepping down the system voltage to a safe value which can be
fed to low ratings meters. It is used for measurement of voltage as well as
protection purpose.

4.8 Diode

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that

conducts electric current in only one direction. The term usually refers to a
semiconductor diode, the most common type today. This is a crystalline
piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical terminals.
Photograph 4.8.1 shows the diode image.

Photograph 4.8.1: Diode

A modern semiconductor diode is made of a crystal of semiconductor

like silicon that has impurities added to it to create a region on one side that
contains negative charge carriers (electrons), called n-type semiconductor,
and a region on the other side that contains positive charge carriers (holes),
called p-type semiconductor. The diode's terminals are attached to each of
these regions. The boundary within the crystal between these two regions,
called a PN junction, is where the action of the diode takes place. The crystal
conducts a current of electrons in a direction from the N-type side (called the
cathode) to the P-type side (called the anode), but not in the opposite

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

direction; that is, a conventional current flows from anode to cathode

(opposite to the electron flow, since electrons have negative charge). (See
Annexure)

4.9 The Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

Another type of circuit that produces the same output waveform as the
full wave rectifier circuit above is that of the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier.
This type of single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes
connected in a closed loop "bridge" configuration to produce the desired
output. The main advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does not require a
special centre tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The
single secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge
network and the load to the other side as shown in Figure 4.9.1.

Figure 4.9.1: The Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

The four diodes labeled D1 to D4 are arranged in "series pairs" with

only two diodes conducting current during each half cycle. During the
positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while
diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load.

4.10 Transistor

A bipolar (junction) transistor (BJT) is a three-terminal electronic

device constructed of doped semiconductor material and may be used in
amplifying or switching applications. Bipolar transistors are so named
because their operation involves both electrons and holes. (See Annexure)

4.11 Transistor as Switch

When used as an AC signal amplifier, the transistors Base biasing

voltage is applied in such a way that it always operates within its "active"
region, that is the linear part of the output characteristics curves are used.
However, both the NPN and PNP type bipolar transistors can be made to
operate as "ON/OFF" type solid state switches by biasing the transistors base
differently to that of a signal amplifier. Solid state switches are one of the
main applications for the use of transistors, and transistor switches can be

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

used for controlling high power devices such as motors, solenoids or lamps,
but they can also used in digital electronics and logic gate circuits as shown
in Figure 4.11.1.

Figure 4.11.1: Transistor as Switch

4.12 Resistor

It is the device which oppose to the flow of current through it. Also it
used to limit the current.
Table 4.12.1: Resistor Color Coding

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

Photograph 4.12.1: Power Resistor

4.13 Electrolytic Capacitors

Electrolytic capacitors have a larger capacitance per unit volume than

other types, making them valuable in relatively high-current and low-
frequency electrical circuits, e.g. in power-supply filters or as coupling
capacitors in audio amplifiers. High-capacity electrolytic, also known as
super capacitors or ultra capacitors, have applications similar to those of
rechargeable batteries, e.g. in electrically powered vehicles.

4.14 Voltage Regulator

7805 is a three terminal voltage regulator is a circuit in which the fixed

output voltage in available at one pin without any external feedback
connected. Hence, only three terminals are required for such type of devices
i.e. input, output and ground terminal. Due to simplicity of connection and
minimum components, the three terminal IC regulators have very famous.
(See Annexure)

The 78XX series consists of three terminal positive voltage regulators

and is available with seven fixed output voltage options. These IC’s are
primarily designed as fixed voltage regulators. These devices can be used
with external components to provide varies voltages and currents. The 78XX
series provides output currents in excess of 1 A with adequate heat sink.
These IC’s also have internal short circuit protection and thermal shutdown
circuit. Table 4.15.1 gives the number and their output voltages [3].

Table 4.14.1: 78XX Series Device

Device Output voltage Maximum input voltage
7805 5V 35 V
7806 6V 35V
7808 8V 35V
7812 12V 35V

4.15 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

4.15.1 Function

LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

Photograph 4.15.1: LED Terminals and Symbol

LEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be
labeled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for
cathode!). The cathode is the short lead and there may be a slight flat on the
body of round LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is the larger
electrode (but this is not an official identification method).

LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small
unless you are very slow. No special precautions are needed for soldering
most LEDs.

4.15.2 Calculating LED Resistor Value

LED must have a resistor connected in series to limit the current through the LED;
otherwise it will burn out almost instantly. The resistor value, R is given by:

R = (VS - VL) / I

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

Figure 4.15.2: LED Driving Circuit

VS = supply voltage
VL = LED voltage (usually 2V, but 4V for blue and white LEDs)
I = LED current (e.g. 10mA = 0.01A, or 20mA = 0.02A)

Make sure the LED current you choose is less than the maximum
permitted and convert the current to amps (A) so the calculation will give the

resistor value in ohms ( ). To convert mA to A divide the current in mA

by 1000 because 1mA = 0.001A.

If the calculated value is not available choose the nearest standard

resistor value which is greater, so that the current will be a little less than you
chose. In fact you may wish to choose a greater resistor value to reduce the
current (to increase battery life for example) but this will make the LED less
bright.

For example

If the supply voltage VS = 9V,

And you have a red LED (VL = 2V),

Requiring a current I = 20mA = 0.020A,

R = (9V - 2V) / 0.02A = 350 ,

So choose 390 (the nearest standard value which is greater).

Working out the LED resistor formula using Ohm's law

Ohm's law says that the resistance of the resistor, R = V/I,

Where:
V = voltage across the resistor (= VS - VL in this case)
I = the current through the resistor

So,

R = (VS - VL) / I
Table 4.15.1: Standard LED Data

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

IF VF VF VR Luminous Viewing
Type Color Wavelength
max. typ. max. max. intensity angle

30m 5mcd @
Standard Red 1.7V 2.1V 5V 60° 660nm
A 10mA

Bright 30m 80mcd @

Standard 2.0V 2.5V 5V 60° 625nm
red A 10mA

30m 32mcd @
Standard Yellow 2.1V 2.5V 5V 60° 590nm
A 10mA

25m 32mcd @
Standard Green 2.2V 2.5V 5V 60° 565nm
A 10mA

High 30m 60mcd @

Blue 4.5V 5.5V 5V 50° 430nm
intensity A 20mA

Super 30m 1.85 500mcd @

Red 2.5V 5V 60° 660nm
bright A V 20mA

Low 30m 5mcd @

Red 1.7V 2.0V 5V 60° 625nm
current A 2mA

4.16 Relay

Relay is an electromagnetic switch used to switch on the power

contactors. 12V dc relays are used in this project. It can be operated by
microcontroller with relay driving circuit using transistor. Potential free
contacts of this relays are used to operate appliances of different voltage
levels. Electromagnetic Relay and Its Symbol is shown in Photograph 4.16.1.

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

Photograph 4.16.1: Electromagnetic Relay and Its Symbol

4.17 MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)

Nowadays we use more commonly miniature circuit breaker or MCB

in low voltage electrical network instead of fuse. In Photograph 4.18.1
MCBs are shown

Photograph 4.17.1: Electromagnetic Relay and Its Symbol

The MCB has some advantages compared to fuse.

1. It automatically switches off the electrical circuit during abnormal

condition of the network means in over load condition as well as faulty

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

condition. The fuse does not sense but miniature circuit breaker does it in
more reliable way. MCB is much more sensitive to over current than fuse.

2. Another advantage is, as the switch operating knob comes at its off
position during tripping, the faulty zone of the electrical circuit can easily be
identified. But in case of fuse, fuse wire should be checked by opening fuse
grip or cutout from fuse base, for confirming the blow of fuse wire.

3. Quick restoration of supply cannot be possible in case of fuse as because

fuses have to be rewirable or replaced for restoring the supply. But in the
case of MCB, quick restoration is possible by just switching on operation.

4.17.1 Working Principle

There are two arrangement of operation of miniature circuit breaker.

