CIVL311: STRUCTURAL DESIGN 1 POINT C

CIVL911: STRUCTURAL DESIGN BASED ON AUSTRALIAN

STANDARDS
AUTUMN 2020 (WEEK 1): INTRODUCTION TO REINFORCED CONCRETE

A/Prof. Neaz Sheikh

Room 4.127
Email: msheikh@uow.edu.au

Consultation time:
Tuesday 11:30 – 13:30
Friday 11:00 – 13:00 (Online: Moodle Discussion)

1 2

Not shown in lecture

Professor Tim McCarthy is Professor of

Structural Design in the School of Civil
Academic Achievements
PhD in Civil Engineering (Structural Engineering)- Mining and Environmental Engineering in
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. the Faculty of Engineering and
Information Sciences at the University
MPhil in Civil Engineering (Structural Engineering)-
of Wollongong, NSW Australia.
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

B.Sc. Engineering (Civil Engineering)-Chittagong He holds BE (Civil) and PhD from

University of Engineering and Technology, University College Cork, Ireland and MSc
Bangladesh
from Cranfield University, UK.
A/Prof. Neaz Sheikh He specialises in ecologically sustainable
Academic Experience
structural design and sustainable
2017 to date: Associate Professor and Deputy Head of construction materials.
School, School of CME, UOW
Prof Tim McCarthy
2010 -2016: Senior Lecturer, School of CME, UOW In 2018, Prof. McCarthy led a team of Head of School
School of Civil, Mining & Environmental Engineering
UOW students who designed, built and
2007-2009: Lecturer, School of CME, UOW.
operated a net zero energy solar powered
2005-2007: Research Academic, University of house (Desert Rose) which was ranked 2nd
Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
in Solar Decathlon Middle East 2018 held
3 in Dubai, UAE. 4
 Not shown in lecture

Reference books Important Notes

These lecture notes do not substitute the recommended
textbooks.

These lecture notes are not peer-reviewed. They may

contain errors.

The lecturer is not responsible for the learning of

students who rely exclusively on the lecture notes.

It is highly recommended that students review the

SJ Foster, AE Kilpatrick and RF Warner
“Reinforced Concrete Basics: Analysis and Yew-Chaye Loo and Sanaul Huq Chowdhury
lecture materials using recommended textbooks (refer
design of reinforced concrete structures”, “Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete to the Subject Outline).
Pearson Australia 2010 Cambridge University Press
ISBN 978-1-4425-3845-0
ISBN-13: 978-1-108-40564-5 Week 1 Lecture notes are based on Foster et al. (2010)
Based on
5 6
AS3600-2009

AGENDA FOR TODAY

Motivation for Week 1 Lecture
 Topics covered weeks 1-13
 Reinforced concrete (RC): an overview What should we learn in CIVL311/CIVL911?
 Properties of concrete and reinforcement Why do we used reinforcement in concrete?
 Analysis and design of RC structures How do we design a structure?
 RC Design based on AS 3600 What is meant by critical load combinations?
 Critical load combinations

7 8
Not shown in lecture Not shown in lecture

Essential Reading Week 1 Essential Reading

SAI-Global database in Library Foster et al. (2010)
Chapter 1: Reinforced concrete- an overview
Chapter 2: Methods of analysis and design
AS/NZS 1170.0 Loo and Chowdhury (2013)
AS/NZS 1170.1 Part 1- Chapter 1: Introduction
Part 1- Chapter 2: Design Properties of Materials

AS 3600:2018
Section 2; Section 3; Section 4; Section 6; Section 8; AS/NZS 1170.0
Section 9; Section 10 and Section 11 Section 4: Combination of actions (pp. 15-17)
(useful for CIVL 314 Structural Design 2) AS 3600
Section 2-Section 4

9 10

Not shown in lecture

Weeks 1-7 Weeks 8-13

PART 1: DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES PART 2: DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

 Week 1: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete (RC)

