SCE Additional Problems
SCE Additional Problems
Q–2. What is the purpose of the guard time and the preamble in a TDMA system?
Ans: Guard time reduces the chances of overlap of signals from consecutive transmitters.
Preamble is needed for synchronization and transmitter identification.
Q–3. An FM transmitter carrying a 1 KHz sinusoidal message signal has a peak frequency deviation
of 500 Hz. What is the bandwidth occupied by this signal?
Ans: Here fm = 1 kHz, ∆f = 500 Hz. Therefore,
∆f 500 1
Modulation index, β = = = .
fm 1000 2
Q–4. State whether the following statement is true or false and explain your reasoning: “A BPSK
and a QPSK system will give the same BER if the bit-energy-to-noise-density ratio at the
demodulator input is identical for both receivers and the power-spectral density of the AWGN
is also the same.”
Ans: True. Let Es , Eb , and N0 denote the symbol energy, bit energy, and noise PSD,
respectively.
For BPSK,
r ! r !
2Es 2Eb
BER = Q =Q .
N0 N0
For QPSK,
r ! r !
Es 2Eb
BER = Q =Q .
N0 N0
Since the ratio Eb /N0 is the same in both cases, both systems will give the same BER.
Q–5. A BPSK system’s BER in the absence of any phase error at the receiver is Q(10). Suppose
that a phase mismatch is introduced at the receiver and the BER becomes Q(5). What is the
value of the phase difference (between the unmodulated carrier and the local carrier replica)
that was introduced?
Ans: The BER in the presence of a phase difference of ϕ is given by
r !
Es
BER = Q cos ϕ (1)
N0
1
In the absence of phase error,
r ! r
Es Es
Q = Q(10) =⇒ = 10.
N0 N0
Q–6. Determine the BER (in terms of the Q-function) of a BPSK communication system in which
the received symbols are s0 (t) = 4 cos(108 t) and s1 (t) = −4 cos(108 t). Assume ideal coherent
reception, AWGN with PSD 10−6 W/Hz, and ideal RRC filters with noise bandwidth 1 MHz.
Ans: Since the noise bandwidth is 1 MHz, the symbol rate is Rs = 106 symbols per sec-
ond, and the symbol duration
√ is Ts = 1 µs. Comparing√the given signals to the standard
i
BPSK form si (t) = (−1) 2A cos(ωc t), we see that A = 2 2. Hence, the symbol energy is
Es = A2 Ts = 8 × 10−6 .
Hence the BER is
! r !
√
r
Es 8 × 10−6
BER = Q =Q = Q( 8) = 0.0023.
N0 10−6
Q–7. A satellite communication link uses QPSK to transmit data at 3 Mbps. The maximum avail-
able bandwidth is 2 MHz. Assuming ideal RRC filters, what is the maximum possible roll-off
factor that may be used?
Q–8. A QPSK communication system operating at a bandwidth of 10 kHz using ideal RRC filters
and ideal coherent reception is found to provide a BER of 10−3 . Suppose we want to redesign
the system such that the bandwidth usage is reduced by 50% (i.e, becomes 5 KHz) while
maintaining the same BER. What parameter of the transmitted signals must be changed and
by what amount? Assume that the noise characteristics (e.g., the noise PSD) of the receiver
remain the same even after the redesign.
q
Es
Ans: For QPSK, Es = 2A2 Ts , and BER is Q N0
. To reduce the bandwidth to half,
√
we must change Ts to Ts /2. Since N0 doesn’t change, we must increase A to 2A, so that
the Es (and consequently Es /N0 ) remains the same.