One due to thermal effect of over current and other due to electromagnetic
effect of over current. The thermal operation of miniature circuit breaker is
achieved with a bimetallic strip whenever continuous over current flows
through MCB; the bimetallic strip is heated and deflects by bending. This
deflection of bimetallic strip releases mechanical latch. As this mechanical
latch is attached with operating mechanism, it causes to open the miniature
circuit breaker contacts. But during short circuit condition, sudden rising of
current, causes electro-mechanical displacement of plunger associated with
tripping coil or solenoid of MCB. The plunger strikes the trip lever causing
immediate release of latch mechanism consequently open the circuit breaker
contacts. This was a simple explanation of miniature circuit breaker working
principle.

SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 39

 Chapter 5

PIC REGISTERS
5.1 Introduction

PIC is having different registers like ADCON0 and ADCON1 for

Analog to digital converter. During programming these registers are
initialized [1] [2].

5.2 PIC Analog to Digital Converter

The role of the analog-to-digital converter (A/D) is to convert analog

voltage values to digital values. Let’s explore the principle of operation of
the A/D converter: The analog-to-digital converter converts analog voltage
to binary numbers. These binary numbers can be in different length - 2, 4, 8,
10-bit. The more bits the binary number has, the higher the resolution of the -
A/D.

For example: Suppose that the voltage that supplied to the A/D
converter varies from 0 to 5 volt, and the A/D converter converts the input
voltage to a binary number of two-bits. With two bits, we can only display 4
different options:

00 01 10 11
That is, we can show the changes from 0 to 5 volt with 4 numbers, or more
precisely four levels.

You can see the 4 levels in the following illustration:

Figure 5.2.1: Characteristics of A/D Converter with Two-Bits

 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

Blue line describes the changes in the input voltage of the analog-to-digital
converter (a/d) of the microcontroller. Red line represents the digital levels at
the output of the analog-to-digital converter (A/D) of the microcontroller.

We can see that the red signal far from being ideal, i.e. not close
enough to the original analog input voltage values. Thus, we can say that
A/D with the binary number of two-bits has a low resolution and there is a
large gap between the real value of the analog input voltage and the values
represented by the A/D.

Now, suppose that the voltage that supplied to the A/D converter is still
varies from 0 to 5 volt, however, the A/D converter converts the input
voltage to a binary number of three-bits.

With three bits we can get 8 different options:

000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

That is, we can show the changes from 0 to 5 volt with 8 numbers, or more
precisely 8 levels.

You can see the eight levels in the following illustration:

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

Figure 5.2.2: Characteristics of A/D Converter with Three-Bits

Now we can see that the RED line represents the original signal
“better” than the previous RED line. The gap between the analog signal and
the digital signal smaller compared to the previous graph. Based on the
"good" results that we received, we can say that current A/D converter has a
high-resolution compare to previous case.

Therefore we can say that the analog to digital converter (A/D) of the
microcontroller with a larger amount of bits has a higher resolution and
better accuracy when converting from analog signal to digital signal.

There is another fact to mention about the resolution of the A/D

converter. Since the converter converts the signals, it takes a certain time.
The conversion time of the low resolution A/D takes less time than the
conversion time of the high resolution A/D.

When you are planning special systems, you have to take into account
this fact. If you are planning to build accurate and fast systems, you have to
consider carefully which convert to choose: if you select an analog to digital
converter (A/D) with high resolution – system will not be as “fast; but if you
select an analog to digital converter (A/D) with high-speed response – you
will lose the resolution of the system.

How to convert analog values to digital values?

If we decide to work with an analog to digital converter (A/D) with

three-bit length, we obtain eight different binary numbers which represent
different voltage levels.

Table 5.2.1: Voltage Level, Hex and Decimal Number Representation

Voltage level [mV] Hex Number Decimal Number

0.00-0.48 000 0
0.48-0.96 001 1
0.96-1.44 002 2
1.44-1.92 003 3

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

. . .
. . .
. . .
4.52-5.00 3FF 1023

In this example, the analog voltage values from 0v to 0.48mV have a

Hex representation of 000 and decimal representation of 0; the analog
voltage values from 0.48mV to 0.96mV have a hex representation of 001 and
decimal representation of 1 so on.The Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
module located within the PIC microcontroller has a resolution of ten-bit
length. Therefore, the converter can divide the analog input voltage between
0v and 5v to 2^ 10 levels, which are 1024 levels. We can say that the
resolution of this component is very high.

