BUILDING TECHNOLOGY MAJOR EXCAVATION

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION THAT REQUIRES WIDE EXCAVATION OR TOTAL

LAYOUT AND EXCAVATION
EXTRACTION OF THE SOIL

 SPIRIT LEVEL - INSTRUMENT OR TOOL CAPABLE OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

LINE CHECK. FOUNDATION AND FOOTING

 PLUMB BOB - IT’S USES FOR VERTICAL LINE CHECK. THE FUNCTION OF A FOUNDATION IS TO TRANSFER THE STRUCTURAL LOADS
FROM A BUILDING SAFELY INTO THE GROUND.

 PLASTIC HOSE FILLED W/ WATER – A METHOD OF LEVELLING (HORIZONTAL)

BATTERBOARDS WITHOUT TRANSIT. 3 MAJOR PARTS OF A BUILDING:

 3-4-5 MULTIPLES W/ THE USE OF STEEL TAPE MEASURE – A MANUAL METHOD OF  SUPERSTRUCTURE – WHICH IS THE ABOVE GROUND PORTION OF THE BUILDING.
SQUARING THE CORNERS OF BUILDING LINES IN BUILDING LAYOUT.
 SUBSTRUCTURE – WHICH IS THE HABITABLE BELOW-GROUND PORTION.
 SHEET PILLING – A BARRIER FORMED TO PREVENT THE MOVEMENT OF SOIL TO
STABILIZE FOUNDATION.  FOUNDATION – WHICH ARE THE COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING THAT TRANSFER
ITS LOAD INTO THE SOIL.
LAYOUT AND EXCAVATIONS
3 TYPES OF SUBSTRUCTURES:
LAYOUT IS SOMETIMES CALLED “STAKING OUT” WHICH MEANS THE PROCESS
OF RELOCATING THE POINT OF BOUNDARIES AND PROPERTY LINE OF THE SITE  SLAB ON FILL

 STAKES – ARE WOODEN STICKS USED AS POSTS SHARPENED AT ONE END DRIVEN  CRAWLSPACE
INTO THE GROUND TO SERVE AS BOUNDARIES OR SUPPORTS OF THE BATTER
BOARDS.
 BASEMENT

 BATTER BOARD – WOOD STICK OR BOARD NAILED HORIZONTALLY AT THE

STAKE WHICH SERVE AS THE HORIZONTAL PLANE WHERE THE REFERENCE POINT 2 BASIC TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS:
OF THE BUILDING MEASUREMENTS ARE ESTABLISHED.
 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ARE THOSE THAT TRANSFER THE LOAD TO THE EARTH
 STRING – IS EITHER PLASTIC CHORD OR GALVANIZED WIRE ACROSS THE BATTER AT THE BASE OF THE COLUMN OR WALL OF THE SUBSTRUCTURE.
BOARDS USED TO INDICATE THE OUTLINE OF THE BUILDING WALL AND
FOUNDATION.
 DEEP FOUNDATIONS TRANSFER THE LOAD AT A POINT FAR BELOW THE
SUBSTRUCTURE.

FOUNDATION IS THAT PORTION OF THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS THAT CARRY OR

EXCAVATION SUPPORT THE SUPERSTRUCTURE OF THE BUILDING.

EXCAVATION WORK IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IS CATEGORIZED INTO TWO FOOTING IS THAT PORTION OF THE FOUNDATION OF THE STRUCTURE WHICH
TYPES: THE MINOR AND MAJOR EXCAVATION DEPENDING UPON THE SIZE AND NATURE DIRECTLY TRANSMIT THE COLUMN LOAD TO THE UNDERLYING SOIL OR ROCK,
OF THE FOUNDATION TO BE CONSTRUCTED. FOOTING IS THE LOWER PORTION OF THE FOUNDATION STRUCTURE.

MINOR EXCAVATION FOUNDATION BED - REFERS TO THE SOIL OR ROCK DIRECTLY BENEATH THE
FOOTING.

CONSTRUCTION HAVING INDEPENDENT FOOTING AND HOLLOW BLOCK

PILE FOUNDATION – WHEN A FOUNDATION BED IS TOO WEAK TO SUPPORT A
WALL FOOTING WHERE THE DIGGING OF THE SOIL FOR THE FOOTING EXTEND TO A
RAFT FOOTING,
DEPTH FROM 1.00 TO 1.50 METER

CRASH
 PILE – IS A STRUCTURAL MEMBER DRIVEN DOWN THE GROUND BY MEANS OF REINFORCEMENT IS EMBEDDED IN SUCH A MANNER THAT THE TWO MATERIALS ACT
HAMMERS OR VIBRATORY GENERATOR.. TOGETHER IN RESISTING FORCES IS CALLED REINFORCED CONCRETE.

PILE CAP – DISTRIBUTES THE LOAD OF THE COLUMN OR WALL EQUALLY AMONG  SLUMP TEST – A READY MEANS OF DETERMINING THE CONSISTENCY OF
THE PILES. FRESHLY MIXED CONCRETE.

CAISSONS – UNDERWATER WATERTIGHT CHAMBER TO ALLOW CONSTRUCTION  ADMIXTURE – ACCELERATES OR RETARDS CONCRETE SETTING.
WORK TO BE DONE

“POST AND COLUMN

 FOUNDATION WALL – THAT PART OF THE BUILDING FOUNDATION WHICH FORMS
THE PERMANENT RETAINING WALL OF THE STRUCTURE BELOW GRADE.
POST – REFERS TO A PIECE OF TIMBER OF EITHER CYLINDRICAL, SQUARE OR OTHER
GEOMETRICAL CROSS SECTION PLACED VERTICALLY TO SUPPORT A BUILDING.
 GRADE BEAM – THAT PART OF A FOUNDATION SYSTEM W/C SUPPORTS THE
EXTERIOR WALL OF A SUPERSTRUCTURE
COLUMN – REFERS TO VERTICAL STRUCTURE USE TO SUPPORT A BUILDING MADE OF
STONE, CONCRETE, STEEL OR COMBINATION OF THE ABOVE MATERIALS.
 RETAINING WALL – A WALL OR LATERALLY BRACED, THAT BEARS AGAINST AN
EARTH OR OTHER FILL SURFACE / WALL HOLD BACK ON EARTH EMBANKMENT
STOREY – IS THE SPACE IN A BUILDING BETWEEN FLOOR LEVELS OR BETWEEN A
FLOOR AND A ROOF ABOVE.
 CANTILEVER WALL – A REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL WHICH RESIST
OVERTURNING BY THE USE OF CANTILEVER FOOTING.
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN ARE CLASSICIFICATION

 GRAVITY WALL – A MASSIVE CONCRETE WALL THAT RESIST OVERTURNING BY

VIRTUE OF IT’S OWN WEIGHT.  SHORT COLUMN – WHEN THE UNSUPPORTED HEIGHT IS NOT GREATER THAN TEN
TIMES

 BEARING WALL – A WALL CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING AN IMPOSED LOAD.

 LONG COLUMN – WHEN THE UNSUPPORTED HEIGHT IS MORE THAN TEN TIMES

FOOTING ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO TYPES: TYPES OF COLUMNS

WALL FOOTING OR STRIP FOOTING – IS A STRIP OF REINFORCED CONCRETE WIDER

 TIED COLUMN – HAS REINFORCEMENT CONSISTING OF VERTICAL OR
THAN THE WALL WHICH DISTRIBUTES THE LOAD TO THE SOIL.
LONGITUDINAL BARS HELD IN POSITION BY LATERAL REINFORCEMENT CALLED
LATERAL TIES.
COLUMN FOOTING – IS CLASSIFIED INTO THE FOLLOWING TYPES:
 SPIRAL COLUMN – IS THE TERM GIVEN WHERE A CIRCULAR CONCRETE CORE IN
1. ISOLATED OR INDEPENDENT FOOTING – IS A KIND OF FOOTING REPRESENTS THE ENCLOSED BY SPIRALS WITH VERTICAL OR LONGITUDINAL BARS
SIMPLEST AND MOST ECONOMICAL TYPE, IN THE FORM OF:
 COMPOSITE COLUMN – WHERE STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMN IS EMBEDDED INTO
2. COMBINED FOOTING – IS USED WHEN TWO OR MORE COLUMNS ARE SPACED THE CONCRETE CORE OF A SPIRAL COLUMN.
CLOSELY TO EACH OTHER THAT THEIR FOOTING WILL ALMOST OR COMPLETELY
MERGE. IT’S EITHER :
 COMBINED COLUMN – WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL ENCASED IN CONCRETE OF AT
LEAST 7 cm. THK. REINFORCED WITH WIRE
3. CONTINUOUS FOOTING – IS SOMETIMES CLASSIFIED AS WALL FOOTING WHICH
SUPPORT SEVERAL COLUMNS IN A ROW. IT’S EITHER:
 LALLY COLUMN – IS A FABRICATED STEEL PIPE PROVIDED WITH A FLAT STEEL
BARS OR PLATE WHICH HOLD A GIRDER, GIRTS OR BEAM.
4. RAFT OR MAT FOOTING – IT’S OCCUPIES THE ENTIRE AREA BENEATH THE
STRUCTURE AND CARRY THE WALL AND THE COLUMN LOADS.

CONCRETE

CONCRETE - ARTIFICIAL STONE MADE OUT FROM THE MIXTURE OF CEMENT,

SAND, GRAVEL AND WATER. KNOWN AS SOLID MASS OR PLAIN CONCRETE. CONCRETE  REINFORCED CONCRETE – IS A COMBINATION OF CONCRETE AND STEEL.

CRASH
 CONCRETE – IS STRONG IN SUPPORTING COMPRESSION LOAD BUT WEAK IN  YACAL – LUMBER PREFFERED CONTACT WITH CONCRETE.
RESISTING TENSION FORCES.
 BOARD FOOT –VOLUME OF PIECE OF WOOD ONE INCH.
 STEEL – STRENGTH TO RESIST BOTH COMPRESSION AND TENSION.
 BOLIDEN SALT – TREATMENT IN WOLMANIZED LUMBER.
 BALANCE BEAM – WHEN THE AREA OF THE CONCRETE AND STEEL ARE JUST
ENOUGH TO CARRY THE COMPRESSION AND TENSION FORCES SIMULTANEOUSLY.
 DAP –NOTCH IN TIMBER FOR RECEIVING ANOTHER TIMBER.

 INFLECTION POINTS –BEAM WHERE BENDING MOMENT CHANGES FROM

POSITIVE TO NEGATIVE.  DADO – A RECTANGULAR GROOVE CUT ACROSS THE FULL WIDTH

 NO BENT BARS – WHEN BARS ARE NOT BENT,  SOLIGNUM – ANTI-TERMITE APPLICATION ON WOOD.

 BENT REINFORCING BARS – ARE BENT UP ON OR NEAR THE INFLECTION POINT. FLOOR STRUCTURE

 4cm. – ALLOWANCE PROTECTIVE COVERING OF STEEL BARS FROM THE OUTSIDE WOOD FLOOR SYSTEM
OF THE MAIN REINFORCEMENT.
FLOOR FRAMING - PLATFORM SUSPENDED BY POSTS, COLUMNS, WALLS
 ADVANTAGE OF THE BEND BARS, ITS RESIST THE DIAGONAL TENSION. AND BEAMS.

 USED LATERAL TIES – THE DESIGN OF A PLATFORM FLOOR SYSTEM DEPENDS UPON THE FOLLOWING
CONSIDERATIONS:

10mm dia. IF LONGITUDINAL BARS 32mm SMALLER

1. LIVE LOAD –MOVABLE LOADS

12mm dia. IF LONGITUDINAL BARS 36mm BIGGER

2. DEAD LOAD – STATIC LOADS

WOOD CONSTRUCTION THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF A PLATFORM FLOOR SYSTEM ARE:

 SCAB – A SHORT FLAT PIECE OF LUMBER WHICH IS BOLTED, NAILED OR  GIRDER –PRINCIPAL BEAM EXTENDING FROM WALL TO WALL
SCREWED.

 SILL-PART SIDE OF HOUSE THAT RESTS HORIZONTALLY UPON THE FOUNDATION

 FISH PLATE – A WOOD OR METAL PIECE USED TO FASTEN WITH NAILS OR BOLTS.

 FLOOR JOISTS – PARTS FLOOR SYSTEM WHERE FLOOR BOARDS ARE FASTENED.
 SPLICE PLATE – A METAL PLATE USED FOR FASTENING TWO OR MORE MEMBER
TOGETHER.
 HEADER AND TRIMMER – HEADER IS SHORT TRANSVERSE JOISTS. DAD
TRIMMER - JOIST WHICH CARRIES END PORTION OF A HEADER.
 COGGED JOINT –JOINT BY TWO UNEVEN TIMBERS,

 FLOORING – TONGUE AND GROOVE POPULARLY KNOWN AS T & G

 NOTCHING – JOINING OF TIMBERS, CROSSING AT RIGHT ANGLES, BY CUTTING

 TAIL BEAM OR TAIL PIECE – SHORT BEAM SUPPORTED BY HEADER JOIST

 CROSSLAP JOINT – JOINT CONNECTING TWO WOOD CROSS EACH OTHER.

 LEDGER STRIP –STRIP LUMBER WHICH NAILED SIDE OF BEAM,

 SQUARE SPLICE–A TYPE OF HALF LAPPED USED TO RESIST TENSION.

 DRAFTSTOP PLATE –PIECE OF LUMBER USES TO DRESS UP THE EDGE JOISTS.

 BRIDLE JOINT – A JOINT TWO TONGUES PROJECT SIDES OF THE TENONED

 SOLE PLATE – BASE FOR THE STUDS IN A STUD PARTITION.

 TENON JIONT –INSERTED CORRESPONDING CAVITY IN ANOTHER PIECE, SECURE
JOINT.
 SILL PLATE – HORIZONTAL TIMBER, BOTTOM WHICH REST ON THE FOUNDATION. THIS FLOOR SYSTEM IS ECONOMICAL IN TERMS OF MATERIALS AND LABOR.

