Measuring Instruments

 Dynamometer type Wattmeter

 Single Phase Induction Type Energy Meter
 Digital Multimeter
 Digital Voltmeter
Self Learning Component: Advantages of Digital meter over analog meters

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 1

 Multimeter

Energy meter

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 2

 Dynamometer type wattmeter

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 3

Fig. 1. Dynamometer type wattmeter

 Construction
 It consists of two coils, namely fixed coil and moving coil.

 The fixed coil is split into two equal parts which are placed close together and parallel to each other.

 The moving coil is pivoted between the two fixed coils and is placed on the spindle to which the
pointer is attached.

 The fixed coils are connected in series with the load and carry the circuit current. It is, therefore
called current coil.

 The moving coil is connected across the load and carries current proportional to the voltage. It is
therefore called potential coil.

 A high resistance R is connected in series with potential coil to limit the current through it.

 The controlling torque is provided by springs which also serve the additional purpose of leading
current intoJ, Assistant
Dr. Mohana Lakshmi and Professor
out of
Dept.the
of EEE,moving
MCE, Hassan coil. 4
 Refer notes for derivation of power

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 5

 Single Phase (1-) Induction Type Energy Meter

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 6

Fig. 2. Single phase induction type energy meter

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 7
Only for better understanding
 Construction
An induction type single phase energy meter shown in the figure had the following main
parts:
 Driving System
 Moving System
 Braking System
 Recording System

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 8

 Driving System

It consists of two electromagnets, “shunt magnet” and “series magnet”

 Series magnet :
 Lower magnet, consisting of U-shaped laminations of silicon steel.
 Has thick wires with few turns wound on both limbs
 Known as Current Coil and is connected in series with the load.
 Produces magnetic field proportional and in phase with line current I

 Shunt magnet:
 Upper magnet, consisting of M-Shaped laminations of silicon steel.
 Has thin wires with large number of turns on the central limb
 Coil is connected across load and is known as potential coil
Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 9
Moving system

 Consists of light rotating aluminium disc mounted on vertical spindle or shaft.

 Shaft is connected by a gear arrangement to a clock mechanism in order to provide information about
the energy consumed by the load.
 The fluxes produced by shunt & series magnet induce eddy currents in the aluminium disc.
 Interaction between the two magnetic fields and eddy currents sets up a driving torque in the disc and
the disc rotates.
 The no. of rotations made by the disk is proportional to the energy consumed by the load in a certain
time interval.
 Energy consumed is commonly measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh)

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 10

Braking system

 It consists of a C shaped Permanent magnet in the airgap between the magnets.

 The movement of rotating disc through the magnetic field crossing the air gap
sets up eddy currents in the disc.
 The eddy current reacts with the magnetic field and exerts a braking torque.

Recording mechanism

 The function of recording or registering mechanism is to record continuously a

number on the dial which is proportional to the revolutions made by the
aluminium disc.
 The no. of revolution on the disc is a measure of electrical energy passing through
the meter.
Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 11
 Operation/Working Principle

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 12

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 13
Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 14
Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 15
 Digital Voltmeter

Fig. 3. Block Diagram of Digital Voltmeter

The Digital Voltmeter (DVM) displays measurement of ac or dc voltages as discrete

numbers instead of a pointer deflection on a continuous scale as in analog instruments.

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 16

 Working
 The output of the pulse generator is applied to one leg of an AND gate. The
input signal to the other leg of the AND gate is a train of pulses.
 The output of the AND gate is, thus, a positive trigger train of duration t
second and the inverter converts it into a negative trigger train.
 The counter counts the number of triggers in t seconds which is proportional
to the voltage under measurement.
 Thus, the counter can be calibrated to indicate voltage in volts directly.

DVM is an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) which converts an analog signal

into a train of pulses, the number of which is proportional to the input voltage.
Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 17
 So a digital voltmeter can be made by using any one of the A/D conversion
methods. On the basis of A/D conversion method used digital voltmeters can be
classified as:
 Ramp type digital voltmeter
 Integrating type voltmeter
 Potentiometric type digital voltmeters
 Successive approximation type digital voltmeter
 Continuous balance type digital voltmeter

Fig. 4 Representation of DVM using blocks

Now-a-days digital voltmeters are also replaced by digital multimeters due to its
multitasking feature i.e. it can be used for measuring current, voltage and resistance.
Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 18
 Digital Multimeter

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 19

Fig. 5. Block Diagram of digital multimeter.
 Digital Multimeter
 A digital multimeter is an electronic instrument which can measure very precisely
the dc and ac voltage, current (dc and ac), and resistance. All quantities other than dc
voltage is first converted into an equivalent dc voltage by some device and then
measured with the help of digital voltmeter.
 For measurement of ac voltage, the input voltage, is fed through a calibrated,
compensated attenuator, to a precision full-wave rectifier circuit followed by a ripple
reduction filter. The resulting dc is fed to an Analog Digital Converter (ADC) and the
subsequent display system.
 For current measurement, the drop across an internal calibrated shunt is measured
directly by the ADC in the ‘dc current mode’, and after ac to dc conversion in the ‘ac
current mode.
 For resistance measurement the digital multimeter operates by measuring the
voltage across the externally connected resistance, resulting from a current forced
through it from a calibrated internal current source’.
Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 20
 Comparison between analog and digital meter

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 21

Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 22
Dr. Mohana Lakshmi J, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE, MCE, Hassan 23