How do we know what is the binary value/representation of the analog input

voltage?

We can use the triangle method to calculate/find the binary

representation of an analog input voltage. For example, lets calculate/find the
binary value representation on the analog input voltage of 3.65 volt:

The analog input voltage of 3.65v will be represented by decimal

number 748 or by binary number 1011101100.Using similar way we can find
a binary representation for any desired level of the analog input voltage.

The A/D module has four 8 bit registers. These registers are:

• ADCON0 - A/D Control Register 0; determines the behavior of the

A/D

• ADCON1 - A/D Control Register 1; determines the configuration of

the PORTA and PORTE and how the result of conversion of A/D will be
store.

• ADRESH - A/D Result High Register

• ADRESL - A/D Result Low Register

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

 ADCON0 Register (Address: 1Fh)

ADCS1 ADCS0 CHS2 CHS1 CHS0 GO/ - ADON

bit7
bit0

The size of this register is one byte (8 bits). Each bit has an important
role in the definition of the component. Here's a breakdown of the bits role:

 ADCS1:ADCS0: A/D Conversion clock select bits

00 = Fosc/2

01 = Fosc/8

10 = Fosc/32

11 = Frc (clock derived from the internal A/D module RC oscillator)

After we define the appropriate pins in the specific PORT to be analog

inputs, we can sample the analog input voltage using one of the following
channels:

 CHS2:CHS0: Analog Channel Select bits

000 = channel 0, (RA0/AN0)

001 = channel 0, (RA1/AN1)

010 = channel 0, (RA2/AN2)

011 = channel 0, (RA3/AN3)

100 = channel 0, (RA5/AN4)

101 = channel 0, (RE0/AN5)

110 = channel 0, (RE1/AN6)

111 = channel 0, (RE2/AN7)

You can sample from PORTA each of the pins RA0 and RA5 except
pin RA4 (used for other purposes) as well as of PORTE.

 GO/DONE: A/D Conversion Status bit

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

1 = A/D conversion in progress (setting this bit starts the A/D

conversion)

0 = A/D conversion not in progress (this bit is automatically cleared

by hardware when the A/D conversion is complete)

 ADON: A/D On bit

1 = A/D converter module is operating

0 = A/D converter module is shut-off and consumes no operating

current

 ADCON1 Register (Address 9Fh)

ADFM - - - PCFG3 PCFG2 PCFG1 PCFG0

Bit 7
Bit 0

The size of this register is one byte (8 bits). Each bit has an important
role in the definition of the component. Here's a breakdown of the bits role:

 ADFM: A/D Result Format Select bit

1 = Right justified. 6 Most Significant bits of ADRESH are read as

‘0’.

0 = Left justified. 6 Least Significant bits of ADRESL are read as ‘0’.

Therefore, the result is stored in two registers: ADRESL and

ADRESH. The size of each register is 8 bits long, so that we have 16 (2*8)
bits all together. We can store the result of the conversion which is 10 bits
long using the two registers ADRESL and ADRESH in the following 2 ways:

• Alignment to the left

• Alignment to the right

Alignment to the left – the eight MSB bits are stored in the ADRESH,
and the two LSB bits are stored in ADRESL. In this case, the remaining six
bits appear as - "0".

Left Justified
X X X X X X X X X X

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

ADRESL
ADRESH

Alignment to the right – the eight LSB bits are stored in ADRESL, and two
MSB bits are stored in the ADRESH. In this case six highest bits appear as -
"0".