 TOP PLATE – UPPER PORTION OF THE STUDS  CONSTRUCTION JOINT – JOINT WHERE TWO SUCCESSIVE PLACEMENT MEET.

 CRIPPLE STUD – STUD ABOVE AND BELOW OPENING  CONTRACTION JOINT OR EXPANSION JOINT – JOINT BETWEEN ADJACENT
PARTS OF A STRUCTURE
 BLOCK OR SOLID BRIDGING – SHORT MEMBERS WHICH FIXED BET. FLR. JOISTS
TO STIFFEN JOISTS  CONTROL JOINTS –REDUCE RESTRAINT BY ACCOMODATING MOVEMENT

 CROSS BRIDGING – DIAGONAL BRACING, BET. ADJACENT FLOOR JOISTS  BLOCK OUT – SPACE WHERE CONCRETE IS NOT TO BE PLACED.

 HANGER OR STIRRUP – METAL SEAT, ATTACHED TO A GIRDER  COLD JOINT–CONCRETE SURFACE HARDEN BEFORE CONCRETE PLACED
AGAINST.
 BALLOON FRAMING – CONSTRUCTION HAS STUDS CONTINOUS TO ROOF
 CREEP – PERMANENT DEFORMATION OF A MATERIAL
 WESTERN FRAMING –SUBFLOOR EXTENDED TO OUTER EDGE OF FRAME
 CAMBER – CONVEX CURVATURE IN BEAM OR TRUSS

REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEM

STAIRS
BEAM - STRUCTURAL MEMBER THAT SUPPORTS TRANSVERSE LOAD
 BALUSTER – SHORT VERTICAL MEMBERS USED TO SUPPORT A STAIR HANDRAIL.
GIRDER – SUPPORTS ONE OR MORE SMALLER BEAM.
 BALUSTRATE – AN ENTIRE RAILING SYSTEM
SIMPLE BEAM – BEAM HAVING A SINGLE SPAN. SIMPLE BEAMS CALLED AS
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM.  BULL-NOSED STEP – STEP HAVING ONE OR BOTH ENDS ROUNDED SEMI-CIRCLE

RESTRAINT MEANS A RIGID CONNECTION OR ANCHORAGE AT SUPPORT.  BANISTER – HANDRAIL FOR A STAIRCASE.

CONTINUOUS BEAM – BEAM THAT REST MORE THAN TWO SUPPORTS.  RISER – A VERTICAL FACE OF STAIR.

SEMI-CONTINUOUS BEAM – BEAM W/ TWO SPANS W/ OR W/OUT RESTRAINT  KICKER PLATE – STAIR ANCHOR TO CONCRETE.

WEB REINFORCEMENT TYPES OF ROOF

PROVIDE LATERAL SUPPORT BUT ALSO SERVES TO RESIST DIAGONAL THERE ARE SEVERAL FORMS OF ROOF AND NUMEROUS VARIETY OF SHAPES
TENSION THAT ONE HAS TO BE FAMILIAR WITH:

ONE WAY SLAB –COMMON TYPE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEM SHED OR LEAN-TO ROOF- SIMPLEST ROOF CONSISTING OF ONE SINGLE
REINFORCEMENTS RUNS ONLY IN ONE DIRECTION. SLOPE.

TWO WAY SLAB – SLAB SUPPORTED ON FOUR SIDES TWO DIRECTIONS OF GABLE OR PITCH ROOF- ROOF TRIANGULAR SECTIONS CONSISTING OF TWO
REINFORCING BARS SLOPES MEETING AT THE CENTER.

RIBBED FLOOR SLAB –APPLICABLE ONLY TO MEDIUM SPAN LENGTH SAW TOOTH ROOF- DEVELOPMENT OF SHED MADE INTO SERIES OF LEAN-TO
ROOF
FLAT SLAB - RECTANGULAR SLAB DIRECTLY SUPPORTED BY COLUMNS
WITHOUT BEAMS OR GIRDERS. DOUBLE GABLE ROOF- MODIFICATION OF A GABLE OR A HIP AND VALLEY
ROOF.
 HIP ROOF- STRAIGHT SIDES ALL SLOPING TOWARD THE CENTER PURLINS –PLACED ON TOP OF A RAFTER OR TOP CHORD

HIP AND VALLEY ROOF- COMBINATION OF HIP ROOF AND GABLE ROOF ROOF AND ROOFING MATERIALS

PYRAMID ROOF- MODIFICATION OF THE HIP ROOF, FOUR STAIGHT SIDES ROOF MEANS TOP COVERING OF A BUILDING FROM WEATHER.
ARE SLOPING TOWARDS THE CENTER

METAL ROOFING – IS THE MOST COMMON MATERIALS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION,

GAMBREL ROOF - MODIFICATIN OF GABLE ROOF, HAVING TWO SLOPES

STANDARD COMMERCIAL
BUTTERFLY ROOF- TWO SHED ROOF SLOPE MEET AT CENTER

SIZE WIDTH IS 0.80 m.

MANSARD ROOF- ROOF SLOPE STEEPLY FROM EACH SIDE CENTER FORMING
A FLAT DECK ON TOP.
LENGTH 1.50 TO 3.60 m.

FRENCH OR CONCAVE MANSARD ROOF- MODIFICATION OF MANZARD ROOF,

SIDES ARE CONCAVE. PLAIN G.I. SHEET COMMERCIAL STANDARD SIZE IS 0.90m. X 2.40m.

DOME- HEMISPHERICAL FORM OF ROOF.  PANTILE – ROOFING TILE HAS SHAPE OF “S”.

CONICAL ROOF OR SPHIRE - STEEP ROOF OF CIRCULAR BASE TO A CENTRAL  MISSION TILE –CLAY ROOFING TILE, APPROX. SEMI-CYLINDRICAL IN SHAPE
POINT
 ROMAN TILE – A CHANNEL SHAPED, TAPERED, SINGLE LAP ROOPING TILE.
THE VARIOUS KINDS OF RAFTERS FOR ROOF CONSTRUCTIONS ARE:
 GALVANIZED – ZINC COATED MATERIALS.
 COMMON RAFTERS- RAFTERS EXTENDED AT RIGHT ANGLES
 A FRAME –FRAME SHAPE OF UPRIGHT CAPITAL “A”.
 HIP RAFTERS- RAFTERS LAID DIAGONALLY FROM THE CORNER
 CHORD – A PRINCIPAL MEMBER OF A TRUSS.
 VALLEY RAFTERS- RAFTERS PLACED DIAGONALLY INTERSECTION OF GABLE
EXTENSION
 BATTEN – WOOD STRIPS TO SUPPORT ROOF TILES.

 OCTAGONAL RAFTERS- RAFTERS PLACED ON AN OCTAGONAL SHAPED PLATE

 SPLIT RING – CHORD SPLICE CONNECTORS FOR TRUSSES.

 JACK RAFTERS- RAFTER DOES NOT EXTEND FROM THE PLATE OR GIRTS

BATWEEN HIP RAFTERS ARE CALLED HIP JACKS.

FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING
FRAME BETWEEN THE RIDGE AND VALLEY CALLED VALLEY JACKS,
FORM IS A TEMPORARY BOARDING, SHEATING OR PANS
BETWEEN THE HIP AND THE VALLEY RAFTERS ARE CALLED CRIPPLE JACKS.
WOOD BOARD AND PLYWOOD FORMS
TRUSS –BUILT-UP FRAME EMPLOYED ON LONG SPAN ROOF UNSUPPORTED BY
COLUMNS OR PARTITIONS. WOOD FORM MOST COMMON AND WIDELY USED FORMS
 PRODUCE SMOOTH FINISHES OF CONCRETE THAT SOMETIMES NEED LITTLE OR NO CONSTRUCTION OF FORMSBEAM FORMS CONSIST OF ONE BOTTOM FORM AND
PLASTERING AT ALL. A PAIR OF SIDE FORMS.

YOKE –HORIZONTAL FRAMEWORK AROUND THE FORMWORK FOR A COLUMN.

METAL FORM ARE SELDOM USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, SCAFFOLDING-WORKER’S-PLATFORM

EXTENSIVELY USED ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION.

TYPES OF PRECAST STRUCTURE

WALL PANELS – THIS TYPE OF PRECAST STRUCTURE HAS NUMEROUS

DESIGNS DEPENDING UPON THE ARCHITECTURAL REQUIREMENTS.

BUILDING MATERIALS
PRECAST COLUMN - SIZES ARE FROM .30 x .30m. to .60 x .60m. IN A MULTI-
WOOD MATERIALS
STOREY CONSTRUCTION,

WOOD HAS DURABILITY AND BEAUTY. IT HAS GREAT ABILITY TO ABSORB SHOCKS
AASHTO BRIDGE GIRDER – AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY
FROM SUDDEN LOAD
AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS.

TWO MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD:

PRESTRESSING OF CONCRETE

 SOFTWOOD –USED FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION.

THERE ARE SEVERAL METHODS EMPLOYED IN APPLYING PRESTRESSED
FORCE TO A CONCRETE BEAM:
 HARDWOOD –USED FOR FLOORING, STAIRS, PANELLING, FURNITURES
 PRECOMPRESSING METHOD –PROCESS USING JACKS REACTING AGAINST
ABUTMENT. PROPERTIES OF WOOD :

 SELF-CONTAINED METHOD –PROCESS BY TYING THE JACK BASE TOGETHER  HARDNESS – MEASURED BY THE COMPRESSION,
WITH WIRES OR CABLES
 FLEXIBILITY – AMOUNT A PIECE WILL BEND
 THERMAL PRESTRESSING – THE STEEL IS PREHEATED BY ELECTRIC POWER
 STRENGTH – TO THE GRAIN.
 POST TENSIONING – THE STRESSING OF UNBONDED TENDONS AFTER CONCRETE
HAS CURED.
 DURABILITY – LIFESPAN OF WOOD.

DEFECTS OF LUMBER:
  DECAY – CAUSED BY THE ATTACKED OF FUNGI.

 CHECKS – CRACKS OR LENGTH WISE SEPARATION

 KNOTS – IRREGULAR GROWTHS IN THE BODY TYPES OF BOARDS:

 PITCH POCKETS – WELL REFINED OPENINGS BETWEEN ANNUAL RINGS  PLYWOOD – IS MADE OF AN ODD NUMBER VENEER SHEETS GLUED
TOGETHER WITH THE GRAINS RUNNING AT RIGHT ANGLE TO EACH
OTHER. IT IS LIGHT IN WEIGHT AND STRONG THAT SCREW OR NAIL CAN
 WANE – LACK OF WOOD ON THE EDGE BE DRIVEN CLOSE TO THE EDGES WITHOUT DANGER OF SPLITTING.

THREE CATEGORIES OF LUMBER: THE DIFF. TYPES OF PLYWOOD:

YARD LUMBER – USED FOR ORDINARY LIGHT CONSTRUCTION  SOFT PLYWOOD - THE MOST COMMON FOR STRUCTURAL USE

SHOP LUMBER –USE MAKING SASH, DOORS, AND CABINETS.  HARDWOOD PLYWOOD – ARE USED FOR PANELLING AND
FINSHING WHERE USUALLY ON ONE FACE IS HARD FINISHED.
STRUCTURAL LUMBER – USED FOR HEAVY CONSTRUCTION
 EXTERIOR OR MARINE PLYWOOD – IS MADE FOR EXTERNAL
SEASONING OF LUMBER: USE.

AIR DRYING – METHOD OF DRYING LUMBER WHERE IT IS STRIP-PILED  HARDBOARD – IS MADE FROM WOOD CHIPS WHICH ARE EXPLODED
INTO FIBERS UNDER STREAM OF HIGH PRESSURE. THE LINING IN THE
WOOD ITSELF BINDS PRESSED WOOD TOGETHER WITH NO FILLERS OR
KILN-DRYING –EXPENSIVE LUMBER WHICH REQUIRED FOR REFINED USES ARTIFICIAL ADHESIVES APPLIED. PRESSED WOOD IS EQUALLY STRONG
SO AS WOOD WILL NOT MOVE IN ALL DIRECTIONS BUT VERY BRITTLE. ITS COLOR VARIES FROM LIGHT
TO DARK BROWN.

PARTICLE BOARD – HARD BOARD MADE FROM SMALL MATERIALS  HEAD JOINT – VERTICAL MORTAR IN EVERY MASONRY UNIT.

MASONRY  STRETCHER - BRICK LAID WITH ITS FACE PARALLEL

ELEMENTARY SOLID MATERIALS SUCH AS BRICKS, QUARRY STONES  HEADER –BOND TWO WYTHES(VERTICAL SECTION OF BRICKS) TOGETHER.

MAN-MADE UNITS WHICH FORMED AND HARDENED  WYTHE – VERTICAL LAYER OF MASONRY.

BASIC BRICKWORK TERMINOLOGY:  SOLDIER –BRICK LAID ON END WITH FACE PARALLEL TO THE WALL.

 COURSE –HORIZONTAL LAYER OF BRICKS BRICK SET ON END WITH THE NARROW SIDE

 BED JOINT – HORIZONTAL LAYER OF MORTAR  ROWLOCK –BRICK LAID ON ITS FACE WITH ITS END VISIBLE
 BRICK LAID ON I EDGE SO THAT ITS END IS VISIBLE CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS ARE CLASSIFIED AS BEARING AND NON-
BEARING BLOCKS. LOAD BEARING BLOCKS ARE THOSE WHOSE THICKNESS RANGES
FROM 15 CM. TO 20 CM. AND ARE USED TO CARRY LOAD ASIDE FROM ITS OWN
STRUCTURAL BONDS FOR BRICKWORK:
WEIGHT. NON-BEARING BLOCKS ON THE OTHER HAND, ARE BLOCKS WHICH ARE
INTENDED FOR WALLS, PARTITIONS, FENCES OR DIVIDERS CARRYING ITS OWN
 RUNNING BOND CONSISTS ENTIRELY OF STRETCHERS. WEIGHT WHOSE THICKNESS RANGES FROM 7.5 CM. TO 10 CM.

