Fractions

Index
1. What are Fractions 1. Operations of Fractions
2. Examples  Addition
3. Need of Fractions  Subtraction
4. Parts of Fractions  Multiplication
5. Example  Division
6. Types of Fractions- 6. Comparison
  Greater than and Smaller than
Proper fractions & Improper Fractions
 Mixed Fractions  How does the Denominator controls th
  How does the Denominator controls th
Like Fractions & Unlike Fractions
 Equivalent Fractions
What are Fractions?
Fractions are for counting part of something.

Loosely speaking, a fraction is a quantity that cannot be

represented by a whole number.

A fraction (from the Latin fractus, broken) is a number that

can represent part of a whole. The earliest fractions were
reciprocals of integers: ancient symbols representing one part
of two, one part of three, one part of four, and so on. A much
later development were the common or "vulgar" fractions
which are still used today (½, ⅝, ¾, etc.)
 Examples

/60
55
/8
1

/12
11

1½ 1 2/10
/12
1
Need Of Fractions?
Consider the following scenario.

Can you finish the whole cake?

If not, how many cakes did you eat?

1 is not the answer, neither is 0.

This suggest that we need a new

kind of number i.e. Fraction.
Parts Of Fractions?
The denominator tells us how
many congruent pieces the whole is
divided into, thus this number
cannot be 0. (b)

a
I’m the NUMERATOR.
I tell you the number of parts
The numerator tells us how many
such pieces are being considered. (a)

b
I’m the DENOMINATOR.
I tell you the name of part
 Example
How much of a pizza do we have below?
The blue circle is our whole.
if we divide the whole into 8 congruent pieces,
- the denominator would be 8.
We can see that we have 7 of these pieces.
Therefore the numerator is 7, and we
have

7 of a pizza.
8
 Types Of Fractions

Proper fractions
& Like Fractions
Equivalent
Improper Fractions &
Fractions
Unlike Fractions
Unit Fractions
Mixed Fractions &
Whole Fractions
Proper & Improper Fractions
I’m Smaller
In Proper Fractions the
numerator is less than the
denominator.
I’m– Bigger
E.g.. 1/2 ,3/4 ,2/7 etc. 1
4
7
4 In Improper Fractions the
numerator is greater than (or
equal to) the denominator.
E.g. – 4/2 ,9/5 ,6/6 etc.
Every whole no is Improper
Fraction
E.g. – 24 = 24/1
 Mixed Fractions
In Mixed Fractions a whole number
and a proper fraction are together.
E.g.. –2 1/4, 16 2/5 etc.

Mixed Fractions and Improper

Fractions are same.

We can use any to show the same

1¾ amount.
7/8

=
 Conversion
1
Improper Fraction to Mixed Fraction 8 9
divide the numerator by the denominator the 8
quotient is the leading number, the remainder as 1
the new numerator.
9 1
= 1
8 8

Mixed Fraction to Improper Fraction

multiply the whole number with the denominator
and add the numerator to it. The answer is the
numerator and the denominator is same
3 2 × 7 + 3 17
2 = =
7 7 7
Like & Unlike Fractions
In Like Fractions the denominators of
the Fractions are same

In Unlike Fractions the denominators

of the Fractions are different.
 Unit Fractions &
Whole Fractions
In Unit Fractions the
numerator of the
Fraction is 1.

In Whole Fractions the

denominators of the Fraction is
1.
 Convert Unlike Fractions to Like
Fractions
 Simplify all the Fractions.
 Find LCM of all the Denominators.
 Multiply all the fractions with a special form of 1
to get 84 (here). Now these are Like Fractions.
2 × 2× 3× 7 = 84

3 , 5 , 4 2 4,3,7

= 63
2 2,3,7
4 3 7 3 1,3,7
1,1,7
, 113 , 48 7
1,1,1

84 84 84
Equivalent Fractions
They are the fractions that may have many
different appearances, but are same.

In the following picture we have ½ of a cake as the

cake is divided into two congruent parts and we have
only one of those parts.

But if we cut the cake into smaller congruent

pieces, we can see that
½ = 2/4 = 4/8 = 3/6
Equivalent Fractions

To know that two or more Fractions are

Equivalent we must simplify (change to its lowest
term) them.

Simplify: A fraction is in its lowest terms (or is

reduced) if we cannot find a whole number (other
than 1) that can divide into both its numerator and
denominator.
E.g.- 5 : 5 & 10 can be divided by 5. 5 1
10 10 2
 Example
Are 14 & 30 equal ?
21 45

14 reduce 14 ÷ 7 = 2 30 reduce 30 ÷15 = 2

21 21÷ 7 3 45 45÷15 3

2 = 2 14 = 30
3 3 21 45
Making Equivalent Fractions

To make Equivalent Fractions we multiply the

Fraction with a special form of 1 (same numerator &
denominator- 4/4, 10/10 etc.)