Right Justified
0 0 0 0 0 0 X X X

ADRESL
ADRESH


 PCFG3:PCFG0: A/D Port Configuration Control bits

With these bits we can control the pins of PORTA or PORTE. We can
decide an analog (A) or digital (D) mode.
Table 5.2.2: Bit Control

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 Automatic Fault Detection and Protection in Three Phase Induction Motor

If we want to work with the PORTA and PORTE as analog ports, then
we select the option PCFG3: PCFG0 = 0000; If we want to work with ports
as digital, then we select the option PCFG3: PCFG0 = 011x.

In general, after the specified desired behavior of the A/D converter

unit and before we start the conversion operation, we have to set up channel
through which the analog information will be received using TRIS
command. To begin making the conversion, we have to set the GO/DONE
=1. This is done by using the command ADGO = 1. When the conversion
ends, the result will be loaded into 2 registers ADRESH: ADRESL. Status bit
GO/DONE (the register ADCON0) will be set to zero and the ADIF flag is
set [1].

SKNSCOE, Korti, Pandharpur 48

 Chapter 6

FLOWCHART

Yes
No

Figure 6.1: Flowchart of Fault Detection

 Chapter 7
RESULTS
7.1 Under Normal Condition

In normal operation of three phase induction motor there is normal

operating condition i.e. running condition that mean normal current is flow
through the phase. Under normal or running condition current through each
phase is near about 0.5 hence there is no any damage to induction motor.
Now when there is no short circuit between R-Y, Y-B, B-R phases then ADC
get zero analog value at channel AD0, AD1 & AD2 where relay is in NC
condition and motor is running.

7.2 Under Fault Condition

When fault occurs on the phase it is detected by the controller and

gives signal to the relay module and it trip the whole circuit. When current
exceeds the 100% then it gives the over current fault. At that time for
temporary short circuit fault there is auto reset after determined value,
otherwise permanently tripped for permanent fault. At the instant of fault
proper operation can be done by this system and gives quick reaction and
turn off motor. When there is short circuit between R-Y, Y-B, B-R phases
then ADC get more than zero analog value at channel AD0, AD1 & AD2
where relay is in NO condition and motor is stop running.

Chapter 8
EXPENDITURE
The total cost for the project is 12613/-
Table 8.1.1: Total Estimated Cost

Sr. No. Particulars Quantity Rate Amount

 1 PIC-18F452 2 200 400
2 16×2 LCD Display 1 175 175
3 10K Preset 6 7 42
4 Crystal 2 15 30
5 7812 IC 3 15 45
6 7805 IC 3 15 45
7 40 Pin ZIF Socket 1 85 85
8 Relay 8 12 96
9 230V/9V Transformer 3 80 240
10 230V/12V Transformer 3 100 300
11 Current Sensing PCB 3 375 1125
12 CT 10A/1A 3 500 1500
13 Fuse 16A 3 125 375
14 PCBS 5 75 375
15 Miscellaneous 1 1750 1750
16 MCB 3 270 810
17 PB Switches 3 45 135
18 ½ HP Induction motor 1 3500 3500
19 Resistors 20 2 40
20 Diodes 15 1 15
21 Capacitors 10 3 30
Total Amount 8113
Travelling 2500
Mounting arrangement and test setup 2000
Total Cost 12613

Chapter 9

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

9.1 Advantages

 Over current taken by load can also be detected:

When current of the induction motor exceeds its predetermined limit

it will detected as an over current. To sense the current taken by the load;
current transformers are used with 1A secondary current. It is converted
into the 5V dc and given to the ADC of the PIC controller. When load
current exceeds its predetermined limits it is detected as over current and
message will be displayed on the LCD display.

 Operation can be done in within micro seconds that’s why motor

cannot be damage
 9.2 Disadvantages

 Additional initial cost:

An additional cost is required for installing this equipment on

site as well as to upgrade the existing system. The additional cost is
due to the enclosure of this project, cabling from induction motor to
the project, CT, Contactors for load controller, Controller unit etc.

Chapter 10

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

10.1 Conclusion

In this project, the faults are detected and three phase induction motor
is protected also message is displayed on LCD. There is one PIC
microcontroller used to detect the fault like over current also controller is
used to switch the relays. Relays are used to operate supply to switch off all
the loads in case of short circuit. When there is short circuited in between
any of the two phases there is motor tripping depends upon time duration of
the fault.

10.2 Future Scope

In future following modifications can be done:

 In next some years GSM service can be added in this system to know
consumer, when fault occurred.

 The fault is automatically detected but by extending this we can

automatically clear the fault in future.
 REFERENCES
Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Rolin D. McKinlay, Danny Causey “PIC Microcontroller and Embedded
system using Assembly and C for PIC18”.

[2] Microchip “Datasheet of PIC18F452”.

[3] Zoolnasri Bin Abu Harun, University Malaysia Pahang, “Over Current Protection Relay Using PIC
Micro Controller”, Project report. PP 1-24

[4] “Microcontroller based fault detection”, International Journal of Advancements in Research &
Technology, Volume 1, Issue 5, October-2012 1 ISSN 2278-7763

“Three Phase Fault Analysis with Auto Reset for Temporary Fault and Trip for Permanent Fault”,
[5]
Sathish Bakanagari1, A. Mahesh Kumar2, M. Cheenya3
12(Asst.prof in EEE Department) 3(Asst.Prof in ECE Department) Mahaveer Institute of Science
and Technology, bandlaguda, Hyderabad.A.P.
[6] “Fault detection and protection of induction motors using sensors”, 2008, Ramazan Bayindir,
Ibrahim Sefa, İlhami Colak, and Askin Bektas
M. E. H. Benbouzid, “Bibliography on induction motors faults detection and diagnosis,” IEEE Trans.
[7]
Energy Convers., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1065-1074, Dec. 1999.
[8] Anderson PM. Analysis of faulted power systems. New York (USA): IEEE; 1995.

[9] “INDUCTION MOTORS - PROTECTION and STARTING by VIV COHEN” Circuit Breaker
Industries, P.O. Box 881, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.

Annexure-A
 PIC18F452

28/40-pin High Performance, Enhanced

FLASH Microcontrollers with 10-
Bit A/D

High Performance RISC CPU:

• C compiler optimized Peripheral Features:

architecture/instruction set
- Source code compatible with the PIC16 • High current sink/source 25 mA/25 mA

and • Three external interrupt pins

PIC17 instruction • Timer0 module: 8-bit/16-bit
sets timer/counter with
• Linear program memory addressing to 8-bit programmable prescaler
32 Kbytes
• Linear data memory addressing to 1.5 • Timer1 module: 16-bit timer/counter
Kbytes • Timer2 module: 8-bit timer/counter
with 8-bit period register (time-base
On-Chip Program
Memory
for PWM)
On- Da
Chip EE • Timer3 module: 16-bit timer/counter
Device
FLASH( #Single Word RAM (b • Secondary oscillator clock option-
bytes) Instructions (bytes) Timer1/Timer3
• Two Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP)
PIC18F242 16K 8192 768
modules. CCP pins that can be
PIC18F252 32K 16384 1536
configured as:
PIC18F442 16K 8192 768 - Capture input: capture

PIC18F452 32K 16384 1536 is 16-bit, max.

resolution 6.25 ns
(TCY/16)
• Up to 10 MIPs operation:
- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution 100
- DC - 40 MHz osc./clock input ns (TCY)
- 4 MHz - 10 MHz osc./clock input with - PWM output: PWM resolution is 1-
PLL active to 10-bit, max. PWM freq. @: 8-bit
• 16-bit wide instructions, 8-bit wide data resolution = 156 kHz
path
• Priority levels for interrupts 10-bit resolution = 39 kHz
• 8 x 8 Single Cycle Hardware Multiplier • Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP)
module, Two modes of operation: Peripheral Features (Continued):
- 3-wire SPI™ (supports all 4 SPI
modes) • Addressable USART module:
2
- I C™ Master and Slave mode - Supports RS-485 and RS-232
• Parallel Slave Port (PSP) module

Analog Features:

• Compatible 10-bit Analog-to-

Digital Converter module (A/D)
with:
- Fast sampling rate
- Conversion available during SLEEP