 COMMON BOND HAS A HEADER COURSE EVERY SIXTH COURSE CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS HAS THREE CELLS AND TWO ONE HALF CELLS
AT BOTH ENDS HAVING A TOTAL OF FOUR.

 ENGLISH BOND ALTERNATES COURSES OF HEADERS AND STRETCHERS.

CONCRETE

 FLEMISH BOND ALTERNATES HEADERS AND STRETCHERS IN EACH COURSE.

CEMENTS

JOINT TOOLING PROFILES FOR BRICKWORK:

PORTLAND CEMENT

WEATHERED JOINT CONCAVE JOINT VEE JOINT

MADE FROM MATERIALS WHICH MUST CONTAIN IN THE PROPER PROPORTIONS OF
LIME, SILICA, ALUMINA AND IRON COMPONENTS. FOUR PARTS OF LIMESTONE TO ONE
FLUCH JOINT RAKED JOINT PART CLAY ARE BASIC INGREDIENTS. THESE ARE MIXED, BURNED THEN PULVERIZED.
STRIPPED JOINT PORTLAND CEMENT IS SOLD EITHER IN CEMENT BAGS OF 40 & 50 KILOS WEIGHT OR
IN BULK INTO CEMENT TRUCKS.
STRUCK JOINT
SPECIAL CEMENTS
REINFORCED BRICK MASONRY
 WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT – SAME MATERIALS AS NORMAL PORTLAND EXCEPT
A REINFORCED BRICK WALL IS CREATED BY CONSTRUCTING TWO WYTHES IN COLOR. THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS IS CONTROLLED TO PRODUCE A
OF BRICK 50 –100mm APART, PLACING THE REINFORCING STEEL IN THE CAVITY, AND PURE WHITE, NON-STAINING CEMENT. IT IS USED PRIMARILY FOR
FILLING CAVITY WITH GROUT. GROUT IS A MIXTURE OF CEMENT, AGGREGATES, AND ARCHITECTURAL PURPOSES SUCH AS CURTAIN WALL AND FACING PANELS,
WATER DECORATIVE CONCRETE STUCCO AND TILE GROUT, OR WHEREVER WHITE OR
COLORED CONCRETE OR MORTAR IS SPECIFIED.

BRICK BOUNDS
 MASONRY CEMENT OR TILE ADHESIVES – HAS BEEN SPECIALLY DESIGNED TO
PRODUCE BETTER MORTAR THAN THAT MADE WITH NORMAL PORTLAND CEMENT
 THE METHOD OF LAYING BRICKS IN A WALL IN ORDER TO FORM SOME OR WITH A LIME-CEMENT HAS PARTICULARLY GOOD PLASTICITY AND
DISTINCTIVE PATTERN OR DESIGN IS REFERRED TO AS THE PATTERN WORKABILITY, GOOD ADHESION AND BOND.
BOND.

 WATERPROOFED PORTLAND CEMENT – NORMALLY PRODUCED BY ADDING A

 THE METHOD BY WHICH THE INDIVIDUAL UNITS IN A BRICK STRUCTURE SMALL AMOUNT OF STEARATE, USUALLY CALCIUM OR ALUMINUM TO THE CEMENT
ARE TIED TOGETHER EITHER BY OVERLAPPING OR BY METAL TIES IS CLINKER DURING THE FINAL GRINDING.
KNOWN AS THE STRUCTURAL BOND.
TYPES OF AGGREGATES USED IN CONCRETE
 THE ADHESION OF MORTAR TO BRICKS OR TO STEEL REINFORCEMENT
USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THEM IS CALLED THE MORTAR BOND.
CONCRETE CAN BE CONSIDERED TO BE AN ARTIFICIAL STONE MADE BY
BINDING TOGETHER PARTICLES OF SOME INERT MATERIAL WITH A PASTE MADE OF
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS:
CEMENT AND WATER. THESE INERT MATERIAL ARE THE AGGREGATE. AGGREGATES BEEN FILLED AND LEVELED OFF, IT IS LIFTED CAREFULLY AND THE AMOUNT OF SLUMP
USED ARE SAND, GRAVEL CRUSHED STONE, CINDER. CRUSHED FURNACE SLAG, IS MEASURED.
BURNED CLAY, EXPANDED VERMICULITE, AND PERLITE.
ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION ‘X’
SAND - FOUND IN RIVERBEDS,
FREE OF SALT
BEAMS AND COLUMNS 7.5 cm. (.075) 3”

AND MUST BE WASHED.

FINE AGGREGATE - ¼” AND SMALLER

SLABS AND TUNNEL INVERTS 5.0 cm. (.50) 2”
DIAMETER STONES.

TOPS AND WALL, PIERS, PARAPET & CURBS 5.0 cm. (.50) 2”
COARSE AGGREGATE - BIGGER THAN ¼” DIAMETER
STONES.
SIDE WALLS AND ARCH IN TUNNEL LINING 10.0 cm. (.10) 4”
CONCRETE MIXES
CANAL LINING 7.5 cm. (.075)
3”
CLASS “AA” - 1: 1 ½: 3 - CONCRETE UNDER WATER,
RETAINING
HEAVY MASS CONSTRUCTION 5.0 cm. (.50) 2”
WALLS
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST- COMMON QUALITY-CONTROL TEST OF CONCRETE,
BASED ON 7 AND 28 DAYS CURING PERIODS. SPECIMENS ARE USUALLY CYLINDRICAL
CLASS A - 1:2:4 - FOOTINGS, COLUMNS
WITH A LENGHT EQUAL TO TWICE THE DIAMETER. STANDARD SIZE IS 12 INCH. HIGH
BEAMS, R.C.
AND 6 INCH. DIAMETER. FILLING IS DONE THE SAME WAY AS THE SLUMP TEST BUT
TAKEN OUT FROM THE MOLD IN 24 HOURS. IT IS THEN SENT TO A COMPRESSION
SLABS TESTING LABORATORY, BY MAKING THE CYLINDER WHILE STILL WET. SOME
COMPRESSIVE STRESSES ARE 2,000 psi, 2,500 psi, 3,000 psi.

CLASS B - 1: 2 1/ 2:5- SLAB ON FILL, NON BEARING WALLS

CLASS C - 1: 3: 6 - CONCRETE PLANT BOXES, ETC.

SOME OF THE BRANDS OF PORTLAND CEMENT
CONTROL OF CONCRETE MIXES
 ISLAND CEMENT
SLUMP TEST- WHEN FRESHLY MIXED CONCRETE IS CHECKED TO ENSURE THAT THE
SPECIFIED SLUMP IS BEING ATTAINED CONSISTENTLY. A STANDARD SLUMP CONE IS  CONTINENTAL CEMENT
12 INCHES HIGH (0.30) AND 8 INCHES (O.20) IN DIAMETER AT THE BOTTOM AND 4
INCHES (O.10) ON TOP WHICH IS OPEN ON BOTH ENDS.
 HI- CEMENT

THE CONE IS FILLED IN THREE EQUAL LAYERS, EACH BEING TAMPED OR

RODDED 25 TIMES WITH A STANDARD 5/8” BULLET NOSED ROD. WHEN THE CONE HAS  UNION CEMENT
  RIZAL CEMENT  ADOBE BRICK – LARGE ROUGHLY MOULDED SUN DRIED CLAY BRICKS OF
VARYING SIZES.
 FILIPINAS CEMENT
 ASHLAR BRICK – A BRICK WHOSE FACE HAS BEEN HACKED TO RESEMBLE
ROUGHLY HACKED STONE.
 PACIFIC CEMENT

 RETARDER – AN ADMIXTURE WHICH DELAY THE SETTING OF CEMENT PASTE OR

 FORTUNE CEMENT MIXTURES/ AN ADDITIVE MIXED WITH PLASTER TO CONTROL THE RATE OF
HARDENING.
 REPUBLIC CEMENT
 STEAM CURING – THE CURING OF CONCRETE OR MORTAR IN WATER VAPOR AT
 NORTHERN CEMENT AN ELEVATED TEMPERATURE AT EITHER ATMOSPHERIC OR HIGH PRESSURE.

BRANDS OF WHITE CEMENT  QUOIN / COIN – IN MASONRY, A HARD STONE OR BRICK USED TO REINFORCE AN
EXTERNAL CORNER OF A WALL.
 PRIME WHITE CEMENT
 ZOCALO – LOW WALL AROUND A CHALET-TYPE HOUSE.
 KEENE
 FORTIFICATION – THA WALL OF INTRAMUROS.
 TRINITY
 SCRATCH COAT – INITIAL SCORED LAYER OF PLASTER WORK.
 SNOWCRETE
 CINDER BLOCK – A LIGHT WEIGHT MASONRY UNIT MADE OF CINDER CONCRETE.
 MORTAR – CEMENT, SAND & WATER.
 MORTAR FOR BLOCK LAYING IS 0.0125 m.
 GROUT – CEMENT AND WATER MIXTURE.
 PLASTERING THICKNESS IS 0.016 m.
 CONCRETE – CEMENT, SAND, GRAVEL & WATER.
 MORTAR FILLER FOR HOLLOW CELL 0.05 X 0.075 X 0.20 = 0.00075 cu.m.
 TYROLEAN FINISH – ROUGH PLASTER FINISH OBTAINED BY FLINGING PLASTER
ON A WALL W/ A HAND OPERATED MACHINE. FOR 4 CELL/BLOCK = 0.00075 X 4 = 0.003 cu.m. FOR 4” CHB.

 EFFLORESCENCE – AN ENCRUSTATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS CAUSED BY FREE FERROUS AND NONFERROUS METALS
ALKALIES LEACHED FROM MORTAR OR ADJACENT CONCRETE AS MOISTURE
MOVE THROUGH IT. FERROUS- METAL IN WHICH IRON IS THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENT.

 ADIABATIC CURING - THE CURING OF CONCRETE OR MORTAR W/O THE GAIN OR NONFERROUS- CONTAINING NO, OR VERY LITTLE IRON.
LOSS OF HEAT DURING THE CURING PERIOD.

FERROUS METAL:
 WHEATHERED – MOST WATERPROOFED TYPE OF MORTAR JOINTS FOR WALLS.
STEEL- A MALLEABLE ALLOY OF IRON AND CARBON PRODUCED BY MELTING AND  REINFORCING STEEL- MADE FROM NEW STEEL OR FROM DISCARDED
REFINING PIG IRON AND/ OR SCRAP STEEL, GRADED ACCORDING TO THE CARBON RAILWAY- CAR AXLES OR RAILS.
CONTENT.
REINFORCING STEEL COMES IN PLAIN OR DEFORMED BARS, THAT IS, BARS
PRODUCE BY THREE BASIC RAW MATERIALS, IRON ORE, AND LIMESTONE. FIVE WHICH HAVE LUGS OR DEFORMATIONS ROLLED ON THE SURFACE TO
PARTICLES OF ALL THREE BASIC INGREDIENTS OF STEEL, WHICH OTHERWISE WOULD BE PROVIDE ARCHORAGE IN CONCRETE.
WASTE, ARE BLENDED AND BURNED ON A MOVING GATE TO CAUSE THE FORMATION OF
CLINKERS. THESE ARE CALLED SINTER, A HIGH- GRADE BLAST-FURNANCE CHARGE
MATERIAL. SIZES-START WITH NO.2 OR ¼ in. (DIVIDE A NUMBER OF BAR BY 8 TO GET THE
EQUIVALENT IN inch DIAMETER)

FROM THESE, RAW MATERIALS WHICH IS MELTED INTO INGOTS PLACE IN

MOLDS, A GRAT VARIETY OF PRODUCTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION ARE MADE. THEY
INCLUDED:
No. 2= ¼“ = 6 mm.
 COLD-ROLLED SHEETS ARE GALVANIZED (GIVEN A ZINC COATING). PIG IRON IS
USED TO MAKE CAST IRON WHICH IS HIGH IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGHT BUT LOW No. 3= 3/8” = 10 mm.
IN TENSILE STRENGHT, AND HAS LITTLE USE FOR CONSTRUCTION. HOWEVER
SINCE IT IS CHEAP AND EASY TO CAST, IT IS USED FOR PUMPS, MOTORS,
No. 4= ½” = 12mm.
ENGINES AND BECAUSE OF ITS CORROSION RESISTANCE IT IS USED FOR PIPES
TO SOME EXTENT.
No. 5= 5/8” = 16mm.
 WROUGHT IRON IS PRODUCED WHEN PIG IRON IS MELTED IN SUCH A WAY AS TO
REMOVE NEARLY ALL OF THE CARBON AND OTHER IMPURITIES. IT IS EASILY No. 6= ¾” = 20mm.
WORKED AND IS TOUGH AND DUCTILE. IT’S MAIN USES ARE FOR WIRE AND
METAL ORNAMENTS.
No. 7= 7/8” = 22mm.

 STAINLESS STEELS ARE MADE WITH CHROMIUM OR A COMBINATION OF NICKEL

No. 8= 1” = 25mm.
AND CHROMIUM USED IN BUILDINGS OF EXTERIOR WALLS PANELS, FRAMES FOR
DOORS EXPANSION JOINTS, FLASHING, COPINGS, FASCIA AND GRAVEL STOPS.
No. 9= 1 1/8 = 30mm.
 COPPER- BEARING STEEL HAS HIGH RESISTANCE TO CORROSION AND IS USED
FOR MAKING SHEET STEEL AND METAL LATH.