E.g. : 4 = 4 × 5 = 20
5 5× 5 25
 Operations Of Fractions

Addition Division
Subtraction Multiplication
 Addition Of Fractions
Things To Know !!!!
 Simplifying
 Like and Unlike Fractions
 Like fractions are Compulsory to add.
 If there are Unlike Fractions then convert them to like
fractions.
 The Denominator should not be added.
 Always change Improper fraction to a mixed
fraction.
 Adding Fractions

Addition means combining objects in two or more

sets

The objects must be of the same type, i.e. we

combine bundles with bundles and sticks with sticks.

In fractions, we can only combine pieces of the

same size. In other words, the denominators must be
the same.
Adding Fractions With
Same Denominators

+ =

1 2 3 1
+ = =
6 6 6 2
Add the numerator
and
leave the denominator as it is.
Adding Fractions with
Different Denominators

If there are different denominators in the

fractions, then we change them to like
fractions.
1 2
+
1 5 3 5 2 6
= =
3 15 5 15
1 2 5 6 11
+ = + =
3 5 15 15 15
Adding Mixed Fractions

Change the Mixed fractions to

Improper Fractions and then to
Like Fractions.
At last add the Improper Like
Fractions.
Don’t forget to change the
answer to Mixed Fraction again.
Subtraction Of Fractions
Things To Know !!!!
 Simplifying
 Like and Unlike Fractions
 Like fractions are Compulsory to subtract.
 If there are Unlike Fractions then convert them to like
fractions.
 The Denominator should not be subtracted.
 Always change Improper fraction to a mixed
fraction.
 The numerator can be negative.
Subtracting Fractions

Subtraction means taking objects away.

The objects must be of the same type, i.e. we
can only take away apples from a group of
apples.
In fractions, we can only take away pieces of
the same size.
In other words, the denominators must be
the same.
Subtracting Fractions With
Same Denominators

- =

4 2 2 1
= =
6 6 6 3
Subtract the numerator
and
leave the denominator as it is.
Subtracting Fractions with
Different Denominators

If there are different denominators in the

fractions, then we change them to like
fractions.
2 2
−
2 10 3 5 2 6
= =
3 15 5 15
2 2 10 6 4
− = − =
3 5 15 15 15
Subtracting Mixed Fractions

Change the Mixed fractions to

Improper Fractions and then to
Like Fractions.
At last subtract the Improper
Like Fractions.
Don’t forget to change the
answer to Mixed Fraction again.
Multiplication Of Fractions
Things To Know !!!!
 Simplifying
 The Denominator are always multiplied.
 “ Of ” : Of means multiply. E.g. : ½ of 2 = ½ × 2 = 1
 Product of two Proper Fractions is always less than both of them.
 Product of two Improper Fractions is always greater than both of
them.
 Product of one Improper Fraction and one Proper
Fraction is always less than the Improper Fraction
and greater than the Proper Fraction.
Multiplying Fractions

To Multiply Fractions we Multiply both - The

numerators and the Denominators separately.

2 3 2×3 6 3
× = = =
4 2 4×2 8 4
Multiplying Mixed Fractions

Change the Mixed fractions to

Improper Fractions.
Then multiply the Improper
Fraction.
Don’t forget to change the
answer to Mixed Fraction again.
 Addition Of Fractions
Things To Know !!!!
 Simplifying
 Multiplication
 Always change Improper fraction to a mixed fraction.
 Reciprocal: The inverse of fraction
E.g. – 2/3 = 3/2 = 1 ½ , 2 ½ = 5/2 = 2/5
 Dividing Fractions

To Divide Fractions we change the Second Fraction

with its Reciprocal.
Then Multiply the Reciprocal with the First
Fraction.

2 4 2×5 10 5
÷ = = =
4 5 4×4 16 8
Dividing Mixed Fractions

Change the Mixed fractions to

Improper Fractions.
Then Multiply the Improper
Fraction.
Don’t forget to change the
answer to Mixed Fraction again.
 Comparison

Comparison
• Greater than and Smaller than
• How does the Denominator controls the Fraction
• How does the Numerator controls the Fraction
Greater than and Smaller than

Change the Fractions to Like Fractions.

The fraction with greater numerator is bigger
than the other one.
If the Numerators are same, then the Fraction
with smallest Denominator is the Biggest.
2 3 10 9
& = >
3 5 15 15
How does the Denominator
controls the Fraction

Denominator represents the total number of pieces.

If we share a Pizza with 2 people, we get ½ of pizza.
If we share a Pizza with 4 people, we get ¼ of pizza.
If we share a Pizza with 8 people, we get 1/8 of pizza.

Conclusion:
The larger the denominator the smaller the pieces, and
if the numerator is kept fixed, the larger the
denominator the smaller the fraction,
How does the Numerator controls
the Fraction

Numerator represents the number of pieces.

If we share a Pizza with 16 people, we get 1/16 of pizza.
If we share a Pizza with 13 people, we get 3/16 of pizza.
If we share a Pizza with 5 people, we get 5/16 of pizza.

Conclusion :
When the numerator gets larger we have more pieces.
And if the denominator is kept fixed, the larger numerator
makes a bigger fraction.