 Week 8: Introduction to Structural Steel Design
 Week 2: Analysis and Design of Beams for Serviceability
 Week 9: Bending and Shear Strength of Compact Members
 Week 3: Analysis and Design of Beams for Flexural Strength
 Week 10: Web Effects and Deflection
 Week 4: Analysis and Design of Beams for Shear + Detailing
 Week 11: Members in Compression
 Week 5: Analysis and Design of Columns/Walls
Week 12: Flexural-Torsional (Lateral) Buckling of Beams
 Week 6: Analysis and Design of One-Way Slab
 Week 13: Bolted and Welded Connection Design
 Week 7: Mid-Session Examination (Examination:Part 1) Open Open
Book Book
END-OF-SESSION EXAMINATION (EXAMINATION – Exam
MID-SESSION EXAMINATION (EXAMINATION– PART Exam
PART 2) INCLUDES TOPICS COVERED FROM WEEK 8
1) (WEEK 7) INCLUDES TOPICS COVERED FROM WEEK 1
TO WEEK 13
TO WEEK 6 11 12
 Not shown in lecture

CIVL 311 CIVL311 Subject Outline

CO-REQUISITE
ENGG 251: MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
NOTE: PRE-REQUISITE OF ENGG 251
ENGG 102: FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS
To successfully complete
CIVL311, it is important that
you read and understand the
Have you completed the on-line QUIZ in subject outline adequately.
Moodle?

13 14

Not shown in lecture

CIVL911 Subject Outline

Reinforced concrete: an overview

To successfully complete
CIVL911, it is important that
you read and understand the
subject outline adequately.

15 16
 Reinforced concrete: an overview Why Reinforced concrete?

Why Reinforced concrete? Simple beam spanning few metres

Compressive Strength of concrete

adequate (20-100 MPa)
Tensile Strength is poor (2-10 MPa)
Plain concrete not suitable in
structural members

Wight and McGragor (2009) Fifth Ed.

Small amount of steel reinforcement
can improve performance
Reinforced concrete: cheap and
effective structural materials
Can be cast of any shape

RC-Aus (Version 2.0)

17 Cement Concrete and Aggregate Australia Massive structure 18

Properties of Concrete and Reinforcement

Components of Concrete
Concrete = (cement + water)+ (sand + gravel)
= (cement paste) + (aggregate)

Properties of Concrete and Reinforcement

19 20
PCA
 Properties of concrete: compressive strength ( f c )
Characteristic strength, f’c
Compressive strength at 28 days and which is attained by
95% of the tests.

21 22
Gain in compressive strength with time Foster et al (2010) 2E
PCA

Standard Strength Grade of Concrete

Properties of concrete: stress-strain relationship

Characteristic strength, f’c (MPa), used for Grade (AS 3600)

eight standard grades of concrete are specified cu = 0.003

( 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 65, 80 and 100 MPa)

20,25 Plain concrete, ground slabs, footings

32,40 Slabs, beams and columns

50,65 Higher strength elements

100 lower floor columns in high rise buildings

Stress-Strain curves for concrete in compression

23 24
Foster et al (2010) 2E
 Properties of concrete: Elastic Modulus Properties of concrete: tensile strength ( f ct and f ct . f )

 Determined experimentally Uniaxial tensile strength shall be determined from

either flexural tensile strength or splitting tensile
strength

 Secant modulus measured to the

stress strain curve at 45% of peak
stress
In the absence of accurate data:

 For design calculations

AS 3600 gives approximate
expressions Uniaxial tensile strength f ct  0.36 f c

 Depends of grade or strength of

concrete 25
Characteristic flexural tensile strength f ct . f  0.6 f c 26
Foster et al (2010) 2E Foster et al (2010) 2E

Properties of concrete: tensile strength ( f ct and f ct . f )

Properties of standard grade concrete

Standard Mean in Mean insitue Flexural Uniaxial Modular

Uniaxial tensile strength strength situe com. elastic tensile tensile ratio (n=
grade f’c Strength fcmi modulus Ec strength strength f’ct Es/Ec)
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) f’ct.f (MPa) (MPa)

20 22 24000 2.7 1.6 8.3

25 28 26700 3.0 1.8 7.5

32 35 30100 3.4 2.0 6.6

40 43 32800 3.8 2.3 6.1
50 53 34800 4.2 2.5 5.7
65 68 37400 4.8 2.9 5.3
80 82 39600 5.3 3.2 5.0
100 99 42200 6.0 3.6 4.7
Es= 200 GPa

Poisson’s ratio  = 0.2 (AS 3600 Section 3.1.5)

Coefficient of thermal expansion 10x10-6/°C ± 20% (AS 3600 Section 3.1.6)
27 28
Foster et al (2010) 2E
 Properties of reinforcement
Properties of reinforcement

 AS/NZS 4671: Steel Reinforcing Materials Types of reinforcing steel (AS 3600; Table 3.2.1)
 AS 3600 provides information on structural use of
reinforcement Type Designation Ductility
Class
Characteristic
Yield strength
Characteristic Usage
Uniform strain
 Commercially available: reinforcing bars, hard-drawn wire, (MPa)

and welded wire fabric Plain bar R250N N 250 0.050 Fitments
AS/NZS
 Reinforcing bar: round and 12 m lengths; bar diameters 4671
10mm ~40mm; up to 16 diameters also available in coils; Deformed D500L L 500 0.015 Fitments
50mm available by special order bar
AS/NZS
 Hard-drawn: manufactured in coils; cold-worked by rolling 4671
D500N N 500 0.050 Reinforcement for
beam/column/slab
or drawing to increase strength; low ductility
Welded wire D500L L 500 0.015 Fabric/Fitment/
 Welded wire fabric: welding intersection of a series of mesh, plain, General use
longitudinal and cross bars. Used mainly in footings, slabs, deformed or
indented D500N N 500 0.050 Slabs tension
etc. 29 AS/NZS reinforcement 30
4671

Properties of reinforcement

Details of normal ductility reinforcement

Designation and Nominal area Calculated Calculated
diameter (mm) (mm2) area (mm2) mass
(kg/m)
N10 80 79 0.617
N12 110 113 0.888
N16 200 201 1.58
N20 310 314 2.47
N24 450 452 3.55
N28 620 616 4.83
N32 800 804 6.31
N36 1020 1018 7.99
N40 1260 1257 9.86
31 32
 Analysis and Design of RC structures
The Design Process
(i) Concept Design:
Clarify the purpose and function for appropriate structural form
Critical load actions are identified to choose structural system
Promising alternative structural concepts are identified
Few concepts are shortlisted that fits with the constraints
(ii) Preliminary Design:
Alternative concepts are compared with great details considering cost,
Analysis and Design of RC structures structural efficiency and functionality.
Simplified and approximate analysis and design calculations are carried
out to determine approximate member sizes
The best concept is chosen

(iii) Detailed Design:

Preliminary design is checked using accurate calculations; modifications
are made, if necessary.
Serviceability checks are made
components with connections are designs (detailed)
Drawings and specifications are prepared
33 34

Structural Design Requirements: Limit States

Modern structural design adopts limit state philosophy. A limit state is an Structural Design Requirements: Limit States
estimated boundary between success and failure. The designer estimates the
boundary, in terms of imposed actions, and provides margin of safety against
its occurrence.
Design objectives:
Serviceability
(associated with poor performance of the structure, which even
though not life threatening, must be avoided) performs well structurally under day-to-day service conditions- e.g., without
excessive deflection
Strength has adequate reserve strength to resist the overloads and environmental
(associated with collapse or other forms of structural damage extremes that may occur during its life
likely to endanger life) is durable- it is not subjected to rapid deterioration so that it will continue
to function without the need for undue maintenance and repair over its
Durability design life
(associated with corrosion of embedded reinforcement: concrete is robust- so that it is able to resist unexpected and accidental loads and
cover; fire resistance) actions that may reasonably be assumed to occur, such as blast and collision
Robustness
(no progressive collapse; resist unexpected or accidental loads- 35 36
blast, collision, etc.)
 OPAL TOWER
TUTORIAL QUESTION 1 IN SYDNEY OLYMPIC PARK
The beam shown in the photo is used to support a portion of the overhang for ABC News: 22 Feb 2019, 5:13am
the entranceway of the building. The idealized model for the beam with the
load acting on it is shown in Figure. Assume B is a roller and C is pinned. Draw
shear and moment diagram for the beam. Identify the maximum shear force
and bending moment (positive and negative).

The Opal Tower was evacuated on Christmas Eve

after a concrete panel cracked. (AAP: Mick Tsikas)
Parts of the Opal Tower were constructed (completed in
August 2018) using "lower-strength concrete" with "under-
designed" critical support beams bursting under extreme
pressure, an investigation into the apartment complex has
found.
The report showed damage to the floor of level 10.

Exposed grout

A highlighted crack in the plaster and

37 wall on the 10th floor of Sydney's 38
Opal Tower. (The Guardian)
Structural Analysis (Eighth SI Ed.)- R.C. Hibbeler

MASCOT TOWER
IN SYDNEY OLYMPIC PARK

ABC news: 15 Oct 2019, 4:20pm

Mascot Towers, which sits right next to Mascot train station,

was built 10 years ago. (AAP: Bianca De Marchi)

The 132-unit Mascot Towers was

evacuated in June 2019 because
of structural faults.

NSW building commissioner blasts

Mascot Towers design as 'poor'
during heated inquiry exchange

39 40
A crack is seen in a section of the Mascot Towers building. (AAP: Bianca
De Marchi)
 RC Design Based on AS 3600 and AS/NZS 1170 Load Combinations

Strength Design Section 4.2; AS /NZS 1170.0

Design Loads and Actions
Dead load acting alone 1.35 G
AS/NZS 1170 Provides quantitative data for loads Dead load + live load 1.2 G + 1.5 Q
Dead load expressed as a table of unit weights Dead load + long-term live load 1.2 G + 1.5 lQ
Live loads considered uniformly distributed over floor area Dead load + live Load + wind 1.2 G + cQ + Wu
Dead load + wind action reversal 0.9 G + Wu
Note:
Dear load + earthquake + live load G+ Eu+cQ
Design loads in AS/NZS 1170 are highly idealized
l is a factor applied to live load that acts for long period of time
It gives reasonable upper limit of load effect
(l=0.4~0.6 with a maximum 1.0 for machinery installed for long period of
Also, small enough to allow for economic design time)
c is a combination factor (c=0.4~0.6 with a maximum of 1.2 for
machinery installed for long period of time)
41 42

Load Combinations Design Requirements:

Strength
Serviceability Design Rd≥Ed
Rd= Design Capacity (Strength) of the cross-section
Dead load + long-tem live load G +  lQ
Ed= Design action effect
Dead load + short-term live load G + sQ
Dead load + live Load + wind G + sQ + Ws

s is a factor applied to live load that acts for short period of time Rd≥ Ru
s= 0.7~1.0 Rd= Design Capacity (Strength) of the cross-section
Ru= Nominal capacity of the cross-section
Stability Design
= Strength (or capacity) reduction factor

Forces tending to move the structure compared with forces tending to

maintain stability (Refer AS/NZS 1170 [Section 4.2] for load
combinations)
43 44
 Values of  for strength design using elastic analysis AS 3600; Table 2.3.2 Design Requirements

AS3600: 2018
Serviceability Design
Calculated Deflection < maximum allowable deflection
For pure bending (for ductile Limits for calculated vertical deflection of beams and slabs
members with Class N
reinforcement only Type of Deflection to be considered Deflection limitation Deflection limitation
member (/Lef) for spans (/Lef) for cantilever
= 0.85
All members The total deflection 1/250 1/125

Members The deflection which occur 1/500 where provision is 1/250 where provision is
For shear = 0.75 supporting after the addition or made to minimize the made to minimize the
masonry attachment of the partitions effect of movement, effect of movement,
partitions otherwise 1/1000 otherwise 1/1000
For pure axial compression
Members The deflection that occur Manufacturer’s Manufacturer’s
= 0.65 supporting after the addition or specification but not specification but not
other brittle attachment of the finish more than 1/500 more than 1/250
finishes

Members The imposed action (live load 1/800 1/400

subjected to or dynamic impact)
vehicular or deflection
pedestrian
45 traffic 46

AS 3600; Table 4.10.3.2 AS 3600; Table 4.3 Exposure Classifications

Design for durability
Surface and exposure environment Exposure
Durability in AS 3600 consist of a range of deemed to comply classification

requirements concerning deterioration-related matters (e.g. size of 1. Surface of members in contact with the ground
(a) Members protected by a damp-proof membrane A1
concrete cover and the quality of concrete) (b) Residential footings in non-aggressive soils A1
(c) Other members in non-aggressive soils A2
Required cover for standard formwork and compaction (d) Members in aggressive soils: U
(e) Salt rich soils and soils in areas affected by salinity U
Required cover*, mm
Exposure Characteristics strength (f’c) 2. Surface members in interior environments
classification (a) Fully enclosed within a building except for a brief period of weather exposure during A1/A2
20 MPa 25 MPa 32 MPa 40 MPa ≥50 MPa construction ( residential/non-residential)
(b) In industrial buildings, the member being subjected to repeated wetting and drying B1

A1 20 20 20 20 20 3. Surface members in above-ground exterior environments in areas that are:

(a) inland areas (>50 Km from coastline)
A2 (50) 30 25 20 20 (i) Non-industrial and arid climate zone A1
40 30 25 (ii) Non-industrial and temperate climate zone A2
B1 (60) (iii) Non-industrial and tropical climate zone B1
45 35
(iv) Industrial and any climate zone B1
B2 (65) 50 (b) Near-coastal ( 1 km-50 km from coastline) and any climate zone B1
C1 (70) 65 (c) Coastal and any climate zone B2
4. Surface members in water
C2 (a) In freshwater B1
(b) In soft or running water U
Note: Bracketed figures are the appropriate covers when the concession given related to the strength 5. Surface of maritime structure in sea water
grade permitted for a particular exposure classification is applied. (a) Permanently submerged B2
(b) In pray zone C1
• Cover should not be less than the greater of the maximum nominal aggregate size and bar diameter. (c) In tidal/splash zone C2
47 48
•Covers may need to be increased to improve fire resistance 6. Surface members in other environment U
 Design Requirements
Design Phase
Design for Robustness i. Analysis of the structure (to calculate a set of
internal bending moment, forces and deflections at critical
locations for the most adverse condition of the load cases)

For design purposes AS3600 stipulates that a robustness

test of a structural system should be carried out by
ii. Design of Structure (behaviour of the structure as a
whole to ensure stability, robustness, and satisfactory interactions
applying a set of horizontal loads to the system. The between the constituent parts of the structure.
structure is considered to have adequate robustness if the
lateral deflection do not exceed certain prescribed limits. iii. Design of Sections (to determine appropriate section
Magnitudes of test loads and magnitudes of lateral sizes and concrete properties , reinforcement requirements, shear
deflections are under discussion yet force and axial load resulting from analysis)

iv. Checking (ensuring that design satisfies serviceability

requirements)

49 RC-Aus (Version 2.0)

V. Detailing of Members 50
Cement Concrete and Aggregate Australia

Brief Review: Analysis of Structures

Methods of Analysis of Structures The primary objective of structural analysis is to obtain, for each load
combination, a set of internal forces and moments throughout the
structure that are in equilibrium with the design loads for the required
load combination
Linear Elastic Analysis
1. Analysing the complete 3D structure ( can be very lengthy process
[Section 6.2-6.4 AS 3600] but for some structure unavoidable)

Non-Linear Analysis 2. Dividing the 3D structures into 2D frames (much simpler analysis, and
very often due to repetition, only a few frames will need to be
[Section 6.5-6.9 AS 3600] analysed)

Finite Element Method of Analysis 3. Dividing 2D frames into sub frames (used extensively because
repetition of sub-frames is likely and it further simplifies the
analysis to the extent that a manual analysis can be performed, if
Section 6.10: necessary)
Simplified Methods of Flexural Analysis
51 RC-Aus (Version 2.0) 52
Cement Concrete and Aggregate Australia
 2D Frame Partial sub-frame: In all cases
where only the immediate
joining span is considered, the
stiffness of beam is halved to
reflect the increased flexibility
that will exist in the full frame
Stiffness halved

Single column ( only applicable

when beam are analysed as a
Full Sub-Frame: continuous beam)
End of the columns
remote from the
beams are
generally assumed A continuous beam ( more
to be fixed, unless conservative approach to
assumptions of determine bending moments in
pinned end (e.g. at beams)
RC-Aus (Version 2.0) the footing) 53 RC-Aus (Version 2.0) 54
Cement Concrete and Aggregate Australia Cement Concrete and Aggregate Australia