STEEL PRODUCTS  WELDED WIRE FABRIC- ANOTHER TYPE OF REINFORCING MATERIAL. IT

CONSISTS OF PARALLEL, LONGITUDINAL WIRES WELDED TO TRANSVERSE
WIRES AT REGULAR INTERVALS.
 ROLLED STRUCTURAL SHAPES

 STEEL WIRE – OVER 150,000 USES FOR WIRE INCLUDING PINS, NEEDLES,
 SHEET PILING- SECTIONS ARE MADE TO INTERLOCK AND ARE AVAILABLE IN NAILS, BOLTS, CABLES, PIANO WIRE, FENCES.
SEVERAL SHAPE.

 BOLTS AND NUTS – (EITHER HOT FORGED OR COLD-FORMED FROM WIRE

 STEEL PIPE- SEAMLESS OR WELDED SMALL DIAMETER PIPE AND ELECTRICALLY OF THE APPROPRIATE DIAMETER). FOR BOLTS, WIRE IS FED INTO AN
WELDED LARGE DIAMETER PIPE. AUTOMATIC BOLT-MAKING MACHINE WHICH CUTS TO LENGTH HEADS, TRIMS,
POINTS, AND IN MANY ROLLS THE THREAD.
  STEEL STRAPPING – MADE FROM HIGH-TENSILE FLAT WIRE IN A NUMBER LEAD – A SOFT, MALLEABLE, HEAVY METAL; HAS LOW MELTING POINT AND A
OF SIZES. USED FOR BANDING COLUMN FORMS TO KEEP THEM FROM HIGH COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION. VERY EASY TO CUT AND WORK,
BULGING UNDER THE PRESSURE OF FRESHLY POURED CONCRETE. A ENABLING IT TO BE FITTED OVER UNEVEN SURFACES. USED FOR ROOFING,
TIGHTERNER TIGHTENS IT AND THE TWO LAPPED ENDS IS SEALED. FLASHING AND SPANDREL WALL PANELS.

 OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS – LIGHTWEIGHT WARREN-TYPE TRUSSES MADE TIN – A LUSTROUS WHITE, SOFT AND MALLEABLE METAL HAVING A LOW
IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT STYLES. MELTING POINT; RELATIVELY UNAFFECTED BY EXPOSURE TO AIR; USED FOR MAKING
ALLOYS AND SOLDER AND IN COATING SHEET METAL.
 SHEET STEEL – BLACK AND GALVANIZED, CAN BE USED TO MANUFACTURE
CORRUGATED ROOFING AND SIDING AND FORMED STEEL DECKING. STRUCTURAL SHAPES

 STEEL STUDS – LIGHTWEIGHT, REQUIRING MINIMUM STORAGE SPACE AND THE MOST COMMON SHAPES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL USED IN BUILDING
DOES NOT WARP OR SHRINK. FASTENERS DO NOT POP, AND JOINTS STAY CONSTRUCTION ARE THE AMERICAN STANDARD FORMS SUCH AS:
CLOSED. MUCH FASTER TO INSTALL THAN WOOD STUD INSTALLATION.
AVAILABLE IN 1 5/8, 2 ½ AND 3 5/8 INCHES. PLUMBING STACKS AND 1. SQUARE BARS 6. I-
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS FIT EASILY INTO A STEEL-FRAMEWALL. BEAM

 PANS AND DONES – MANUFACTURED FOR USE IN FORMING ONE-WAY AND 2. ROUND BARS 7. TEE
TWO-WAY RIBBED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS. BEAM

3. PLATE BARS 8. H-
COLUMN
NONFERROUS METALS:
4. ANGLE BARS 9.
ALUMINUM – ITS ORE, BAUXITE, REQUIRES 10 KILOWATT HOURS FOR EACH POUND OF WIDE FLANGES
METAL ALUMINUM EXTRACTED. THE REDDISH BROWN ORE IS WASHED AND TREATED
IN A SODA SOLUTION TO YIELD A CHALKY-WHITE POWDER CALLED ALUMNA, 5. CHANNELS 10. ZEE
CONTAINING A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ALUMINUM.
STANDARD CHANNEL
ALUMINUM FOIL – USED AS A VAPOR BARRIER ON WALLS AND
CEILINGS AND AS REFLECTIVE INSULATION.
THE STANDARD CHANNEL HAS THE SHAPE OF UNSYMMETRICAL BALANCE
CONSISTING OF TWO FLANGES ON ONE SIDE. IT THEREFORE REQUIRES LATERAL
COPPER – A LUSTROUS REDDISH METAL, HIGHLY DUCTILE AND MALLEABLE; SUPPORT TO PREVENT ITS TENDENCY TO BUCKLE. THE STANDARD CHANNELS ARE
HAS HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH, IS AN EXCELLENT ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL GENERALLY USED AS ELEMENTS OF BUILT-UP SECTIONS FOR COLUMNS AND ARE
CONDUCTOR, IS AVAILABLE IN A WIDE VARIETY OF SHAPES; WIDELY USED FOR ALSO SUITABLE FOR FRAMING AROUND FLOOR OPENINGS, SPANDRELS, AND LINTELS
DOWNSPOUTS, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS, FLASHINGS GUTTERS, ROOFING, ETC. ATTRIBUTED TO THE ABSENCE OF FLANGE ON THE OTHER SIDE. THE CHANNEL
SECTION IS IDENTIFIRD AS C 15 x 20 WHICH MEANS THAT THE CHANNEL HAS A DEPTH
COPPER ALLOYS ARE BRASSES, AND BRONZES WHICH CONTAIN OF 20 cm. AND WEIGHTS 15 kg. PER METER LENGTH.
PRIMARILY ZINC AND TIN, RESPECTIVELY, AND THE ALLOYS CONTAINING NICKEL.
WIDE FLANGE
BRASSES ARE USED IN ARCHITECTURAL AND HARDWARE
APPLICTIONS. BRONZES ARE USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF SPRINGS. WIDE FLANGE SECTIONS ARE DESIGNATED AS W 12 x 24 WHICH MEANS THAT
THE FLANGE HAS A DEPTH OF 24 cm. AND IT WEIGHS 12 kg. PER METER LENGTH. ALL
WIDE FLANGE SECTIONS ARE GENERALLY WITH PARALLEL FACE FLANGE EXCEPT
THOSE WITH 5% SLOPE INSIDE FACE PRODUCED BY BETLEHEM STEEL COMPANY.  RIVETS
COMPARATIVELY, WIDE FLANGE SECTIONS ARE MORE EFFICIENT THAN STANDARD I
BEAM WITH RESPECT TO BENDING RESISTANCE.
A RIVETS IS A FASTENER CONSISTING OF A CYLINDRICAL BODY AND A
FORMED HEAD WHICH IS BROUGHT TO A WHITE HEAT, INSERTED THROUGH HOLES IN
STANDARD I-BEAM THE MEMBERS TO BE JOINED, AND HOT-WORKED WITH A PNEUMATIC HAMMER TO
PRODUCED A SECOND HEAD OPPOSITE THE FIRSTHEAD.
THE USE OF I-BEAM AS A COLUMN IS UNECONOMICAL, BECAUSE THE WHIRL
OR REVOLVING ACTION OF THE STRUCTURE ABOUT AN AXIS THROUGH THE CENTROID PROCESS OF RIVETING:
PARALLEL TO THE WAB OF THE I-BEAM IS COMPARATIVELY SMALL.
A) A HOT STEEL RIVET IS INSERTED IN HOLES THROUGH THE TWO
H-BEARING PILES MEMBERS TO BE JOINED,

H-BEARING PILES ALTHOUGH SUITABLE FOR PILE DRIVING ON DEEP B) ITS HEAD IS THEN HELD WITH HAND HAMMER WITH A CUP-SHAPED
EXCAVATIONS IS MUCH MORE SUITABLE THAN THE I-BEAM FOR COLUMNS. DEPRESSION,

ZEE SECTIONS C) WHILE A PNEUMATIC HAMMER DRIVES A RIVET SET REPEATEDLY

AGAINST THE BODY OF THE RIVET TO FORM THE SECOND HEAD,
THE ZEE SECTION IS ANOTHER STRUCTURAL FORM IN A LETTER Z WHICH IS
NOT FREQUENTLY USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION EXEPT ON THE FABRICATION D) THE RIVET SHRINKS AS IT COOLS, DRAWING MEMBERS TIGHTLY
OF STEEL WINDOWS AND OTHER FRAMES. TOGETHER.

 WROUGHT IRON – A COMMERCIALLY PURE IRON OF FIBROUS NATURE, VALUED  BOLTS

FOR ITS CORROSION RESISTANCE AND DUCTILITY.
THE BOLTS COMMONLY USED IN STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION FALL INTO
 CAST IRON – AN IRON ALLOY USUALLY INCLUDING CARBON AND SILICON WHICH TWO GENERAL CATEGORIES:
HAS HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BUT LOW TENSILE STRENGTH.
1) CARBON STEEL BOLTS – OR COMMON BOLTS ARE SIMILAR TO THE
 WELDING – IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH TWO METALS ARE SO JOINT THAT THERE ORDINARY MACHINE BOLTS THAT CAN BE PURCHASED IN
IS AN ACTUAL UNION OF THE INTERATOMIC BONDS. HARDWARE STORES.

 EXTRUSION – THE PROCESS OF PRODUCING METAL SHAPES OF A CONSTANT 2) HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS – ARE HEAT TREATED DURING
CROSS SECTION BY FORCING THE HOT METAL THROUGH AN ORFICE IN A DIE BY MANUFACTURE TO DEVELOP THE NECESSARY STRENGTH. IT IS
MEANS OF A PRESSURE RAM. USUALLY TIGHTENED USING PNEUMATIC OR ELECTRIC IMPACT
WRENCH.
 RED OXIDE – PROTECTIVE COAT FOR IRON.
A MAJOR PROBLEM IN HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTING OR FRICTION-TYPE
CONNECTIONS IS HOW TO VERIFY THE NECESSARY TENSION HAS BEEN ACHIEVED IN
 LAP SEAM – A JOINT FORMED BY OVERLAPPING THE EDGES OF METAL SHEET OR ALL THE BOLTS IN A CONNECTION.
PLATES AND JOINING THEM BY RIVETING OR SOLDERING OR BRACING.

SEVERAL WAY TO ACHIEVED PROPER TIGHTENING:

JOINING STEEL MEMBERS

 TURN-OF-NUT METHOD
STEEL SHAPES CAN BE JOINED INTO A BUILDING FRAME WITH ANY OF THREE
FASTENING TECHNIQUES.
 LOAD INDICATOR WASHER BACK FILLET PLUG OR
SLOT
 TENSION CONTROL BOLTS
GROOVE OR BUTT
PROCESS OF TIGHTENING A TENSION CONTROL BOLT:
SQUARE V BEVEL U J FLARE V FLARE BEVEL
A) THE WRENCH HOLDS BOTH THE NUT AND THE SPLINED BODY OF THE BOLT,
AND TURNS THEM AGAINST ONE ANOTHER TO TIGHTEN THE BOLT,

B) WHEN THE REQUIRED TORQUE IS ACHIEVED, THE SPLINED END TWISTS OFF THE ARROW
IN THE WRENCH,
THE REFERENCE LINE CARRIES
C) A PLUNGER INSIDE THE WRENCH DISCHARGES THE SPLINED END INTO A THE DESCRIPTIVE SYMBOLS
CONTAINER.

 WELDING

WELDING CAN JOIN THE MEMBERS OF A STEEL FRAME AS IF THEY WERE A THE ARROW POINTS TO
MONOLITHIC WHOLE. WELDED ARE STRONGER THAN THE MEMBERS THEY JOIN IN THE WELD
RESISTING BOTH SHEAR AND MOMENT FORCES.

TYPICAL WELDS USED IN STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION:

THE BASIC SYMBOLS
 FILLET WELD
THE BASIC WELD SYMBOL IS LOCATED ON EITHER SIDE OF THE REFERENCE LINE AS
 DOUBLE FILLET WELD FOLLOWS:

 DOUBLE-BEVEL GROOVE WELD

SYMBOLS ON THE TOP OF THE REFERENCE LINE REFER TO WELDS ON THE SIDE OF THE
 SINGLE-BEVEL GROOVE WELD WITH BACKUP BAR
JOINT OPPOSITE THE

 V-GROOVE WELD

 V-GROOVE WELD WITH BACKUP BAR

ARROW

 PUDDLE WELD

 PARTIAL-PENETRATION SINGLE-BEVEL GROOVE WELD

THE BASIC SYBOLS ARE:

 GLASS
SYMBOLS ON THE BOTTOM OF THE REFERENCE
LINE
THE MAJOR INGREDIENT OF GLASS IS SAND (SILICON DIOXIDE). A HARD
BRITTLE INORGANIC SUBSTANCE, ORDINARILY TRANSPARENT OR TRANSLUCENT;
PRODUCED BY MELTING A MIXTURE OF SILICA, A FLUX AND A STABILIZER; WHILE
REFER TO WELDS ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE MOLTEN MAYBE BLOWN, DRAWN, ROLLED, PRESSED OR CAST TO A VARIETY OF
JOINT AS SHAPES.

DURING ITS MANUFACTURED, ORDINARY WINDOW GLASS IS ANNEALED,

AS THE ARROW COOLED SLOWLY UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITION, TO AVOID LOCKED-IN THERMAL
STRESSES THAT MIGHT CAUSE IT TO BEHAVE UNPREDICTABLY IN USE.

THICKNESSES OF GLASS

GLASS IS TYPICALLY MANUFACTURED IN A SERIES OF THICKNESSES

RANGING FROM APPROXIMATELY 2.5mm, THROUGH 3mm, IS CALLED SINGLE-
SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS
STRENGTH, OR 6mm TO 22mm, IS CALLED DOUBLE-STRENGTH, AND ON SPECIAL
ORDER, 25mm IS AVAILABLE.