- Linearity ≤ 1 LSb

• Programmable Low Voltage Detection

(PLVD)
- Supports interrupt on-Low Voltage
Detection
• Programmable Brown-out Reset (BOR)

Special Microcontroller Features:

• 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced

FLASH
program memory typical
• 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data
EEPROM
memory
• FLASH/Data EEPROM Retention: > 40
years
• Self-reprogrammable under software
control
• Power-on Reset (POR), Power-up Timer
(PWRT)
and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own
On-Chip RC Oscillator for reliable
operation
• Programmable code protection
• Power saving SLEEP mode
• Selectable oscillator options including:
- 4X Phase Lock Loop (of primary
oscillator)
 - Secondary Oscillator (32 kHz) clock • Fully static design
input • Wide operating voltage range (2.0V to
• Single supply 5V In-Circuit Serial 5.5V)
Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins • Industrial and Extended temperature
• In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins ranges
• Low power consumption:
CMOS Technology: - < 1.6 mA typical @ 5V, 4 MHz

• Low power, high speed FLASH/EEPROM - 25 μA typical @ 3V, 32 kHz

technology
- < 0.2 μA typical standby current

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS of PIC18F452

Abs
olut
e
Ma
xim
um
Rat
ings
(†)

Ambient temperature under

bias.........................................................................-55°C to +125°C Storage
temperature ...........................................................................................
-65°C to +150°C Voltage on any pin with respect to VSS (except VDD,
MCLR, and R.... -0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V) Voltage on VDD with respect to
VSS ............................................................. -0.3V to +7.5V Voltage on
MCLR with respect to VSS (Note 2) ............................................... 0V to
+13.25V Voltage on RA4 with respect to Vss
...................................................................... 0V to +8.5V Total power
dissipation (Note 1) ............................................................................. 1.0W
Maximum current out of VSS pin
........................................................................... 300 mA Maximum current
into VDD pin ................................................................................... 250 mA
Input clamp current, IIK (VI < 0 or VI >
VDD).......................................................... ±20 mA Output clamp current,
IOK (VO < 0 or VO > VDD) ............................................ ±20 mA
Maximum output current sunk by any I/O
pin.................................................................... 25 mA Maximum output
current sourced by any I/O pin ............................................................. 25
mA Maximum current sunk by PORTA, PORTB, and PORTE (Note 3)
(combined) ............ 200 mA Maximum current sourced by PORTA,
PORTB, and PORTE (Note 3) (combined)...... 200 mA Maximum current
sunk by PORTC and PORTD (Note 3) (combined).......................... 200
mA Maximum current sourced by PORTC and PORTD (Note 3)
(combined)....................... 200 mA
 MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA
3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulator

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Parameter Symbol Value Unit
Input Voltage (for V = 5V to 18V)
O V 35 V
(for V = 24V) I
O V 40 V
o
Thermal Resistance Junction-Cases (TO-220) R I 5
JC oC/W
Thermal Resistance Junction-Air (TO-220) R 65
JA C/W
o
Operating Temperature Range T 0 ~ +125 C
OPR o
Storage Temperature Range T -65 ~ +150 C
STG

Electrical Characteristics (MC7805/LM7805)

(Refer to test circuit ,0C < T < 125C, I = 500mA, V = 10V, C = 0.33F, C = 0.1F, unless otherwise
J O I I O
specified)

