‘ME 356: Hypersonic Aerothermodynamics, Spring 2019 Stanford University Midterm Exam. ‘Tuesday, May 7 Guidelines: Please tum in neat and clean exam solutions that give all the formulae that you have used as well as details that are required for the grader to understand your solution. Attach these sheets to your solutions. Student's Namez....4¥/6%.. UBBAY Student's ID: PART I: Closed notes, calculators allowed, compressible-flow tables allowed ‘Time: 20 mins Question 1 (40 pts) In a velocity-altitude trajectory diagram, sketch a typical trajectory of the reentry of « spacecraft from LEO, as well as a typical trajectory of an air-launched scramjet-powered vehicle such as the X-43A, and briefly justify your schematics. Additionally, provide a brief description of the most ‘important thermochemical effects that may become important along those two trajectories. Sou: S66 PAGE 6 Clacs weree =ME 356: Hypersonic Acrothermodynamics, Spring 2019 Stanford University Midterm Exam ‘Tuesday, May 7 Guidelines: Please turn in neat and clean exam solutions that give all the formulae that you have used as well as details that are required for the grader to understand your solution, Attack these sheets to your solutions. Assume that the gas behaves as a calarcally perfect one with adiabatic coefficient A unless stated otherwise Student’s Name: Student's ID: PART Il: Open notes, calculators allowed, compressible-flow tables allowed ‘Time: 60 mins Problem 1 (30 pts) 8) (20 pts) Using the straight Newtonian theory of hypersonic flows, in which the shock layer is infnites- ‘mally thin, obtain an expression forthe wave drag coefficient Cp ofan ellipsoid of seminajor axis A and semiminor axis B, as sketched in Fig. 1 +b) (10 pts) Consider the ellipsoid analyzed in part a), with A= 1 em and B= 0.5 cm. The ellipsoid is sade of iron (density py = 7,860 kg/m’), and is ele tromagnetially set in motion atthe entrance of a gun tunnel at @ velocity Usp = § km/s and with the same orientation asthe one depicted in Fig. 1. "The gun tune 7 nel has a length = 100 m and is fled with ait at = Pa = 500 mbar and Tay = 220 K. A tank of water is "= placed at the end of the gun tunnel for stopping the alipsid, as shown in Fig. 2. Using the wave drag co- Sta aie pata, by 2.20 Plo: Hypa fw ove en ps l/lg as the latent eat of vaporization of water, 3- timate the ratio of the mass of vaporized water tothe ‘mass ofthe ellipsoid as the latter comes toa fll stop within the tank, Figure 2: Schematics of the gun tunnel,‘ME 356 Hypersonic Aerothermodynamics, Stanford University Problem 2 (30 pts) ‘A Mach-6 air stream at P, = 500 mbar and T, = 210 K fiows over a blunt body whose radius of curvature is R, = 30 cm. The air 4 stream is laden with a cloud of small spherical é particles made of stainless steel (density pp eee 8,000 kg/m), as sketched in Fig, 3. The parti- + 5 cles have a radius Rp = 20 wm and approach the 7 "| ty bow shock moving at a velocity U, equal tothe = * ",* “yp pre-shock gas velocity U;. Upon cressing the nor- + * | "+ *.” tans ‘mal region ofthe shock, the particles are suddenly +" ae subject to a post-shock gas velocity Us but their inertia makes them to slip on the post shock gas. ‘The conditions analyzed in this problem pertain to the most realistic ease in which the inertia of Figure &: Cloud of slid particles impinging on a the particles is such that thei slippage [Jj—Us| is HyPetsonic blunt body. ofthe same order as the velocity diference UUs acros the sock, Downstream of the shock, and near the symmetry axis ofthe blunt body, the axial velocity eld is approximately given by an inviscid stagnation-point flow, namely U2 Az, where zis the axial coordinate measured from the shock and A=U;/A isa characteristic stain rate, with A the shock standof distance a) (10 pts) Calculate the velocity ofthe pre-shock and post-shock gases, U; and Us near the noemal region ‘of the bow shock, ) (5 pts) Provide a first-order estimate of the shock standoff distance A in terms of the density ratio = pu/pn across the normal region af the bow shock, ©) (5 pts) Assuming that the dynamic viscosity of the pre-shock gas is 4, = 1.4 10-® Ns/m*, and that varies with temperature as T°, with o = 0.7, calculate the characteristic Reynolds number ofa single particle immediately downstream of the normal region of the bow shock, and assess whether the wave dog is more important than the viscous drag for describing the motion of the particle there 4) (5 pts) Write down the second Newton's law applied to a single particle motion along the blunt body's symmetty axis in the post-shock gas, along with the intial condition to be applied at ¢ = 0 when ‘the particle crosses the shock, State the value of the wave drag coefficient Cp obtained from the Newtonian theory [the result obtained in part a) of Problem #1 evaluated for A = B may become useful here), and assume that all other forces acting on the particle are negligible, ) (2.5 pts) Upon normalizing the particle velocity as f, = U,/U;, the particle fight time as 7= tU/A, ‘and the particle position as Z = zp/A, show that the second Newton’s law written in part d) becomes aw 1) (25 pis) Solve Eq, (1) by neglecting the post-shock flow velocity in the hypersonic limit ¢ <1, and provide an expression for the dimensionless velocity of the particle upon impacting on the blunt body’ surface as a function of ¢. 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