TYPES OF CLEAR GLASS

FIELD WELD – THIS WELD BE DONE IN THE FIELD DURING ERECTION. OTHER WELDS
ARE DONE EARLIER IN THE FABRICATOR’S SHOP.
1. TEMPERED GLASS

TEMPERED GLASS IS PRODUCED BY CUTTING ANNEALED GLASS TO

THE REQUIRED SIZES FOR USE, REHEATING IT TO APPROXIMATELY 1200
WELD ALL AROUND – THIS INDICATES THAT THE WELD SHOULD BE CARRIED FULLY DEGREES FAHRENHEIT, COOLING BOTH ITS SURFACES RAPIDLY WITH A
AROUND THE PERIMETER OF THE JOINING PIECES. BLAST OF AIR WHILE ITS CORE COOLS MUCH MORE SLOWLY. ITS FOUR
TIMES AS STRONG IN BENDING AND MORE RESISTANT TO THERMAL STRESS
AND IMPACT.

2. HEAT-STRENGTHENED GLASS
BACKUP BAR – AS INDICATED IN THIS EXAMPLE, A BACKUP BAR TO SUPPORT THE
FIRST PASS OF THE WELD MUST BE PLACED ON THE SIDE OF THE JOINT OPPOSITE
THE ARROW. THE HEAT STRENGTHENED PROCESS IS SIMILAR TO TEMPERING,
BUT ITS, ABOUT ONE-THIRD AS HIGH AS TEMPERED GLASS IN TERMS OF
BENDING AND STRENGTH.

3. LAMINATED GLASS
SPACER – SMALL METAL SPACERS ARE USED TO MAINTAIN A GAP BETWEEN THE
PIECS TO BE JOINED, PRIOR TO WELDING.
ITS MADE BY SANDWICHING A TRANSPARENT VINYL INTERLAER BETWEEN
SHEETS OF GLASS AND BONDING THE THREE LAYERS TOGETHER UNDER
HEAT AND PRESSURE. WHEN ITS BREAKS, THE SOFT VINYL HOLDS THE
SHARDS OF GLASS IN PLACE RATHER THAN ALLOWING THEM TO FALL OUT
A SHARP BEND NEAR THE END OF THE ARROW INDICATES THAT THE ARROWHEAD IS OF THE FRAME.
POINTING TOWARD THE GROOVED SIDE OF THE BEVEL OR J-GROOVED JOINT
4. PATTERNED OR ROLLED AND ROUGH CAST GLASS A SECOND SHEET OF GLASS APPLIED TO A WINDOW WITH AN AIRSPACE
BETWEEN THE SHEETS CUTS THIS RATE OF HEAT LOSS IN HALF. TWO KINDS
OF EDGES SEALS ARE FUSED GLASS EDGES AND A METAL SPLINE AND
HOT GLASS CAN BE ROLLED INTO SHEETS WITH MANY DIFFERENT SURFACE
ORGANIC SEALANT.
PATTERNS FOR USE WHERE LIGHT TRANSMISSION IS DESIRED BUT VISION MUST BE
OBSCURED FOR PRIVACY.
GLASS PRODUCTS
5. SPANDREL GLASS
I. GLASS BLOCKS
SPECIAL OPAQUE GLASSES ARE PRODUCED FOR COVERING THE SPANDREL
AREA (THE BANDS OF WALL AROUND THE EDGES OF FLOORS) IN GLASS COMPARABLE IN MANY WAYS TO UNIT MASONRY BUT HAVE THE ADDED
CURTAIN. IT IS USUALLY TEMPERED OR HEAT-STRENGTHENED TO RESIST FEATURE OF TRANSMITTING LIGHT. THEY ARE MADE INTO TWO SEPARATE
THE THERMAL STRESSES THAT CAN CAUSED BY ACCUMULATIONS OF SOLAR HALVES, WHICH ARE HEAT-SEALED TOGETHER TO FORM A HOLLOW UNIT
HEAT BEHIND THE SPANDREL. WITH REASONBLY HIGH THERMAL EFFICIENCY AND SOUND INSULATION. THE
EDGE SURFACES OF THE BLOCK ARE COATED WITH A GRITTY MORTAR
BOND.
6. WIRED GLASS

TWO TYPES:
SIMPLY A ROLLED GLASS INTO WHICH WIRE MESH IS INSERTED DURING THE
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE. THE WIRE GREATLY INCREASES THE
RESISTANCE TO SHATTERING THROUGH IMPACT. ITS USE FOR SAFETY 1. FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS – DIRECT OR DIFFUSE THE DAYLIGHT WHICH PASSES
GLAZING, WHEN ITS BREAKS FROM THERMAL STRESS, THE WIRES HOLD THE THEOUGH THEM TO IMPROVE THE ILLUMINATION OF THE BUILDING INTERIOR.
SHEET OF GLASS TOGETHER.
THREE STYLES OF FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS:
TINTED AND REFLECTIVE COATED GLASS
A. A LIGHT DIRECTING BLOCK – DIRECTS INCOMING LIGHT UPWARD TOWARD
SOLAR HEAT BUILDUP CAN BE PROBLEMATIC IN THE INHABITED SPACES OF THE CEILING. USED ALWAYS ABOVE EYE LEVEL.
BUILDINGS WITH LARGE AREAS OF GLASS, ESPECIALLY DURING THE WARM PART OF
THE YEAR. THIS IS USE TO REDUCE GLARE AND CUT DOWN ON SOLAR HEAT GAIN.
B. A LIGHT DIFFUSING BLOCK – DIFFUSES INCOMING LIGHT EVENLY
THROUGHOUT THE INTERIOR OF THE ROOM.
1) TINTED GLASS
C. GENERAL PURPOSES BLOCK
TINTED GLASS IS MADE BY ADDING SMALL AMOUNTS OF SELECTED
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS TO THE MOLTEN GLASS MIXTURE TO PRODUCE THE
2. DECORATIVELY OR ARCHITECTURAL GLASS – AVAILABLE IN A WIDE RANGE OF
DESIRED HUE AND INTENSITY OF COLOR IN GRAYS, BRONZES, BLUES,
STYLES AND PATTERNS. THESE GLASS MASONRY UNITS PROVIDE ALMOST
GREEN, AND GOLDS.
UNLIMITED DESIGN VERSATILITY WHEN USED IN WINDOW, OPENINGS AND
FACADES, AS INTERIOR WALLS AND DIVIDER PANELING.
2) REFLECTIVE COATED GLASS
PAINT FINISHES
REFLECTIVE COATED GLASS APPEAR AS MIRROR FROM THE OUTSIDE ON A
BRIGHT DAY AND AT NIGHT, WITH LIGHTS ON INSIDE THE BUILDING, THEY APPEAR AS
THE PURPOSE OF A FINISH IS TO PROTECT, PRESERVE OR VISUALLY
DARK BUT TRANSPARENT GLASS.
ENHANCE THE SURFACE TO WHICH IT IS APPLIED. FINISHES INCLUD PLASTIC
LAMINATED SURFACE COVERINGS SUCH AS PLASTIC LAMINATED AND VINYL OF
3) INSULATING GLASS FABRIC WALL COVERING.
 PAINT GENERALLY REFERS TO OPAQUE OR CLEAR FILM-FORMING MATERIAL - SPECIFICATIONS INCLUDE THE PAINT VEHICLE, FINISH COLOR, EXPOSURE, AND
THAT ACTS AS A SHIELD OR BARRIER BETWEEN THE BUILDING MATERIAL AND THOSE MANUFACTURER AND/OR TRADE NAME.
ELEMENTS OR CONDITIONS THAT MAY ADVERSELY AFFECTS OR DETERIORATE. THE
PAINT FILM MUST RESIST DETERIORATION DUE TO SUNLIGHT HEAT, TEMPERATURE
METHOD
VARIATIONS, WATER OR MOISTURE VAPOR, MILDEW AND DECAY CHEMICALS AND
PHYSICAL ABRASION. PAINT MAY ALSO SERVE TO MAKE SURFACES MORE SANITARY,
IMPROVE HEATING AND LIGHTING EFFECTS, AND PROMOTE HUMAN COMFORT AND - DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF PAINT AND THE MATERIAL TO WHICH IT IS BEING
SAFETY. APPLIED. COATINGS MAY BE BRUSHED, ROLLED OR SPRAYED ON.

WHEN USING PAINT, THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COLOR AND DRYING

SURFACE TEXTURE MUST BE CONSIDERED. CERTAIN COLORS MAY BE STIMULATING
WHILE OTHERS ARE RELAXING. WHITE AND LIGHT COLORS REFLECT SIZE OF FORM
- THE TIME AND CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR A PAINT TO DRY MUST BE CHECKED.
AND SPACE. DARK COLOR CAN INHIBIT THE PERCEPTION OF FORM AND MAY BE USED
FOR CONTRAST. FLAT PAINT FINISHES SOFTEN AND DISTRIBUTE, ILLUMINATION
EVENLY. GLOSSY FINISHES REFLECT LIGHT AND CAN CAUSE GLARE, BUT THEY ALSO FILM THICKNESS
PROVIDE SMOOTH, EASILY CLEANED, NON-ABSORPTIVE SURFACES.
- THE DRY FILM THICKNESS (DFT) IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE NUMBER OF
MOST PAINTS ARE CAREFULLY FORMULATED TO MEET SPECIFIC COATS.
APPLICATION THAT USE REQUIREMENTS AND ARE READY-MIXED FOR APPLICATION
EXCEPT FOR THINNING, STIRRING, OR THE ADDITION OF AN ACTIVATOR OR CATALYST.
IT IS ALWAYS ADVISABLE THEREFORE TO FOLLOW THE PAINT MANUFACTURERS - MULTIPLE THIN COATS ARE GENERALLY MORE EFFECTIVE THAN A SINGLE THICK
RECOMMENDATIONS IN THE APPLICATION AND USE OF A PAINT OR OTHER COAT.
PROTECTIVE COATING.
- A MINIMUM OF 2 COATS IS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE 5 MIL DFT.
PAINTS MAY BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO:
COVERAGE
MATERIAL TO WHICH IT IS APPLIED
- A PAINT’S COVERAGE CAN BE ESTIMATED BY ITS PERCENTAGE OF VOLUME
SOLIDS:
 WOOD, METAL MASONRY, CONCRETE, PLASTIC, ETC.,

- ie. PAINT WITH 100% VOLUME SOLIDS:

SURFACE FINISH TEXTURE

(NO THINNER)
 GLOSS, SEMI-GLOSS, EGG SHELL, SATIN, FLAT,& VARNISH.

1 GAL COVERS
CONSIDERATIONS IN THE SELECTION AND USE OF A PAINT INCLUDE:

1600 SF (149 m2) @ 1 MIL DFT

SURFACE PREPARATION

800 SF ( 74 m2) @ 2 MIL DFT

- THE FOUNDATION OF ANY PAINT SYSTEM MUST BE PROPERLY PREPARED TO
ENSURE PROPER ADHESION OF THE PAINT FILM TO ITS SURFACE.
400 SF ( 37 m2) @ 4 MIL DFT
TYPE OF PAINT

- PAINT MUST BE COMPATIBLE WITH THE MATERIAL TO WHICH IT IS APPLIED.

-PAINT WITH 50% VOLUME SOLIDS  LACQUER AND ENAMEL PAINTS

(50% THINNER) CLEAR COATINGS

1 GAL COVERS  VARNISHES, LACQUERS, SHEELAC, SEALERS

800 SF (74 m2) @ 1 MIL DFT RUST INHIBITIVE COATINGS

400 SF (37 m2) @ 2 MIL DFT  ZINC-PIGMENTED COATINGS

PAINT GENERALLY CONSIST OF:  ZINC, SILICONS, ALKYD, OR ASPHALT OR BASE COATINGS

PIGMENT – FINELY GROUND SOLIDS THAT PROVIDE THE PAINTS COVERINGS  ASPHALT OR TAR COATINGS THAT FORM NON-PEMEABLE BARRIERS AGAINST
OR HIDING POWER OR ITS COLOR. WATER AND OXYGEN TO PROTECT SUBMERGED FERROUS METAL AND TO
WATERPROOF MASONRY SURFACES.
VEHICLE – LIQUID MEDIUM TO CARRY THE PIGMENT IN SUSPENSION
DURING APPLICATION. AND CONSISTS OF BINDERS AND SOLVENTS. CEMENT MORTAR COATINGS

 BINDER SERVE TO FORM THE PAINT FILM AND CAUSE IT TO ADHERE THE  MIXTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT, LIME AND WATER USED TO DAMPPROOF
SURFACE BEING PAINTED. MASONRY MATERIALS AND PROTECT EXPOSED STEEL

 BINDERS ARE LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PROTECTIVE QUALITY AND PLASTIC AND SYNTHETIC RUBBER COATINGS
DURABILITY OF THE PAINT FIL OR PROTECTIVE COATING.

 COATING RESISTANT TO MILDEW, MOLD, FUMES, MARINE ENVIRONMENTS ETC.,

 SOLVENTS OR THINNERS ACTS DRYING AGENTS.

PAINTS MAY BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO ITS VEHICLE OR BINDER:

 DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF SOLVENT USED, A PAINT MAY DRY OR HARDEN BY
OXIDATION, EVAPORATION, CHEMICAL ACTION, OR BY THERMOSETTING ACTION
AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES. ALKYDS – USED FOR EXTERIOR PAINTS.

COLOR  OIL MODIFIED RESINS THAT HARDEN BY OXIDATION AND EVAPORATION.

 DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF PAINT AND THE MANUFACTURER.  THE MOST COMMON PAINT VEHICLE

EXPOSURE  FAST DRYING A HARDER THAN ORDINARY TIME, LOWERS THE GLOSS, AND
IMPROVES THE PAINTS WETTING PROPERTIES, DURABILITY AND ELASTICITY TO
RESIST BLISTERING.
 EXTERIOR OR INTERIOR

 HAVE GOOD DRYING PROPERTIES, DURABILITY AND WATER RESISTANCE FOR

CHARACTERISTICS: EXTERIOR EXPOSURES, AND GOOD COLOR RETENTION.

