the

binary
form of
CPFSK
Signal
conventional
can be
expressed
in the a
angle
modulated
signal
s Lt) =

Ffs cos EETft to ft))

-

out is continuous
a
function oftime
all times
-
Sct) is also continuous at
times
including switching
interbit .

)
Oct ) increases decreases linearly with t

during Tb ; ie -

Olt ) 010) I
tttyyt tab
=
⇐

Instantaneous
angle of set )

= 2 it
ft t 06 )
Iliff t

= 2T
( fet few ) t t 010 )

lets
define ,
f ,
= ft htt
and fz =
fe htt-
 Thus , fc =
AI = arithmetic mean
2
of fihfz
and h = Tb ( fi fz )
-

= Hi fz )
-

normalized w r IT
- .

bit rate YTB

'

PHASE TRELLIS

Oct ) - 06) =
I
Iffy of t

at t -

-
Tb

={
'
+ Th i

Olt) -
O( o ) -
Ith
'
O
'

increases the phase of

sending
'
a
'
Thus ,
t

sit ) by Ith radians and sending of

'
O '

debases the phase by the Same amount .

which
A
plot of variation of phase Oct) with tin
follows
a
path consisting
a
sequence of straight
lines is called phase tree
, a The
slopes .

lines
of the
represent frequency change .

The phase of a CF' FSK

odd f even
signal is an

multiple of ith radians

\, multiples
at odd( even
of Tb .
Each path from left to
right corresponds
binary
to a sequence input
specific .

For example , the path for the

binarySeg .

1000011 is shown in
fig oil red .

whenh
out Oo 't
Iast
-

Thus phase bit interval IIT

change
over one
-

But of is exactly
changeof
a it the same as
mod this case ,
changeis
a -
IT 21T .
9h
i
there
memory
no
Knowing ,
-
e .
which

particular change occurred in the

previous
bit interval provides help in the no

bit internal with

current
ht is known
The
as the
.

Sunde 's FSK

CPFSK
Signal .

fit
{ Fff cos 2 'T o stets
sect ) =

O
,
elsewhere
1=1,2

for some fixed integer nd

fi =

nests
s
,

Sz Ct
it ,

)
→

→
i

'
,

O for
'
=

f- I fz= Fb
-
sltt-fffcosfrfctt.it#+og
FEET ( fe±f
, h -

-
Tb (f -
t]
H =L
'
'

-
t
'

Oo
'
→

-
-
O
I

O
signal space Representation of Sunde 's FSK

basis
since sit )

functions
and salt )
can be
are
orthogonal
defined as
,

Fb Coszttfift )
{
O# Els
dict) -
-

O elsewhere
,
E- 1,2

thus ,

S it
, ) = ⑥ dict) costs Tb

52ft) = Effect )

I=[⑨o]iI=(%#
 Binary FSK Transmitter

COHERENT BINARY FSK RECEIVER

ERROR PROBABILITY OF BINARY FSK

For Sunde 's FSR D= GET ,

average probability of
the bet error

P4Besq=Q
D= ZED and
For
Binary PSK ,

Pee Bpsq = Q
(12¥)
Thus Pe,BFSk7Pe,Bp€
 two
hase can
values tithe at odd multiples of Tb
take on
only the

the two values o and IT at even multiples

,
and
only
of Tb as shown below This graph is called a .

phase trellis a tree like structure with

branches )
(
reemerging

T
with h -

-
k ,
we have

h =
Tb ( fi -
fz )

fi fz
- =

La = of
is the minimum
This
frequency spacing
that
allows two FSK to be
signals orthogonal .

St is
forthis that a
binary as
region
CPFSK
signalwith 4=42 is known

keying
minimum
shift Cms K) .
BTM

O
 of the

one
N

possib
 orthonormal basis
functions for the MSG

selected as
signal can be .

Then MSK
signal can be expressed as

Sct) = Sid, ft ) t Szdztt)

!!! Ltd, Hdt Tss t 5lb

where s, =
s
-

= ⑨ Cos { 0107 }
 "
f!
And
Sz sett dat) dl
-

=
-
Ef Sin Oles )
} ,
0*1275
gt be noted that time interval oeteb
may States OCD and OCB)
for which the phase
are defined is common to integrals
both

constellation for
,

According le the signal

two dimensional
an Msk signal is
points
with four possible signal

=3t
 The
signal space diagram of MSK is thus
similar to that of QPSK as both have

four signal points

transmitted
. However in QPSK
the
represented
Symbol is

whereas
by any
one
of two
four
the
points ,
in Msk one of signal points is
used to
represent the transmitted
symbol
the
at
value ofany
time depending
,
on
OCD .

signal space characterization of MSK .

Mi -

:3
Inopposite
Mz
m.

Mu

signs
 MSK has Continuous Phase How?
f- 5-
-

4Tb
iz
'
'
'

ith it
"

to
iz
"
o
it h

f- 2=7
Phase sequence
K even
,
→

HTB
←

at 0,27g , . -
-

← K - odd

d- Tb 35,
- -
- -

See page
393 of the
Continuous Text book
phase MSK for more
signal details
 Transmitter Block Diagram of MSK
2 t 1 2 1 1 2 t
cos(2 f ct ) cos (cos(2 ( f c )t ) cos(2 ( f c )t )) cos(2 f c t ) cos
Tb 2Tb
2 Tb 4Tb 4Tb Tb 2Tb
1 2 1 1
cos(2 ( f c )t cos(2 ( f c )t 1 2 1
2 Tb 4Tb 4Tb cos(2 ( f c )t )
2 Tb 4Tb

1
f1 fc
4Tb
s1

1 1 2
cos(2 ( f c
1
)t )
f2 fc 2 Tb 4Tb s2
4Tb
1 2 1 1 2 t
(cos(2 ( f c )t ) cos(2 ( f c )t )) sin(2 f c t ) sin
2 Tb 4Tb 4Tb Tb 2Tb
 Receiver Block Diagram of MSK

s1

s(t )

s2
ERR0RPR0BABlLlTYOFMS#

T
ZEB

The Euclidean distance bln two adjacent

points d=2fE
Thus the probability of bit error of Msk
Pemsy=Qff
Fsh
However , for coherent
binary
Pe , BFSK
=

Q[JF¥]
.. . ::":÷::÷":ii: Fager
 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
• MSK is attractive because the phase continuity yields high
spectral efficiency, and the constant-envelope yields
excellent power efficiency.

• The primary drawback is the high implementation complexity

required for an optimal receiver.

• Discontinuous phase (for example QPSK) requires a relatively

large percentage of the power to occur outside of the
intended band (e.g., high fractional out-of-band power),
leading to poor spectral efficiency.
 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
• Similar to OQPSK, MSK is encoded with bits alternating
between quadrature components, with the Q component
delayed by one bit period.

• However, instead of square pulses as OQPSK uses, MSK encodes

each bit as a half sinusoid (sin or cos). This results in a constant-
modulus signal (constant envelope signal), which reduces
problems caused by non-linear distortion.

• In addition to being viewed as related to OQPSK, MSK can also

be viewed as a continuous phase frequency shift keyed (CPFSK)
signal with a frequency separation of one-half the bit rate.
 Advantages of MSK

(1)Constant Envelope

(2)Small probability of error

(3)Smaller Bandwidth than discontinuous phase

FSK.
 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
• Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) is a modification of
MSK .
• A Gaussian pre-modulation filter is used to reduce the
bandwidth of a baseband pulse train prior to modulation to
make the signal has a much narrower bandwidth.
• This bandwidth reduction does not come for free since the
pre-modulation filter smears the individual pulses in pulse
train. As a consequence of this smearing in time, adjacent
pulses interfere with each other generating inter-symbol
interference.
• In the applications where GMSK is used, the trade-off
between power efficiency and bandwidth efficiency is well
worth the cost (the narrow filter increases the intersymbol
interference and reduces the signal power).
 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
A Gaussian-shaped impulse response
filter generates a signal with low side
lobes and narrower main lobe than the
rectangular pulse.

As can be seen from above, GMSKs power spectrum drops much quicker
than MSK's. Furthermore, as is decreased, the roll-off is much quicker
Since lower time-bandwidth products produce a faster power-spectrum roll-off,
why not have a very small time-bandwidth product?. It happens that with lower
time-bandwidth products the pulse is spread over a longer time, which can
cause intersymbol interference
Gaussian Shaping Filter:
Gaussian Shaping Filter:
 Probability of Error of GMSK:
Probability of error of GMSK over AWGN Channel is given by:

Eb
Q
No
erfc( y) 2Q y 2

Probability of error of GMSK over Rayleigh Fading Channel is

given by:

is the average signal to noise ratio