MC7805/LM7805
Parameter Symbol Conditions Unit
Min. Typ. Max.
T =+25 oC
4.8 5.0 5.2
J
5.0mA ≤ Io ≤ 1.0A, P ≤ 15W
Output Voltage V
O V = 7V to 20V O V
4.75 5.0 5.25
I
V = 7V to 25V - 4.0 100
Line Regulation (Note1) Regline T =+25 oC O mV
J V = 8V to 12V - 1.6 50
I
I = 5.0mA to1.5A - 9 100
O
Load Regulation (Note1) Regload T =+25 oC I =250mA to mV
J O - 4 50
750mA
o
Quiescent Current I T =+25 C - 5.0 8.0 mA
Q J
I = 5mA to 1.0A - 0.03 0.5
Quiescent Current Change ∆I O mA
Q V = 7V to 25V - 0.3 1.3
I o
Output Voltage Drift ∆V /∆T I = 5mA - -0.8 -
O O o
mV/ C
Output Noise Voltage V f = 10Hz to 100KHz, T =+25 C - 42 - V/Vo
N A
f = 120Hz
Ripple Rejection RR 62 73 - dB
V = 8V to 18V
O o
Dropout Voltage V I = 1A, T =+25 C - 2 - V
Drop O J
Output Resistance r f = 1KHz - 15 - mΩ
O V = 35V, T =+25 oC
Short Circuit Current I - 230 - mA
SC I A
o
Peak Current I T =+25 C - 2.2 - A
PK J

Note:
1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in V due to heating effects
must be taken o
into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.
Typical Performance Characteristics

Figure 1.
Quiescent Current Figure 2. Peak Output Current

Figure 3. Figure 4. Quiescent Current

Output
Voltage
 BC546/547/548/549/550

Switching and Applications

• High Voltage: BC546, V =65V
CEO
• Low Noise: BC549, BC550
• Complement to BC556 ... BC560

TO-92

1. Collector 2. Base 3. Emitter

NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor
Absolute Maximum Ratings Ta=25C unless
otherwise noted

Electrical Characteristics Ta=25C unless otherwise

noted

h Classification
FE
Classification A B C
h 110 ~ 220 200 ~ 450 420 ~ 800
FE
 Typical Characteristics
100
100
V = 5V
CE
I = 400A
80
I = 350A

I = 300A 1
0
I = 250A
60
I = 200A

40
I = 150A 1

I
B

1
0
0

A
20

I = 50A
0.1
0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1.0 1.2
16 18 20

V [V], BASE-
V [V], COLLECTOR-EMITTER VOLTAGE BE
EMITTER VOLTAGE

Figure 1. Static Characteristic Figure 2. Transfer

Characteristic

1
0
0 IC = 10 IB
V = 5V
CE

1000

1000
V (sat)
BE

100

100 V CE(sat)
10

1
1 10 100 10
1000 1 10 100
1000

I [mA],
C IC [A], COLLECTOR CURRENT
COLLECTOR
CURRENT

Figure 3. DC current Gain Figure 4. Base-Emitter Saturation

Voltage
Collector-Emitter Saturation
Voltage

100
1000
V = 5V
CE

f=1MHz
IE = 0

10 100

1 10

0.1 1 10 100 1000

1 0.1 1 10 100

V CB[V], COLLECTOR- IC[mA], COLLECTOR CURRENT

BASE VOLTAGE

Figure 5. Output Capacitance Figure 6. Current Gain Bandwidth

Product
 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (T = 25 °C unless otherwise noted)
A
PARAMETER TEST SYMB 1N400 1N400 1N400 1N400 1N400 1N400 1N400 UNI
CONDITIONS OL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 T

Maximum 1.0 A V 1. V
instantaneous 1
forward voltage F

Maximum DC reverse T = 25 °C 5.
current at rated DC A I 0 μA
blocking voltage T = 125 5
A R
0
°C
Typical junction 4.0 V, 1 MHz C 1 pF
capacitance J 5

THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS (T = 25 °C unless otherwise noted)

A

PARAMETER SYMB 1N40 1N40 1N40 1N40 1N40 1N40 1N40 UN

OL 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 IT
5
Typical thermal resistance RJA °C/
0
(1) W
2
RJL
5
(1)

Note
(1)
Thermal resistance from junction to ambient at 0.375" (9.5 mm) lead length, PCB mounted

ORDERING INFORMATION (Example)

PREFERRED UNIT PREFERRED BASE DELIVERY

P/N WEIGHT (g) PACKAGE CODE QUANTITY MODE
1N4004-E3/54 0.3 5 550 13" diameter paper tape
3 4 0 and reel
1N4004-E3/73 0.3 7 300 Ammo pack
3 3 0 packaging

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