Loading Arrangement
Loading Arrangement RC-Aus (Version 2.0)
MAXIMUM SUPPORT MOMENT Cement Concrete and Aggregate Australia

RC-Aus (Version 2.0)

MAXIMUM SPAN MOMENT Cement Concrete and Aggregate Australia

1 MIN MAX MIN MAX MAX

1. MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN
(1)
(1) (1)
2. MAX MIN MAX MAX MIN To produce a maximum moment
at a support, the adjacent span
(2) must carry the maximum load
and the next span must
alternate with minimum and
2 MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX 3. MIN MAX MAX MIN MAX maximum load

(2) (2) (2) (3) This produces (n-1) load cases

where n is the number of spans

With two loads to produce

4. MAX MAX MIN MAX MIN maximum span moment, this
gives total of (n+1) load cases
55 (4) 56
 What is the maximum and Minimum Load? Tutorial Question 2: Load Combination: Beam-Cantilever System

weight of RC= 25 kN/m3

Ultimate Limit State Design: Look for AS3600 Load combinations

Dead Load= self

weight+ 2 kPa
(additional Load)

MAXIMUM LOAD Imposed load

= 3kN/m2
Ed= 1.35 G (Permanent action only)

1.2 G +1.5 Q (Permanent and imposed action)

MINIMUM LOAD= ????

RC-Aus (Version 2.0) 57 58

Cement Concrete and Aggregate Australia
Foster et al (2010) 2E

Possible Combinations

Case 1: Load combination 1.35FG

1.35 FG=34.6 kN/m 1.35FG=34.6 kN/m

MB= 204.6 kN-m MC= -155.3 kN-m

RA= 118.94 kN RC= 261.66 kN

103.8 kN
118.94 kN

SFD
4.56 m
3.44 m

204.6 kN.m
Consider unit weight of RC= 25 kN/m3 157.86 kN
Hence, self weight=[500x300+150x(4000-300)]x25x10-6= 17.625 kN/m
Additional load= 2x4= 8 kN/m for services
BMD
Total Dead Load= 17.6+8=25.625 kN/m A B C
Imposed load= 3x4= 12 kN/m 59 60
Foster et al (2010) 2E 155.3 kN.m
 Can we choose different load combination?
Case 2: Load combinations 1.2G+ 1.5Q
In the calculation, it is assumed that load must be the
1.5 FQ 1.5 FQ
same on the beam span and on the cantilever, which
1.2 FG 1.2 FG needs further consideration
Load on cantilever produces negative bending moment
which opposes positive moment in the beam span
For critical MB
1.5 FQ Reduction of design dead load in the cantilever portion
1.2 FG 1.2 FG may increase the beam mid-span moment. Hence for
Cantilever Portion assume minimum load
RA= 177.7 kN MB= 323.9 kN-m RC= 304.5 kN

For critical MC
1.5 FQ 1.5 FQ

1.2 FG 1.2 FG

61 62
MC= -219.4 kN-m

Important Home
Reading
For critical MB

1.5 FQ=18 kN/m

1.2 FG=30.75 kN/m 1.0 FG=25.625 kN/m

Simplified Analysis in AS3600

RA= 180.59 kN MB= 334.99 kN-m RC= 286.3 kN

AS3600 Section 6.10.2

For critical MC
Simplified Method for Reinforced Concrete
1.5 FQ 1.5 FQ
Continuous Beams and One Way Slab
1.2 FG 1.2 FG

MC= -219.4 kN-m

63 64
 Tutorial Question 3 Tutorial Question 4
Calculate the critical moments for the floor system consisting of a slab Calculate the critical moments for the floor system consisting of a slab
supported on a number of parallel beams with cantilever extensions. [Dead supported on a number of parallel beams with cantilever extensions. [Dead
load consists of self weight plus an additional 0.5 kPa over the floor area. load consists of self weight plus an additional 1 kPa over the floor area.
Self weight of RC= 25 kN/m3; Live load 3 kPa] Self weight of RC= 25 kN/m3; Live load 3 kPa]

To be solved
in the
Tutorial
Class
400
Cross-section of a beam cantilever system
Cross-section of a beam cantilever system
Fc Fb Fc
Fb Fc

L2=5m L1=15 m L3=5 m

L1= 12 m L2= 5 m 65 Side view 66
Side view

Not shown in lecture

Important Note: Design Workshop Assignments Design Life of Structures

Standards Structure/Structural components Design Life (year)

* Should be submitted at the end of Design AS 3600-2009 General concrete structure 50 ± 20%*
Workshops AS 3735-2001 Liquid retaining structures 40-60

* Return of assessment sheet within 2 weeks

AS 2159-1995 Piling, including concrete 40-60
AS 4997-2005 Maritime structures Temporary works ≤5
* Tutors/Demonstrators will provide only very Small craft 25
Normal commercial 50
limited or No feedback. A/prof. Neaz Sheikh Special/residential 100
(Part 1: RC Design) will provide feedback as As 5100-2004 Concrete element for bridges 100

solutions of the tutorial assessment tasks.

* More stringent requirements would be appropriate for structures with design life in excess of 50
years (e.g., monumental structures) ,while some relaxation of the requirements may be acceptable
* Design Workshop assessment task will be for structures with a design life less than 50 years (e.g., temporary structures)

marked based on completion and accuracy!

67 68
 Properties of standard grade concrete Properties of reinforcement

Standard Mean in Mean Flexural Uniaxial Modular Details of normal ductility reinforcement
strength situe insitue tensile tensile ratio (n=
grade f’c com. elastic strength strength Es/Ec) Designation and Nominal area Calculated Calculated
(MPa) Strength modulus f’ct.f f’ct (MPa) diameter (mm) (mm2) area (mm2) mass
fcmi (MPa) Ec (MPa) (MPa)
(kg/m)
20 22 24000 2.7 1.6 8.3 N10 80 79 0.617
25 28 26700 3.0 1.8 7.5
N12 110 113 0.888
32 35 30100 3.4 2.0 6.6
N16 200 201 1.58
40 43 32800 3.8 2.3 6.1
N20 310 314 2.47
50 53 34800 4.2 2.5 5.7
N24 450 452 3.55
65 68 37400 4.8 2.9 5.3
80 82 39600 5.3 3.2 5.0 N28 620 616 4.83
100 99 42200 6.0 3.6 4.7 N32 800 804 6.31
Es= 200 GPa N36 1020 1018 7.99
Poisson’s ratio  = 0.2 (AS 3600 Section 3.1.5)
N40 1260 1257 9.86
Coefficient of thermal expansion 10x10-6/°C ± 20% (AS 3600 Section 3.1.6)
69 70

Properties of reinforcement Design areas for reinforcing bars at various spacing

Design areas of various numbers of reinforcing bars

Bar Areas per metre width (mm2/m)
Table B.6 spacing
No of Area (mm2) Foster et al. N10 N12 N16 N20 N24 N28 N32 N36
(mm)
bars (2010)
N10 N12 N16 N20 N24 N28 N32 N36 100 800 110 2000 3100
0
1 80 110 200 310 450 620 800 1020
120 670 920 1670 2580
2 160 220 400 620 900 1240 1600 2040 140 570 790 1430 2210 3210
3 240 330 600 930 1350 1860 2400 3060 160 500 690 1250 1940 2810
4 320 440 800 1240 1800 2480 3200 4080 180 440 610 1110 1720 2500 3440

5 400 550 1000 1550 2250 3100 4000 5100 200 400 550 1000 1550 2250 3100

6 480 660 1200 1860 2700 3720 4800 6120 220 360 500 910 1410 2040 2820 3640

240 330 460 830 1290 1870 2580 3330

7 560 770 1400 2170 3150 4340 5600 7140
260 310 420 770 1190 1730 2380 3080 3920
8 640 880 1600 2480 3600 4960 6400 8160
280 290 390 710 1110 1610 2210 2860 3640
9 720 990 1800 2790 4050 5580 7200 9180
300 270 370 670 1030 1500 2070 2670 3400
10 800 1100 2000 3100 4500 6200 8000 10200
71 72