ECOR 1010

Lecture 6
Engineering Graphics - 2
 Engineering Graphics
• Engineering graphics has evolved
into six major areas, which overlap:
– Descriptive Geometry (Engineering
Drawing, as shown previously)
– Graphical Mathematics
– Nomography
– Empirical Equations
– Technical Illustration
• in manuals, etc. used to communicate
an idea, not necessarily technically exact.
– Engineering Computer Graphics: CAD
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Graphical Mathematics
We may wish to find the intersection
of all the possible positions a robot
arm can have and a space in which it
will operate.

www.maplesoft.com/applications/view.aspx?SID=6850&view=html 8
 Nomographs
• A nomograph, also called an alignment
chart, is a calculating chart with scales
that contain values of three or more
mathematical variables
• Widely used in engineering, industry, and
the natural and physical sciences

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 Nomograph example:
Expected Flows in a river (Will it flood?):

A. It rains 5 inches in 6 hours, the average intensity is 0.83

in/h; the point on the chart falls closest to the curve for
22,000 cu ft/s: yellow "Flood Caution" zone
B. It rains for 4 hours at an intensity of 1.5 in/h (for a total of
6.0 in). It is expected the rain will continue for another
hour at the same rate, a flow level of ~23,500 ft3/s can be
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expected: flooding is highly likely!
 Parallel Resistor Nomograph
• This nomograph determines
the equivalent resistance of
two parallel resistors
• e.g., the equivalent
resistance of a 50 W and a
75 W resistor in parallel is
30 W

1
RT  1 1

R1 R2 R1(W) R2(W)
RT(W)
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 Graphical Mathematics
• Solving algebraic equations
using graphical techniques
without projection
• Example: Equivalent
Resistance
• The equivalent resistance of
a 50 W and a 75 W resistor
in parallel (30 W)

1
RT  1 1

R1 R2
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 Empirical Equations
• Modeling relations between
empirical data with
mathematical equations
• Example: find an empirical
equation to describe how
different parts of a robot
heat up from ambient
conditions during the
course of performing a
continuous cyclic task

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Infrared Cameras

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 Empirical Equations
• Infra-Red Thermogram • Infra-Red Thermogram
(start) (end)

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 Empirical Equations
Average temperature at These data are modeled empirically
measurement spots on with:
lower arm
y  23.6et /83  30.6(1  et /83 )
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Steady-State region

Average Temperature (oC)

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Transient region
26

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Room temperature
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time (min)

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 Empirical Equations
Average temperature at These data are modeled empirically
measurement spots on with:
lower arm T  Tss  (Tss  To ) e t / 
 30.6  (30.6  23.6) et /83
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Steady-State region

Average Temperature (oC)

30

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Transient region
26

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Room temperature
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time (min)

This can be just an equation that fits the

data, with no physics behind it, if the goal
is an equation for interpolation …

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 Where do these equations come
from?
• Three places:
1. Any equation that reproduces the data in an
‘acceptable’ way can be used, IF the goal is to
have an equation for interpolation.
• This is called “curve fitting”.
2. A theoretically-based equation that is derived
from some physical insight.
• this can be used for interpolation and extrapolation,
within limits.
3. Or, a combination of the above
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 Where did we get:
 t / 
T  Tss  (Tss  To ) e
 t /83
 30.6  (30.6  23.6) e
Assume that the rate the temperature changes with time is proportional
to how far the piece is from its final steady-state temperature:
dT
 TSS  T
dt
The proportionality constant we will call: 1 /  , where  is some 'time constant'
that depends on the material properties. Hence,
dT 1
 (TSS  T )
dt 
We can now integrate this expression over the limits of the test, and determine
the parameters for this model equation "empirically" by finding the values that
make the equation 'fit' the data. We will learn how this is done when we study
regression later. 19
 Empirical Equations
• Integrated
optical/robotic
measurement
system
• Application to
rapid prototyping

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 Empirical Equations
Raw image Wireframe

Reconstructed section
Rendered solid model

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Introduction to CAD
 Evolution of Drafting

A drafting room in the 1950s Your drafting room in 2017

 Computer Aided Drafting (CAD)
• Replaced the drafting table
• Creating electronic drawings
• Can be used to create pictorial perspective,
isometric, oblique, and orthographic drawings
as well as electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and
control system schematics
• Examples include CREO, SOLIDWORKS, CATIA