PIGMENTED COATING ASPHALT – USED FOR WATERPROOFING AT FIREWALL AND ROOF DECKING.
 COATINGS WITH A VEHICLE OF BOTH PETROLEUM AND NATURAL ASPHALTS ARE HARDWARE
USED TO PROTECT WOOD, MASONRY, CONCRETE AND AS ROOF COATING.
HARDWARE - METAL PRODUCTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION, SUCH AS BOLTS, HINGES,
 HAVE GOOD WATER RESISTANCES BUT THERMOPLASTIC IN NATURE. LOCKS, TOOLS, ETC. THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AS:

 ADDITION OF ALUMINUM GLAKES HELPS TO REFLECT THE SUN’S RAYS. FINISHING HARDWARE – HARDWARE, SUCH AS HINGES LOCKS, CATCHES,
ETC. THAT HAS A FINISHED APPEARANCE AS WELL AS FUNCTION, ESP. THAT USED
WITH DOORS, WINDOWS, AND CABINETS, MAYBE CONSIDERED PART OF THE
 ADDITION OF EPOXY RESINS MINIMIZES THE COLD FLOW AND MAXIMIZES THE DECORATIVE TREATMENT OF A ROOM OR BUILDING.
CHEMICAL-RESISTANCE OF ASPHALT.

ROUGH HARDWARE – IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, HARDWARE MEANT TO

BE CONCEALED, SUCH AS BOLTS, NAILS, SCREWS, SPIKES, RODS, AND OTHER METAL
FITTINGS.

SOME FINISHING HARDWARE BRANDS:

CHLORINATED RUBBER – USED FOR INDUSTRIAL FLOORING.
1. SARGENT 7. RABBIT
 USED IN COATINGS HIGHLY RESISTANT TO ALKALIES, ACIDS, CHEMICALS, AND
WATER 2. STANLEY 8. UNIVERSAL

 MAY BE REMOVED BY COAL TAR SOLVENTS 3. YALE 9.

EAGLE
 HAS LIMITED RESISTANCE TO PROLONGED HEAT EXPOSURE
4. CORBIN 10. MASTER
 USED IN SWIMMING POOLS, WATER TREATMENT PLANTS
5. SCHLAGE 11. ALPHA
EPOXY CATALYZED – USED FOR DUCO FINISH.
6. KWIKSET 12. YETI
 TWO COMPONENT COATINGS CONSISTING OF A PIGMENTED PRIMER OR ENAMEL
AND AN ACTIVATOR OR CATALYST. DOORS – AN ENTRANCE WAY

 MIXED JUST PRIOR TO USE – HAS LIMITED “POT LIFE” TYPES OF DOOR:

 PRODUCES BY CHEMICAL ACTION A DENSE, HARD FILM SIMILAR TO BAKED  FLUSH – A SMOOTH-SURFACED DOOR HAVING FACES WHICH ARE PLANE WHICH
ENAMEL. CONCEAL ITS RAILS AND STILES OR OTHER STRUCTURE WHEN USED INSIDE, IT IS
OF HOLLOW CORE, WHEN USED FOR EXTERIOR IT IS OF SOLID CORE.

 HAS EXCELLENT RESISTANT TO SOLVENTS, CHEMICALS, PHYSICAL ABRASION,

TRAFFIC WEAR, A CLEANING MATERIALS  PANEL DOOR – A DOOR HAVING STILES, RAILS AND SOMETIMES MUNTINS, WHICH
FORM ONE OR MORE FRAMES AROUND RECESSED THINNER PANELS.

 HAS GOOD ADHESION PROPERTIES, COLOR RETENTION AND STAIN RESISTANCE.

 HAS GOOD DURABILITY FOR EXTERIOR EXPOSURE BUT MAY CHALK.

 FINISHING HARDWARES:

KINDS OF DOORS: A. TO HUNG A DOOR

 SWINGING DOOR HINGE- A MOVABLE JOINT USED TO ATTACH SUPPORT AND TURN A DOOR
ABOUT A PIVOT, CONSISTS OF TWO PLATES JOINED TOGETHER BY A PIN WHICH
SUPPORT THE DOOR AND CONNECT IT TO ITS FRAME, ENABLING IT TO SWING OPEN
 OVERHEAD SWING-UP GARAGE DOOR – A RIGID OVERHEAD DOOR WHICH OR CLOSED.
OPENS AS AN ENTIRE UNIT.

TYPES OF HINGES:
 OVERHEAD ROLL-UP GARAGE DOOR – A DOOR WHICH, WHEN OPEN, ASSUMES A
HORIZONTAL POSITION ABOVE THE DOOR OPENING, MADE OF SEVERAL LEAVES.
1. BUTT HINGE - CONSISTS OF TWO RECTANGULAR METAL PLATES WHICH ARE JOINED
WITH A PIN, IN LARGE HINGE, THE PIN IS REMOVABLE, IN SMALL HINGES, IT IS FIXED.
 ROLL-UP DOOR (SOLID OR SEE-THROUGH ALUMINUM SHUTTERS) A DOOR MADE
UP OF SMALL HORIZONTAL INTERLOCKING METAL SLATS WHICH ARE GUIDED IN A
TRACK: THE CONFIGURATION COILS ABOUT AN OVERHEAD DRUM WHICH IS  FAST PIN HINGE - A HINGE IN WHICH THE PIN IS FASTENED PERMANENTLY IN
HOUSED AT THE HEAD OF THE OPENING, EITHER MANUAL OR MOTOR - DRIVEN. PLACE.

 ACCORDION DOOR – A HINGED DOOR CONSISTING OF A SYSTEM OF PANELS  FULL SURFACE HINGE - A HINGED DESIGNED FOR ATTACHMENT ON THE
WHICH ARE HUNG FROM AN OVERHEAD TRACK. WHEN THE DOOR IS OPEN, THE SURFACE OF THE DOOR AND JAMB WITHOUT MORTISING.
FACES OF THE PANELS CLOSE FLAT AGAINST EACH OTHER. WHEN THE DOOR IS
CLOSED, THE EDGES OF ADJACENT PANELS BUTT AGAINST (OR INTERLOCK)  LOOSE JOINT HINGE - A DOOR HINGED HAVING TWO KNUCKLES, ONE OF
EACH OTHER TO FORM A SOLID BARRIER. WHICH HAS VERTICAL PIN THAT FITS IN A CORRESPONDING HOLE IN THE
OTHER, BY LIFTING THE DOOR UP, OFF THE VERTICAL PIN, THE DOOR MAY BE
 BI-FOLDING DOOR - ONE OF TWO OR MORE DOORS WHICH ARE HINGED REMOVED WITH UNSCREWING THE HINGED.
TOGETHER SO THAT THEY CAN OPEN AND FOLD IN A CONFINED SPACE.
 LOOSE PIN HINGE - A HINGE HAVING A REMOVABLE PIN WHICH PERMITS ITS
 REVOLVING DOOR - AN EXTERIOR DOOR CONSISTING OF FOUR LEAVES (AT 900 TWO PARTS TO BE SEPARATED.
TO EACH OTHER) WHICH PIVOT ABOUT A COMMON VERTICAL AXIS WITHIN A
CYLINDRICALLY SHAPED VESTIBULE, PREVENTS THE DIRECT PASSAGE OF AIR  PAUMELLE HINGED - A TYPE OF DOOR HINGE HAVING A SINGLE JOINT OF
THROUGH THE VESTIBULE, THEREBY ELIMINATING DRAFTS FROM OUTSIDE. THE PIVOT TYPE, USUALLY OF MODERN DESIGN.

 SLIDING DOOR - A DOOR MOUNTED ON TRACK WHICH SLIDES IN A HORIZONTAL  OLIVE KNUCKLE HINGE - A PAUMELLE HINGE WITH KNUCKLES FORMING AN
DIRECTION USUALLY PARALLEL TO ONE WALL. OVAL SHAPE.

 BY-PASSING SLIDING DOOR - A SLIDING DOOR WHICH SLIDES TO COVER A FIXED 2. SPRING HINGES - A HINGE CONTAINING ONE OR MORE SPRINGS, WHEN A DOOR IS
DOOR OF THE SAME WIDTH OR ANOTHER SLIDING DOOR. OPENED, THE HINGE RETURNS IT TO OPEN POSITION AUTOMATICALLY, MAY ACT IN
ONE DIRECTION ONLY, OR IN BOTH DIRECTIONS.
 SLIDING POCKET DOOR - A DOOR WHICH SLIDES INSIDE A HOLLOW OF THE WALL.
 DOUBLE ACTION - EXCELLENT FOR USE IN RESTAURANTS, HOSPITALS,
 DUTCH DOOR - A HINGED DOOR WHICH IS DIVIDED TO TWO. THE UPPER PART KITCHENS, THE DOOR OPENS BY JUST PUSHING IT WITH THE SHOULDER OR
CAN BE OPENED WHILE THE LOWER PORTION IS CLOSED. FEET.

 FRENCH DOOR  SINGLE ACTION

3. PIVOT HINGE - THE AXLE OR PIN ABOUT WHICH A WINDOW OR DOOR ROTATES. USE A DIFFERENT LOCKSET FOR EACH ROOM:

 VERTICAL SPRING PIVOT HINGE- A SPRING HINGE FOR A DOOR WHICH  ENTRANCE LOCKSET – WITH A KEY AND UNIVERSAL BUTTON WHICH
IS MORTISTED INTO THE HEEL OF THE DOOR, THE DOOR IS FASTENED WHEN PUSHED STAYS PUT AND LOCKS THE DOOR.
TO THE FLOOR AND DOOR HEAD WITH PIVOTS.
 BEDROOM LOCKSET – SAME AS THE ENTRANCE LOCKSET BUT SIMPLER
B. TO FIX ONE SASH IN DESIGN.

TYPES OF BOLT AND FASTENER:  TOILET LOCKSET – WITHOUT A KEY HAS A BUTTON THAT IS PUSHED TO
LOCK INSIDE.
 CHAIN HEAD AND FOOT BOLT
KIND OF LOCKSET:
 DOOR OR BARREL BOLT
 INTEGRAL LOCK – A TYPE OF MORTISE LOCK HAVING ITS CYLINDER IN
THE KNOB.
 FLUSH BOLT

 CYLINDER LOCK – A BORED LOCK WHICH HAS A CYLINDRICAL CASE

 CHAIN DOOR FASTENER
INTO WHICH A SEPARATE LATCH CASE FITS.

C. TO LOCK THE DOOR

LATCH – A SIMPLE FASTENING DEVISE HAVING A LATCH BOLT, BUT NOT A DEAD BOLT
CONTAINS NO PROVISIONS FOR LOCKING WITH A KEY.
LOCKSET – A COMPLETE LOCK SYSTEM INCLUDING THE BASIC LOCKING
MECHANISMS AND ALL THE ACCESSORIES, SUCH AS KNOBS ESCUTCHEONS, PLATES,
NIGHT LATCH – KEY OPERATED LATCH WITH SAFETY PIN.
ETC.

LIFT LATCH – A TYPE OF DOOR LATCH WHICH FASTENS A DOOR BY MEANS OF A

 BUTTON – A SMALL REJECTING MEMBER USED TO FASTEN THE FRAME OF A PIVOTED BAR THAT ENGAGES A HOOK ON THE DOOR JAMB, A LEVER WHICH LIFTS THE
DOOR OR WINDOW. PIVOTED BAR USED TO UNFASTEN THE DOOR.

 KNOB – A HANDLE, MORE OR LESS SPHERICAL USUALLY FOR OPERATING A RABBETED LOCK – A LOCK OR LATCH IN WHICH THE FACE IS FLUSH WITH THE
LOCK. RABBET ON A RABBETED DOOR JAMB.

 ESCUTCHEON – A PROTECTIVE PLATE SURROUNDING THE KEYHOLE OF A ROLLER LATCH – A TYPE OF DOOR LATCH HAS A ROLLER UNDER SPRING TENSION
DOOR. INSTEAD OF A BEVELED SPRING BOLT, THE ROLLER ENGAGES A STRIKE PLATE,
HAVING A RECESS FORMED TO RECEIVE.
 PLATES – A THIN FLAT SHEET OF MATERIAL.

 STRIKES – A METAL PLATE OR BOX WHICH IS SET IN A DOORJAMB AND IS

EITHER PLACED OR RECESSED TO RECEIVE THE BOLT OR LATCH OF A LOCK, SCREEN DOOR LATCH – A SMALL LOCKING OR LATCHING DEVICE USED ON SCREEN
FIXED ON DOOR. DOORS AND GENERATED BY A KNOB OR LEVER HANDLE, SOMETIMES EQUIPPED WITH
A DEAD BOLT.
 LIP STRIKE – THE PROJECTION FROM THE SIDE OF A TRIKE PLATE WHICH
THE BOLT OF A LOCK STRIKES FIRST, WHEN A DOOR IS CLOSED; PROJECTS HASP – A FASTENING DEVICE CONSISTING OF A LOOP OR STAPLE AND A SLOTTED
OUT FROM THE SIDE OF THE STRIKE PLATE TO PROTECT THE FRAME. HINGE PLATE NORMALLY SECURED WITH A PADLOCK.
KEY-PADLOCK – A DEVICE WHICH FASTENS IN POSITION MAYBE OPERATED BY A KEY.  T-HINGE

MAGNETIC PADLOCK – A KIND OF LOCK WHICH OPENS BY USING THE  PIANO HINGE
CORRESPONDING MAGNET WHICH GOES WITH IT.
 DECORATIVE HINGE
HASPLOCK – A KIND OF HASP THAT HAS A BUILT-IN LOCKING DEVICE WHICH CAN BE
OPENED ONLY WITH A KEY.
 OFFSET HINGES – USED FOR HANGING LIPPED OR OVERLAPPING
DOORS, AVAILABLE IN SEMI-CONCEALED AND SURFACE-MOUNTED
BORED LOCK – A LOCK INTENDED FOR INSTALLATION IN A CIRCULAR HOLE IN A DOOR. STYLES.

CREMONE BOLT – USED TO FASTEN UPPER AND LOWER DOOR.  PIVOT HINGES – MADE FOR BOTH FLUSH AND OVERLAPPING DOORS.

DEAD BOLT – A TYPE OF DOOR LOCK, THE BOLT, WHICH IS SQUARE IN SECTION IS  INVISIBLE HINGES – DON’T SHOW FROM THE FRONT AND IS EXPENSIVE.
OPERATED BY THE DOOR KEY OR A TURN PIECE. THEY CAN BE USED FOR BOTH FLUSH AND OVERLAPPING DOOR.

TYPES OF AUTOMATIC DOOR CLOSER:

 FLUSH COUNTER HINGE – FOR A DROP DOWN DOOR THAT CAN BE
LOWERED TO SERVE AS WORK SURFACES REQUIRE HINGES THAT LAY
 PNEUMATIC TYPE FLUSH IN THE SURFACE, MORTISE THEM INTO BOTH SURFACES, THEY
DON’T SHOW WHEN THE DOOR IS CLOSED. A DROPDOWN DOOR ALSO
REQUIRES A CHAIN OR STAY SUPPORT TO HOLD THE DOOR’S WEIGHT
 SEMI-CONCEALED OVERHEAD TYPE WHEN IT’S OPEN.

 CONCEALED TYPE

 OVERHEAD LIQUID TYPE

TYPES OF CABINET HINGED DOOR: CATCHES FOR CLOSING OF CABINET DOORS IN PLACE

 FLUSH KINDS OF CATCHES:

 OVERLAPPING  FRICTION CATCH – ANY CATCH WHICH WHEN IT ENGAGES A STRIKE, IS

HELD IN THE ENGAGED POSITION BY FRICTION.
 OFFSET
 MAGNETIC CATCH – A DOOR CATCH FLAT THAT USES A MAGNET TO
HOLD THE DOOR IN A CLOSED POSITION.
TYPES OF CABINET HINGES:

 BULLET CATCH – A FASTENER WHICH HOLDS A DOOR IN PLACE BY

 BUTT HINGES
MEANS OF A PROJECTING SPRING ARCTUATED STEEL HALL WHICH IS
DEPRESSED WHEN THE DOOR IS CLOSED.
 COMMON BUTT
TYPES OF KNOBS:
 LOOSE PIN
  SCREW-IN KNOB SCOTCH NAILS BRADS

 BOLT-ON KNOB STAPLES TACKS

 FLUSH KNOB SCREWS

 FLUSH RING CLASSIFIED BY GAUGE (DIAMETER), LENGTH, HEAD TYPE, AND METALLIC
MAKE-UP.

 PULL
TYPES OF SCREW HEAD

OTHER FINISHING ACCESSORIES:

 FLAT HEAD SCREW

 GRAB BAR – A HAND GRIP USUALLY INSTALLED IN SHOWER, WHICH MAY

BE USED FOR STEADYING ARE SELF.  OVAL HEAD SCREW

 SELF BRACKET – ANY OVER HANGING MEMBER PROJECTING FROM A  PHILIPPS HEAD
WALL OR OTHER BODY TO SUPPORT A WEIGHT.
 SHEET-METAL SCREW
 METAL BRACKET – USED TO SUPPORT ANY CABINET OR SHELF.
 ROUND HEAD SCREW
 SPRING DOOR CLOSER – ATTACHED ABOVE A SCREEN DOOR TO
AUTOMATICALLY CLOSE IT.  LAG SCREW

 DOOR STOPPER – TO PREVENT THE DOOR WITH ITS LOCKSET FROM WASHERS
HARMING THE WALL OR TILES.

 FLAT
ROUGH HARDWARES:

 COUNTER SUNK
NAILS

 FLUSH
 COMMON WIRE NAIL WITH HEAD AND FOR STRENGTH.

BOLTS
 FINISHING NAIL WITHOUT HEAD AND FOR BETTER APPEARANCE

BOLTS HAVE THREADED SHAFTS THAT RECEIVE NUTS. TO USE THEM, A HOLE
 MASONRY OR CONCRETE NAIL USED FOR CONCRETE, MORTAR AND BRICK IS DRILLED, PUSHING A BOLT THROUGH AND ADDING A NUT.
SURFACE

BOLTS TIGHTENED WITH SCREW WHILE HOLDING THE NUT WITH A WRENCH.
SIZES, 1”, 1 ½”, 2 “, 2 ½”, 3”, 3 ½”, 4”, 6”

NUTS
OTHER COMMON HAMMER DRIVEN FASTENER
  FLAT SQUARE NUT  BATTEN DOOR - A DOOR W/OUT STILES WHICH IS COSTRUCTED OF VERTICAL
BOARDS HELD TOGETHER BY HORIZONTAL BATTENS.
 HEX NUT
 STILE – VERTICAL FRAMES OF PANELLED DOOR.
 SQUARE NUT
 TRANSOM – WINDOW OVER A DOOR.
 ACORN NUT
 DOOR JAMB – FINISHED FRAME SURROUNDING A DOOR.
 T – NUT
 ANCHOR BOLT – A STEEL BOLT USUALLY FIXED IN ABUILDING STRUCTURE WITH
ITS THREADED PORTION PROJECTING.
 KNURLED NUT

 PLATE BOLT – A BOLT IN A BUILDING FOUNDATION WHICH SECURES THEPLATE OR

 WING NUT SILL.

HUNGER BOLTS – FOR HANGING FIXTURES FROM WALLS.

 MACHINE BOLT – A THREADED BOLT HAVING A STRAIGHT SHANK AND A
CONVENTIONAL HEAD SUCH AS A SQUARE, HEXAGONAL, BUTTON OR
U-BOLTS – TO ATTACH FLAT SURFACE TO ROUND POLES AND PIPES. COUNTERSANK.

JOINERY BRACKETS  CARRIAGE BOLT – A BOLT WITH NECK FOR NON-RATATING MOUNTING.

 MENDING PLATE  LAG SCREW – COMMON HARDWARE FASTENER FOR TRUSS BRACES.

 T-PLATE  KNOB BOLT – A DOOR LOCK WITH A SPRING BOLT CONTROLLED BY ONE OR BOTH
KNOBS AND DEAD BOLT CONTROLLED BY AKEY.
 FLAT CORNER PLATE
 BACKSET – THE HORIZONTAL DISTANCE FROM THE FACE OF A LOCK OF LATCH TO
THE CENTER OF THE KNOB OR LOCK CYLINDER.
 L-BRACKET

 GUSSET – A PLATE ATTACHED TO SIDE OF A JOINT FOR INCREASE HOLDING

 AWNING – AN ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTED WINDOW. POWER.

 BAY WINDOW – A WINDOW WHICH PROJECTS OUTSIDE THE MAIN LINE OF A  BRAD – A THIN NAIL WITH SMALL HEAD.
BUILDING.

 KERF – IN A SUSPENDED ACOUSTICAL CEILING, AGROOVE CUT INTO THE EDGES

 HOPPER WINDOW – A WINDOW SASH WHICH OPENS INWARD AND ITS HINGED AT OF AN ACOUSTICAL TILES TO RECEIVE SPLINES OR SUPPORTING MEMBERS OF
THE BOTTOM. THE CEILING SUSPENSION SYSTEM.

 ORIEL WINDOW – A PROJECTED WINDOW BEYOND BUILDING WALL CARRIED BY A  PERFORATED TAPE – A TYPE OF TAPE USED IN FINISHING JOINTS BETWEEN
CORBEL. GYPSUM BOARD.

 SAHARA – USED FOR WATERPROOFING.

 PARQUET – INLAID WOOD FLOORING USUALLY SET IN SIMPLE GEOMETRIC AGAINST POWDER POST BEATLES (BUKBOK) POWDER POET TERMITE (UNOS),
PATTERN. DECAY CAUSING FUNGI, SUCH AS SAP STAIN AND SRYROT.

 VINYL TILE – A FLOOR TILE COMPOSED PRINCIPALLY OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE.  FIREPROOFING – A CLEAR LIQUID APPLIED EASILY ON WOOD, PLYWOOD, LUMBER
AND OTHER BOARD THAT RETAINS THE NATURAL BEAUTY, GIVES ADDED
STRENGTH AND PROTECTS MATERIALS AGAINST FIRE, WEATHER, DECAY,
 BEVEL – THE ANGLE WITH ONE SURFACE OF A BODY MAKES WITH ANOTHER INSECTS AND WARPING. SINCE THE LIQUID PENETRATED INTO THE WOOD, WHEN
SURFACE WHEN THEY ARE NOT AT RIGHT ANGLE. THERE IS FIRE. IT REACTS BY DISPERSING THE FLAME, PREVENTING
PROGRESSIVE BURNING.
 CHASE – A CONTINOUS RECESS BUILT INTO A WALL TO RECEIVE PIPES, DUCTS,
ETC.  RATPROOFING – A METHOD OF PROTECTING ROOMS AGAINST THE INTRUSION
OF RATS AND OTHER SMALL DESTRUCTIVE ANIMALS FROM GNAWING THE
 GYPSUM BOARD – MATERIAL USED IN DRYWALL CONSTRUCTION. WOODEN PARTS OF THE HOUSE, HABITATING ON CEILINGS AND FLOORS OF
HOUSES AND BUILDINGS.

 PLOUGH – A GROOVE EXTENDED ALONG THE EDGE OR FACE OF THE WOOD

MEMBER BEING CUT PARALLEL TO GRAIN.  RUSTPROOFING – A METHOD OF PROTECTING THE FERROUS MATERIALS LIKE
STEEL, IRON FROM RUSTING OR CORROSION.

BUILDING PROTECTION
 FLOOR PROTECTION – WHEN FLOORS ARE SUBJECTED TO WEAR AND TEAR, OR
FROM CHEMICAL ABRASIONS AND HEAVY USE, A SPECIAL KIND OF MATERIAL
PREVENTIONS SHOULD BE USED TO PROTECT THE FLOORING.

 WATERPROOFING – A METHOD OF PROTECTING SURFACES AGAINST THE  DESCALERS, PAINT AND CHEMICAL STRIPPERS – WHEN AN OLD HOUSE HAVING
DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF WATER. OLE PAINT IS IN NEED OF REPAINTING, PAINT REMOVER IS APPLIED TO THE
SURFACE WHICH SOFTENS AND LIFTS THE PAINT. FOR CLEANING OF BUILDINGS
 DAMP-PROOFING – PROTECTION FROM THE OUTSIDE IS PROVIDED BY WATER FROM STAINS, RUST, ALGAE OR EVEN CEMENT BUILD UP FROM FORMS OR
REPELLENT MATERIALS WHICH TURN WATER ASIDE AND FORCE IT TO RETURN TO EQUIPMENT, ETC. A CHEMICAL STRIPPER OR DESCALER IS USED.
THE EARTH. THE DAMPNESS THAT SOMETIMES OCCURS INSIDE THE BUILDING
CAN BE CAUSED BY PENETRATION OF MOISTURE FROM THE OUTSIDE OR BY  CONTROL, PROTECT AND MANAGE – FOR BUILDINGS THAT NEED TOTAL
CONSIDERATION OF WATER VAPOR GENERATED ON THE INSIDE. CONTROL OF THE INCOMING AND OUTGOING INDIVIDUALS FOR THE PROTECTION
OF THE BUILDING AS A WHOLE FROM ROBBERS, STEALERS, ETC. THERE ARE SO
 CLEAR PROTECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR MASONRY, CONCRETE – THIS IS A CLEAR, MANY EQUIPMENTS WHICH CAN BE INSTALLED.
INVISIBLE SILICONE WATER REPELLENT SPECIALLY FORMULATED FOR
APPLICATION ON MASONRY AND BRICKS (STANDARD SILICONE REPELLENT) AND THIS IS APPLIED ON THE FOLLOWING LOCATIONS:
FOR LIMESTONE AND CONCRETE THAT SEEPS MUCH RAINWATER (SPECIAL
FORMULATED SILICONE REPELLENT). THE SILICONE LIQUID IS APPLIED BY
BRUSH OR LOW PRESSURE SPRAY AND DOES NOT AFFECT THE COLOR OR  ROOF DECKS
NATURALNESS OF THE MATERIAL.
 CONCRETE TERRACES AND BALCONIES
 ANAY (TERMITE) PROOFING BY SOIL POISONING – IT IS IMPORTANT TO POISON
THE SOIL AGAINST ANAY (WHITE ANTS) IN ORDER TO STOP THE ANAY FROM  SHEATHING FOR WOOD SHINGLE AND TILE ROOFING
INFESTING THE MAINPOSTS, WALLS AND FLOORING.

 WATER TANKS
 WOOD PRESERVATIVE (POWDER POST TERMITES) A CHEMICAL LIQUID PAINTED
AND APPLIED TO LUMBER TO PRESERVE IT FOR YEARS. IT PROTECTS WOOD
  CONCRETE ROOF GUTTERS

 PLANT BOXES INSIDE ROOFING FELTS – THE BASE FELTS USED IN BUILT-UP ROOFING ARE AVAILABLE IN
TWO BASIC TYPE – ASBESTOS FELTS AND ORGANIC OR RAG FELTS. THEY LOOK
ALIKE, SUPERFICIALLY, BUT THEY DIFFER WIDELY IN SERVICE.
 KITCHEN FLOOR

ASBESTOS:
 TOILETS

 ASBESTOS FELTS – COMPOSED PRIMARILY OF ASBESTOS FIBER, A

 CANOPIES NON-ROTTING, NON-WICKING INORGANIC MINERAL FIBER.

 BASEMENT FLOOR AND WALLS  IDENTICAL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION PROPERTIES TO

FINISHING FELTS.
 ELEVATOR PITS
 MINIMUM STRETCH AND SHRINKAGE OR WETTING OR DRYING
 SWIMMING POOL WHICH MEANS MINIMUM DISTORTION.

 MACHINE ROOMS, AIR CON & PUMP ROOMS  LOSES STRENGTH SLOWLY WHILE AGING.

