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BIO210 Lab Report 2

This document summarizes an experiment on microscope anatomy, use, and care. It describes the parts of the microscope and how to properly use one. Procedures for setting up and viewing a specimen are provided, along with how to prepare a wet mount slide. The importance of microscopes in science and medicine is discussed. Care must be taken to avoid damaging the microscope, slides, or specimens.

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Isra Malla
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216 views6 pages

BIO210 Lab Report 2

This document summarizes an experiment on microscope anatomy, use, and care. It describes the parts of the microscope and how to properly use one. Procedures for setting up and viewing a specimen are provided, along with how to prepare a wet mount slide. The importance of microscopes in science and medicine is discussed. Care must be taken to avoid damaging the microscope, slides, or specimens.

Uploaded by

Isra Malla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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American University of Science and Technology

Department of Laboratory Science and Technology

BIO 210L: Cells and Molecules Laboratory

Experiment 2
Microscope anatomy, use and care.

Name: Isra’ Malla


Instructor’s Name: Dr. Jeanne Andary
Date Experiment Done: 23 March 2020
Report 1: Microscope anatomy, use, and care
A. Introduction
 The start of microscopy was not until the late 1300. On the opposite ends of a tube were
placed two lenses. The simplicity in this project gave birth to modern microscopy. Several
Dutch lens makers designed devices that magnified objects in the late 16th century, but it
wasn’t until 1606 that Galileo Galilei perfected the first magnifying device known as
microscope. Zacharias Janssen and Hans Lipperhey, two Dutch spectacle makers are
noted also to be the first to develop the concept of the compound microscope (light
microscope/bright-field microscope). This type of microscope uses 2 lenses, the first
image produced by the first lens is further magnified by the second lens. This microscope
uses the most basic range of techniques in light-microscopes used for illumination of
samples. The dark sample on a bright background is the typical appearance of the bright-
field microscopy just like the name. The advantages of this microscope includes simplicity
of setup with only basic equipment required and can be used to observe specimens such as
living cells.
 In this session we learned the different parts of the microscope and how to use them inane
to have the best results and magnification results. The main parts of the light microscope
are: base, light source, luminous field-diaphragm, course focus, fine focus, condenser,
table, stage, objective revolver, lens tube and eyepiece.

B. Materials
In this session we used a virtual microscope with a virtual e-slide and a virtual onion
epidermis.

C. Procedure
I. How to turn on the microscope:
 Mount the specimen on the stage
Make sure you are using the correct type of coverslip (it should be thin). The stage may be
equipped with clips to hold on the slide. The slide should be positioned by adjusting the stage.
 Optimize the lighting
Adjust the illumination so that it is comfortable and bright without hurting the eyes. Aimed
toward the middle of the condenser should the light be. The light source should be equipped with
high intensity illuminations at high magnification or lower intensity so that it can be comfortable
for the eyes at low magnification.
 Adjust the condenser
The condenser should be set to bright field (high contrast). As we move the aperture diaphragm
lever, the light that goes through the sample should change brightness.
 Focus, locate, and center the specimen
For the specimen we wish to examine we need to start with the lowest magnification (4x). The
stage should be brought closer to the objective while the focus is fixed. The first image that
comes into focus while the stage and the objective are coming close together is the top of the
cover slip. The top of the sample comes into focus first then the rest.
Once the specimen is in focus, we need to adjust contrast intensity and illumination and move
the slide around until we center it and have a good viewing point of the sample we wish to
observe.
 Adjustment of eyepiece separation and focus
If the microscope contains binoculars, they need to be adjusted particularly for your eyes
(eyepiece separation). Look with one eye into one eyepiece and adjust focus, then the same for
the other adjustable eyepiece.
 Selecting an appropriate objective lens for viewing
We need to move up in magnification by steps (starting with 4x). Each time we go to a higher
magnification (objective lens) we need to refocus and re-center the specimen. There is the risk of
breaking the lens since with higher magnification they should be close to the sample on the slide
so we need to be very cautious.
 Adjust focus as we work
If you have performed these steps: For the rest of the usage it should only be necessary to adjust
the fine focus knob.

II. How to turn off a microscope:


 First, turn the light off
 Second, lower down the stage to the maximum
 Third, return objective into low magnification (4x)
 Fourth, remove slide and put it in a bio-hazard container and clean the lenses with a
disinfectant wipe
 Fifth, unplug the microscope and wrap the cord loosely and securely
 Sixth, cover microscope then carry with both hands and return it back to its place
 Finally, we need to clean everything, remove our gloves after we clean and wash our
hands thoroughly before we leave the lab.

D. Results
Images that are produced by the bright-field microscope appear dark and highly colored
(contrasted) against a bright/white gray background. The e-slide we observed on the virtual
microscope appeared upside down and reversed. To find out the magnification of the image of
the specimen that I’m examining we need to take the power of the objective (4X/10X/40X) and
multiply by the power of the lens or eyepiece. The brightness of the sample decreases as the
magnification increases, also the working distance decreases. But overall the resolution is better.

Preparation of a wet mount:


We put water between the sample on the slide and the cover slip hence the name ‘wet mount’.

Materials:
- Slides and cover slips
- Onion epidermis
- Plastic Pasteur dropper
- Compound bright field microscope

Procedure:
The bright-field microscope can show live tissues and organisms by making a wet mount on a
slide.

1.We use a clean slide and a clean cover slip


2.We remove a thin layer of epidermis from the inner side of an onion slice using a forceps and a
scalpel, then we lay it flat on the slide.
3.On top of the epidermis layer we add two drops of water
4. Hold the cover slip on both corners at an angle
5.We slowly lower the cover slip on the watery epidermis. Then the water will spread all over
the sample.
6.We need to carefully put the cover slip using our fingers or a needle probe to prevent any air
bubble formation. If air bubbles occur, prepare a new wet mount.
7.We place the slide on the microscope and observe the wet mount with the lowest objective
power.
8.While observing the epidermis under low/high power and after adjusting the iris diaphragm
for the brightness, we’re able to see brick walls with each part consisting of a cell. These are the
cell walls found in plant cells and not in animal cells.
9.Finally, dispose of the cover slip in the bio-hazard container and clean the wet mount slides.
E. Discussion
It is so important to master microscopy inane to study all different cells, microorganisms, and
molecular structures. They are the most used tool for diagnostic when doctors examine tissue
samples. Without these magnifying instruments we would be hardly able to identify, study or see
many tiny organisms/microorganisms that allow scientists to develop and build new vaccines &
cures for infectious and deadly diseases in the humans (such as the new covid-19) and the
animals. Even though microscopes seem very sturdy and heavy, in reality they are quite fragile,
especially the focus and lenses. It may seem tempting to carry the microscope by the eyepiece
but this should never be done, always pick us the microscope with both hands, one hand on the
base and the other on the microscope itself. familiarize yourself with the operations of the
particular model you have before starting to use it. Try to find out what each knob or button does
prior to touching it to avoid any damage. Always cover the microscope with its case when it’s
not in use. Always clean the slides before putting them on stage; they should always be dry.
Unplug the microscope before cleaning it, use an air blower or a hair brush to whisk away the
dust in the lenses or alcohol for the objective lens. The magnification should be on the lowest
and the stage should be all the way down in order not to damage the objective lens or break it.
We need to hold one edge down onto the slide and then slowly ease the opposite side down. This
helps avoiding air bubbles. If place the cover flat, it is likely to trap air under the slide cover.

F. Acknowledgment
I thank my instructor for her help with me understanding all the different parts of the microscope
and my lab partners for helping me understand this virtual microscope experience.

G. Literature
 http://www1.udel.edu/biology/ketcham/microscope/scope.html
(virtual microscope)
 https://www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/resources/laboratory/light-microscopy/bright-field-
microscopy
 https://histology.medicine.umich.edu/resources/steps-properly-setting-microscope
 https://quizlet.com/25896145/steps-to-putting-away-a-microscope-flash-cards/
 https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-
resource/primer/anatomy/brightfieldgallery/
 file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Packages/Microsoft.MicrosoftEdge_8wekyb3d8bb
we/TempState/Downloads/-microscopelink%201.docx%20(1).pdf
(lab report)
 https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-importance-of-microscopes-in-modern-day-science
 https://sciencing.com/functions-objective-lenses-6470088.html
 https://www.answers.com/Q/What_safety_measures_you_might_take_to_avoid_damagin
g_the_microscope_microscope_slide_or_a_living_specimen_on_your_microscope_stage
 https://www.answers.com/Q/How_do_you_avoid_air_bubbles_when_preparing_a_glass_
slide

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