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 Why do we need CAD?
• CAD is an effective way to communicate your ideas
and designs
– Used to produce working drawings
• Manufacturing is becoming more integrated, more
global
• Systems are becoming more complex
• Working drawings are needed in all disciplines
– Electrical, civil, mechanical, aerospace, manufacturing,
architecture
 Why do we need CAD?
• 1960s – Lockheed SR-71
– Supersonic reconnaissance aircraft
– 30,000 hand-drafted working drawings!
• Design changes required a lot of time
• Filing and record keeping were challenging
 Why do we need CAD?
• 2007 – Airbus A380
– Modern, 500+ passenger commercial aircraft
– Designed and manufactured in several countries
• Approximately 500 suppliers
– 1 global database
• Database with solid models
and CAD drawings
• Automatically updated
 Computer Aided Drafting
• CAD is crucial in the detailed
design stage
• Computer aided drafting enables
modifications to be made with
ease
• Compare this with hand drafting

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 A Word On CAD
• CAD programs are very useful tools because
most of them automatically follow the
conventions discussed
• However, the designer is still responsible for
ensuring the integrity of the drawing
– CAD programs make mistakes, and sometimes the
default options are not the most efficient way to
convey the information

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 CAD Advantages
• Increased accuracy
• Increased speed
• Easy revision
• Better design analysis
• Better presentation
• Libraries of drawing aids
• Improved filing

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 When do we use CAD?
• When you want to clearly communicate a conceptual
design
• When you want to machine a part
• When someone else is manufacturing or machining
parts for you
– Want to get exactly what you had in mind
– Technologists and machinists need to be able to
understand and interpret the design
 Engineering Computer Graphics
• The major areas of computer graphics are:
– CAD: Computer-Aided Design
• Used to solve design problems, analyze design data, store and
disseminate design information
– CADD: Computer-Aided Design Drafting
• Using computers to generate engineering drawings and technical
documents
– CAD/CAM: Computer-Aided Design/ Computer-Aided
Manufacturing
• A computer based system used to design a product, devise the
production steps, electronically transfer the data to control the
manufacturing equipment
– CIM: Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
• A computer based system that coordinates and operates all stages of
manufacturing from design to finished product

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 Solid Modeling (Visualization)
• Using a solid modeler, an
entire prototype can be built
and tested in a virtual
environment before
machining a single part
• Shows how parts fit together

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 Solid Modeling
• The software creates 3D virtual objects
• The virtual objects appear as axonometric
projections
• The models can be virtually manipulated, just
like a physical object

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Carleton GeoSurv II UAV Project
 CAD in ECOR 1010
• CAD is one of the many tools that you’re learning this
semester
– Lab 2, lab 3, and the design project
• Won’t become an expert in 4 months, so don’t worry
– You’ll learn what the tools are and where to find them
– Will develop a base that you can build on in future years
– Will have many opportunities to use these skills at Carleton and in
your careers as engineers
 Design and CAD
• As a result of CAD, the design process has
become much faster
• Although revolutionary, CAD has not taken
over every aspect of drawing
• Freehand sketching is still important

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 Freehand Sketching
• Freehand sketch: drawing created without the
use of a straightedge or other aids
• Used in the early stages of design
– Ideas sketched on a napkin or notepad
• Outperforms CAD when a fast sketch is needed
• Not intended to be used as a technical drawing
for manufacturing a part

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 Visualization
• Being able to visualize in 3D is key
• Thought experiment:
– Close your eyes and picture any object floating in
mid-air … Now rotate the object in your mind …
Imagine looking at it from every angle and
direction
• This ability is crucial when creating graphical
representations of real objects

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 Sketching
• Sketching is freehand drawing
without the use of instruments such
as a straightedge, compass, or
drawing templates
• Sketching is a key means of
engineering communication
• Sketches are used to develop ideas
and make decisions about how to
solve a problem
• Many new projects and products
begin as sketches made on the back
of an envelope, or on a napkin in a
restaurant, hockey game, airplane ...

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 Sketching
• Sketching is used when “on-
site” problems are encountered
• These are “back-of-the-
envelope” solutions
• The ability to communicate by
any means is a great asset
• Sketching is the best way to
communicate engineering ideas
• Sketching skills must be used
on-the-job to explain ideas,
delegate work assignments, or
to get help
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 Hand Sketching Tips
• Use one stroke when drawing a line – don’t lift
pencil off paper
• For long lines, keep your eyes focused on
where the line is going to end
• Use construction lines – very faint lines that
outline an object
• For circles, use a square construction square
and then draw the inscribing circle

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Sketching Example

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Orthographic Sketching

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Oblique Sketching

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Axonometric Sketching

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Isometric Sketching

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Isometric Sketch Paper

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Working drawing principles

The drawing must be a well-thought-out plan to get you

from start to finish.

Think of the drawing as a road map.

Do you correctly identify all the detours and details?

Will the user, or a crew of users, have to stop and ask for
directions?

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 Reading Assignment
• You should have read Chapters 12 to 14
already.

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