 REFRIGERATION & COLD STORAGE ROOMS  EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO “BURNOUT” IN HOT CLIMATE.

THREE TYPES OF WATERPROOFING:  RAT RESISTANT.

 INTEGRAL TYPE – MEDIUM IN POWDER FORM IS ADDED ORGANIC:

AND MIXED WITH THE AGGREGATES OF CONCRETE. IN THIS CASE, ONE
PACK OF USUALLY .908 KILOS IS ADDED TO ONE BAG OF KILOS CEMENT.  ORGANIC FELTS – COMPOSED OF FIBROUS ORGANIC MATERIALS.
SOME OF THE KNOWN BRANDS ARE SAHARA AND SAKURA. SUBJECT TO DETERIORATION BY OXIDATION AND TO WICKING.

 MEMBRANE TYPE – RECOMMENDED FOR USE WHERE  DIFFERENT EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION PROPERTIES FROM
DIRECT RAIN, OR STANDING WATER ARE EMINENT, THERE ARE ABOUT 14 FINISHING PLIES.
USES. THE MATERIALS USED DEPENDING ON THE MANUFACTURER IS
EITHER ASPHALT PAPER LAID WITH HOT ASPHALT, IMPREGNATED
ASBESTOS FELT, SOMETIMES THICK POLYETHYLENE SHEETS IS ALSO  MAXIMUM STRETCH AND SHRINKAGE ON WETTING AND DRYING WHICH
USED. OTHER MATERIALS ARE PERFORMED SELF SEALING ASPHALT. MEANS MAXIMUM DISTORTION.

 FLUID APPLIED – A FLUID APPLIED ELASTOMERIC COATING  LOSES STRENGTH RAPIDLY WHILE AGING.
BASED ON HAVY SOLIDS ELASTOMER COMPOUND FORMULATED TO
WATERPROOF AND PRESERVE THE SUBSTRATE, LIKE CONCRETE,  POOR RESISTANCE TO “BURNOUT” IN HOT CLIMATE.
WOOD, BRICKS AND STEEL. THE WATERPROOFING IS MONOLOTHIC,
SEAMLESS, FLEXIBLE AND ELASTIC OVER A WIDE TEMPERATURE
RANGE, WITHSTANDS EXTREME THERMAL MOVEMENT, SETTLING AND  POOR RESISTANCE TO ROT.
CRACKING. IT RESISTS PUNCTURE AND TEARING ABRASIVE
OVERLAYMENTS. THIS ELASTOMERIC FLUID CAN BE APPLIED BY
VAPOR INSULATION (DAMPROOFING)
ROLLER, BRUSH, SPRAY OR SQUEEGEE.
THE DAMPNESS THAT SOMETIMES OCCURS INSIDE BUILDINGS CAN BE CAUSED BY  KRAFT PAPER COATED WITH ASPHALT OR WAX. SOMETIMES TWO
PENETRATION OF MOISTURE FROM THE OUTSIDE OR BY CONDENSATION OF WATER LAYERS OF PAPER ARE CEMENTED WITH A CONTINOUS LAYER OF
VAPOR GENERATED ON THE INSIDE. PROTECTION FROM THE OUTSIDE IS PROVIDED ASPHALT. ANOTHER MATERIALS USED FOR DAMP-PROOFING OF
BY WATER REPELLENT MATERIALS WHICH TURN ASIDE AND FORCE IT TO RETURN TO CONCRETE WALLS IS “WEATHERKOTE” BITUMINOUS EMULSION, BY
THE EARTH DONE THE OUTSIDE OF THE BUILDING. MOISTURE VAPOR ON THE OTHER SHELL.
HAND CAN PERMEATE MOST ORDINARY BUILDING MATERIALS SUCH AS WOOD,
PAPER, LATH PLASTER, UNTREATED BRICK, ETC. THE MOISTURE VAPOR WILL
CONDENSE WATER WHEN ITS TEMPERATURE IS REDUCED BY CONTACT WITH A COOL THERMAL INSULATION
SURFACE OR COOL AIR. HENCE, HIGH HUMIDITY IN A BUILDING MAY RESULT IN
CONDENSATION OF WATER NOT ONLY ON THE INSIDE OF WALLS AND WINDOWS BUT IN COLD WEATHER, WE ARE INTERESTED IN TRANSFERRING HEAT FROM FURNACES,
ALSO ON THE OUTSIDE OR WITHIN THE EXTERIOR WALLS, CEILING OR ROOF. RADIATORS, HEATING PANELS, INTO VARIOUS ROOMS OF OUR BUILDINGS. AT THE
MOISTURE VAPOR IS PRODUCED BY COOKING OCCUPANTS, LAUNDERING, EARTH SAME TIME WE ARE INTERESTED IN PREVENTING THAT HEAT FROM BEING
CRAWL SPACES, BASEMENT FLOORS, HUMIDIFIES, ETC. TRANSFERRED FROM THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING TO THE OUTSIDE.

VAPOR BARRIERS (DAMPROOFING MATERIALS) DURING THE SUMMER, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT WE PREVENT THE TRANSFER OF HOT
OUTSIDE TEMPERATURES TO THE WORKING AND LIVING SPACE WITHIN OUR
THESE ARE MATERIALS WHICH EFFECTIVELY RETARD OR STOP THE FLOW OF WATER BUILDINGS.
VAPOR AND NORMALLY ARE PRODUCED IN SHEETS OR THIN LAYERS. VAPOR
BARRIERS SHOULD BE INSTALLED ON THE WARM SIDE OF THE INSULATION. THEY ALL OF THESE ARE DONE BY THE JUDICIOUS USE OF MATERIALS WHICH IS BEST
SHOULD BE CONTINUOUS SURFACES OF ASPHALT OR WAX COATED PAPER, PREVENT THE TRANSFER OF HEAT, THIS WE CALL THERMAL INSULATION.
ALUMINUM, OR OTHER METAL FOIL SHEETS OR POLYETHYLENE FILM. THEY CAN BE
ATTACHED TO THE INSULATION AS PART OF THE MANUFACTURED PRODUCT OR
INSTALLED SEPARATELY IN OR ON THE WARM SIDE OF THE WALL, FLOOR, OR KINDS OF THERMAL INSULATION
CEILING. THEY MUST BE CONTINUOUS AND ALLOW NO OPENINGS THROUGH WHICH
VAPOR MAY PASS. ALTHOUGH ASPHALT PAPER IS A GOOD MOISTURE BARRIER, IT IS  LOOSE FILL – THIS BULKY AND DIVIDED INTO:
NOT A VAPOR BARRIER, AND SHOULD BE USED ON THE OUTSIDE OF A BUILDING FOR
THAT PURPOSE.
 FIBROUS TYPE
MATERIALS USED AS VAPOR BARRIERS:
 GRANULAR INSULATION
 POLYETHYLENE FILM – THIS IS CHEMICALLY INERT PLASTIC,
UNAFFECTED BY ACIDS, ALKALIS AND CAUSTICS, PRODUCED IN ROLLS  FIBROUS LOOSE FILL
OF 3 TO 20 FT. WIDE. COMMON THICKNESSES ARE 2,3,4 AND 6 MIL (1MIL
= .001 IN.) THIS FILM IS USEFUL NOT ONLY AS VAPOR BARRIER FOR
 GRANULE
WALLS, CEILINGS AND FLOORS BUT ALSO AS A BARRIER TO PREVENT
THE PASSAGE OF MOISTURE FROM THE EARTH UPWARD THROUGH A
CONCRETE SLAB LAIN ON THE GROUND. POLYETHYLENE FILM CAN BE  BLANKET INSULATION- IS MADE FROM SOME FIBROUS MATERIAL SUCH AS
APPLIED VERTICALLY IN 36 IN. WIDE STRIPS TO STUDDING ON 16 IN. MINERAL WOOL, WOOD FIBER, COTTON FIBER, OR ANIMAL HAIR.
CENTERS WITH A FULL OVERLAP ON ALTERNATE STUDS. FILMS ARE
STAPLED TO STUDS. OVERLAPS AND EXTENSIONS TO FLOORS AND
WALLINGS SHALL BE 6 IN.  BATTS

 ALUMINUM FOIL – USED AS VAPOR BARRIER AS A SINGLE SHEET,  STRUCTURAL INSULATION BOARD
OR AS A THIN LAYER OF FOIL LAMINATED TO A HEAVY BACKING OF
ASPHALT-IMPREGNATED KRAFT PAPER. THIS IS ALSO DONE WITH TWO  STRAWBOARD
LAYERS OF FOIL LAMINATED WITH ASPHALT CEMENT.

 CORKBOARD
 BLOCK OR RIGID SLAB INSULATION – THIS TYPE OF INSULATION IS SO CALLED  SPRAYED-ON-INSULATIONS – MATERIALS USED ARE POLYURETHANE FOAM
BLOCK OR RIGID BECAUSE THE UNITS ARE RELATIVELY STIFF AND INELASTIC. ASBESTOS FIBER MIXED WITH INORGANIC BINDERS, VERMICULITE AGGREGATE
WITH A BINDER SUCH AS PORTLAND CEMENT OR GYPSUM AND PERLITE
AGGREGATE USING GYPSUM AS A BINDER. MACHINES ARE USED FOR BLOWING
 FOAMED PLASTIC INSULATION THESE INSULATIONS INTO PLACE; AS A RESULT THE SHAPE OR IRREGULARITY OF
THE SURFACE BEING INSULATED IS OF LITTLE CONSEQUENCE.
 CELLULAR GLASS INSULATION
 ASBESTOS FIBER INSULATION
 FOAMED CONCRETE
 CORRUGATED INSULATION
 CELLULAR HARD RUBBER
SOIL TESTING
 SHREDDED WOOD OR WOOD FIBER
LARGER THAN A SINGLE FAMILY HOUSE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DETERMINE THE SOIL AND
 RIGID SLAB INSULATION WATER CONDITION BENEATH THE SITE.

 RIGID INSULATION- WHICH ARE IMPERVOUS TO MOISTURE METHOD OF SOIL TESTING:

PENETRATION RESULTING FROM CONTINUOUS CONTACT WITH
THE EARTH AND MOISTURE ARE PARTICULARLY USEFUL AS 1. DIGGING TEST PITS – ARE USEFUL WHEN FOUNDATION IS NOT EXPECTED TO
PERIMETER INSULATION. EXTEND DEEPER THAT ABOUT 8 FEET WHICH IS THE MAXIMUM PRACTICAL
REACH OF SMALL EXCAVATION MACHINE.
 REFLECTIVE INSULATION
2. TEST BORING – BORING WITH STANDARD PENETRATION TESTS CAN GIVE AN
INDICATION OF THE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL BY THE NUMBER OF
 ALUMINUM FOIL
BLOWS OF A STANDARD DRIVING HAMMER REQUIRED TO ADVANCE A
SAMPLING TUBE INTO THE SOIL BY A FIXED AMOUNT.
 COPPER- FOIL INSULATIONS
TYPES OF SOILS:
 REFLECTIVE INSULATION
 ROCK – IS A CONTINUOUS MASS OF SOLID MINERAL MATERIALS, SUCH AS GRANITE
 SHEET FOIL OR LIMESTONE, THAT CAN ONLY BE REMOVED BY DRILLING AND BLASTING.

 FOAMED-IN PLACE INSULATION – THIS IS POLYURETHANE PRODUCT MADE BY  SOIL – IS A GENERAL TERM REFERRING TO EARTH MATERIAL.
COMBINING A POLYISOCYANATE AND A POLYESTER RESIN. THIS TYPE OF
INSULATION CAN BE APPLIED EITHER BY POURING OR BY SPRAYING. THE BASIC  BOULDER – IF THE PARTICLE OF SOIL IS TOO LARGE TO LIFT BY HAND.
INGREDIENTS FOR BOTH ARE DRAWN FROM THEIR CONTAINERS, MEASURED,
AND MIXED BY MACHINE.
 COBBLE – IF THE PARTICLE OF SOIL TAKES THE WHOLE HAND TO LIFT.
 APPLICATION BY POURING
 GRAVEL – IF THE PARTICLE CAN BE LIFTED EASILY WITH THUMB AND
FOREFINGER.
 APPLICATION BY SPRAYING

 SAND – IF THE PARTICLE SEEN BUT ARE TOO SMALL TO BE PICKED UP.
  FINE GRAINED SOIL – IF THE PARTICLES ARE TOO SMALL TO BE SEEN.  H-BEARING PILES

 SILT  BOS PILES

 CLAY  RAIL PILES

PILE DRIVING

MATERIAL USED IN PILE FOUNDATION ARE:

1. TIMBER

2. CONCRETE

3. STEEL

TIMBER – CANNOT RESIST HIGH STRESSES DUE TO HARD DRIVING THAT IS REQUIRED TO
PENETRATE HIHLY RESISTANT LAYER OF SOIL. THE TIP OF THE TIMBER PILE WHICH
COULD BE EASILY DAMAGED IS PROTECTED BY THE USE OF STEEL SHOES, ON THE
OTHERHAND THE BUTT IS ALSO PROVIDED WITH AN AMPLE PROTECTION BY THE USE OF
CUSHION BLOCK.

CONCRETE PILES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO TYPES:

1. CAST-IN-PLACE

 CASED – IS CAST INSIDE A METAL SHELL FORM WHICH ARE LEFT IN THE
GROUND.

 UNCASED – ELIMINATE THE METAL CASING.

2. PRECAST PILES – ARE REINFORCED TO RESIST HIGH STRESS CAUSED BY THE

HAMMER IN DRIVING.

METAL PILE – IS AN EXCELLENT AMTERIAL FOR PILE BECAUSE OF ITS STRENGTH

CHARACTERISTICS TO WITHSTAND HARD DRIVING AND RAPID PENETRATION INTO THE
GROUND, RELATIVELY WITH SMALL MATERIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

DIFFERENT METAL PILES: