Scribd
Upload
4 views3 pages

MCN Ca2 Ans

The document discusses QPSK and Offset QPSK (OQPSK), highlighting the limitations of QPSK, such as sensitivity to distortion and the need for linear amplifiers, while OQPSK offers improved performance with less distortion and better power efficiency. It also compares QPSK with π/4-DQPSK, noting that π/4-DQPSK is more compatible with nonlinear amplifiers and performs better in real-world mobile environments. Additionally, it introduces GMSK, a modulation technique that provides constant amplitude and smooth phase changes, making it suitable for wireless communication applications like GSM.

Uploaded by

Poojasri Boopathi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views3 pages

MCN Ca2 Ans

The document discusses QPSK and Offset QPSK (OQPSK), highlighting the limitations of QPSK, such as sensitivity to distortion and the need for linear amplifiers, while OQPSK offers improved performance with less distortion and better power efficiency. It also compares QPSK with π/4-DQPSK, noting that π/4-DQPSK is more compatible with nonlinear amplifiers and performs better in real-world mobile environments. Additionally, it introduces GMSK, a modulation technique that provides constant amplitude and smooth phase changes, making it suitable for wireless communication applications like GSM.

Uploaded by

Poojasri Boopathi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

11.

a) QPSK and Offset QPSK (OQPSK)


1. QPSK and Its Limitations

 QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) ideally has a constant amplitude.


 When pulse shaping is applied (to reduce bandwidth), this constant envelope is lost.
 During certain 180° (π radians) phase shifts, the signal envelope may pass through zero
momentarily.
 These zero-crossings are highly sensitive to:
o Hard limiting
o Nonlinear amplification
 This leads to:
o Loss of fidelity at low signal levels
o Regeneration of sidelobes
o Spectral widening
 To avoid distortion, QPSK signals require linear amplifiers, which are less power-efficient.

2. Introduction to Offset QPSK (OQPSK)

 OQPSK (Offset QPSK or Staggered QPSK) is a modified version of QPSK.


 It is less affected by distortion and supports more efficient amplification.

3. Key Difference: Timing Offset

 In standard QPSK, the even (I) and odd (Q) bit streams can change at the same time.
 In OQPSK, the Q-channel is delayed by half a bit period (Tb) relative to the I-channel.
 This offset means:
o Only one bit stream changes at a time.
o Maximum phase shift is limited to ±90° (unlike ±180° in QPSK).
o Signal does not pass through zero, preserving envelope stability.

4. Spectrum Characteristics

 The spectrum of OQPSK is identical to that of QPSK.


 Both occupy the same bandwidth, even though their time-domain characteristics differ.
 The staggered bit alignment in OQPSK does not alter the spectral properties.

5. Advantages of OQPSK

 No zero-crossings – makes it work well with nonlinear (power-efficient) amplifiers.

 Uses less power compared to regular QPSK.

 Keeps good signal quality even after amplification.

 Performs better when there's noise or phase jitter in the system.

 Great for mobile systems because it offers:

 Efficient use of bandwidth


 Low power usage
 Less signal distortion
11.b) i) QPSK vs. π/4-DQPSK Comparison

Aspect QPSK π/4-DQPSK

Bandwidth
High – two bits per symbol Similar to QPSK – two bits per symbol
Efficiency

Power Requires linear amplifiers due to sudden 180° Can use nonlinear amplifiers; smoother phase
Requirements phase shifts (zero-crossings) transitions avoid zero-crossings

Error Slightly better BER performance in ideal Slightly worse BER than QPSK due to differential
Performance (AWGN) conditions decoding

Phase Transitions Abrupt (up to 180°), can pass through zero Limited to ±135°, avoids zero-crossings

Amplifier
Low (needs linear amplifiers) High (works with efficient nonlinear amplifiers)
Efficiency

Uses differential encoding, no need for phase


Complexity Needs absolute phase reference at the receiver
reference

Summary

 Bandwidth Efficiency: Both QPSK and π/4-DQPSK are equally efficient.


 Power Efficiency: π/4-DQPSK is better due to compatibility with nonlinear amplifiers.
 Error Performance: QPSK performs slightly better in clean channels, but π/4-DQPSK is more
practical in real-world mobile environments.

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)


Introduction to GMSK

 GMSK stands for Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying.


 It is a type of continuous-phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK).
 Digital data is first smoothed using a Gaussian filter.
 The filter helps to reduce bandwidth while keeping the signal’s phase smooth.
 GMSK is commonly used in wireless systems like GSM.

Working Principle of GMSK

 Data bits are passed through a Gaussian low-pass filter to smooth sudden transitions.
 The filtered data modulates a carrier using Minimum Shift Keying (MSK).
 MSK uses a frequency deviation equal to half the bit rate (h = 0.5).
 This minimizes interference between symbols.
 The output signal has a constant amplitude and continuous phase, improving power efficiency and
reducing distortion.

Key Characteristics

 Constant Envelope: Amplitude remains constant — suitable for nonlinear power amplifiers.
 Gaussian Filtering: Reduces spectral width, improving bandwidth efficiency.
 Phase Continuity: The phase of the signal changes smoothly, reducing sideband power.

Benefits of GMSK in Wireless Communication

 Bandwidth Efficiency: Uses less bandwidth by smoothing signals with a Gaussian filter.
 Power Efficiency: Has a constant signal level, so it works well with power-saving amplifiers.
 Less Interference: Smooth signal changes reduce interference with nearby channels.
 Spectral Efficiency: Sends more data in less space (bandwidth).
 Handles Distortion Well: Works reliably even with signal distortion, making it great for mobile and
satellite use.

Applications

 Widely used in GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications).


 Also applied in satellite communication and other mobile radio systems.

Conclusion

GMSK is a power-efficient and bandwidth-conserving modulation technique. Its constant envelope and
smooth phase changes make it ideal for mobile wireless systems, where low power consumption and
spectrum efficiency are critical.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy