Contemporary Engineering Sciences, Vol. 6, 2013, no.

7, 297 - 312
HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com
http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ces.2013.3736

The Role of Computer Aided Design (CAD) in the

Manufacturing and Digital Control (CAM)

Raqeyah Jawad Najy

Foundation of Technical Education-Iraq-Technical Institute of Babylon

Raq_j@yahoo.com

Copyright © 2013 Raqeyah Jawad Najy. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Inasmuch for speed to customers desires change and large completion that describe
day world. To lead technology and operations technology to form general, to achieve
competitive advantage and special form design technology is master key to
determine nature and form product, and what tolerable quality levels that work fit
product to uses, and all of features and preferences determine through design
technology. For importance CAD/CAM subject, we introduce in this research that
offer primary components to CAM system, and styles this system to achieve details
work steps, and details design steps. From within completely program in (AutoCAD)
system with details steps to how design transportation to manufacturing operations to
series achieve to desired product. With offer conclusions that fitness between CAD
and CAM to introduce direction communication between design and manufacturing
lead to mistakes reduction to large ratio.

Keywords: CAD-CAM- DFMA-STEP-VRT-MASTER-CAM.

Introduction
We have characterized the last century electronic technology revolution, and it has
been at the forefront of these technologies in addition to computer and various
electronic control media which came in various walks of life. And talk in this search
for design technology (the concept of integration of design and manufacturing
computer) (CAD / CAM Integration), which depends mainly on the possibility of
298 Raqeyah Jawad Najy

computerized manufacturing systems benefit from data extracted generated from the
database of computer design systems.

The drawing and design software represents the most prominent concerns of
developers of computer systems, and was the development of several software that
fall within the design concept computer (Computer Aided Design), which is referred
to as short term CAD. It was this software with two, including directions what
general, including what is a specialist in one of the engineering fields such as
mechanical or electrical or electronic, construction and architecture, some of which is
advanced in the adoption of the principle of geometric modeling:
In the same direction, there was an important development in the software means and
which fall within the concept of manufacturing computer (Computer Aided
Manufacturing), which is referred to by the term CAM for short. The concept of
manufacturing computer includes all the activities involved in the planning and
control of production in different factories, such as digital control computer
(Computer Numerical Control: CNC) and the leadership of human industrial
automation (Industrial Robotics) and planning of production processes (Process
Planning) and the overall layout of the plant, including so planning tables
productivity and material requirements planning, and production capacity

- Research Methodology: It includes:

First: the research problem: summed up thus:
1 - the difficulty of drawing any product or part of a product on board elaborately
geometric and difficult to make the required modifications to that product or as part
requires changing the entire graph paper and start again.
2 - Product specifications are always lower than the required level of quality and
cause either an error in design or manufacturing process.
3 - The scarcity of specialized staffs are able to work on (CAD) and (CAM).
Second: the importance of research:
Search lies the importance of the importance of manufacturing and design theme for
this vital subject of a very large impact on the future of the industry and the ability to
adapt and survive as best competitor in the market.
Third: the objectives of the research: summarized thus:
1 - Explain the concepts of computer design and manufacturing.
2 - Drawing and design of a particular product (and chose (PLATE) in the program
AUTOCAD and then save and share product data file format within the software and
configure a database for this product which represents the coordinates of the points
that make up the product and all the dimensions and specifications of its own.
3 - And then be sent to the program prepared in (CAD) to the machine (to
manufacturing-CAM) by the Master CAM program by simulation which saves a lot
of time and effort.
Theortical-Side:Includ:-
First:Design-Technolog
Defined (Heizer) tools provided by science informatics, which contribute to the
Computer aided design in manufacturing and digital control 299

products are designed better, cheaper and faster. Adds (Russell) as tools have the
ability to enter products many to the market and so quickly that affect drastically the
competitive environment and the changing nature of manufacturing, and confirms
that part of the motivation to dumping is to promote the new products available for
the design of technology products, for example, developed a company (Sony) more
than (160) of the model with the devices (Walkman) own into practice over the past
years. And the two agree on a set of tools, namely:
1-1ComputerAidedDesign(CAD)
From the standpoint of (Krajewski), the computer-aided design an electronic system
for the design of parts or products new already have, and allows the designer
treatment precise geometric shapes and can of innovation fees and see it from all
angles on the display and can calculator that simulates the reaction of one part
against tests strength and stress. Through the use of design data stored in memory
user can or beneficiary to obtain printed copies of the drawing and specifications
relating to any part or product quickly. lowers the (CAD) of the cost of creating the
product and reduces sharply from the time of marketing products new, and learn the
(CAD) at the present time is an essential requirement for designers, since the number
of its investors is growing fast and that the budgets allocated to it in many companies
over Makin in 2000 three times, and go larger amounts of software calculators and
through Pro-Engineer put the United States clear concept of the standard national and
confirms (William) that the existence of a number of alternative designs provided by
the database system enables a good study of the possibilities and determine what is
best by Alhacbhovq standards designer.
And put (Slack) a number of advantages (CAD) are:
1 - improving the quality of design and products manufactured from them.
2 - Systems (CAD) is strengthening communication and stimulate innovation in
multi-functional design teams through the provision of interactive visual focus on the
debate.
3 - Leads to improve every stage of stages of product design to shorten the time and
cost.
4 - Contributing to the achievement of contact between the designer and supplier
through electronic communication between them through the screens visible to a
computer.
5 - Provides a database managed storage and retrieval of design data at any time and
quickly.
6 - Treatment after the details of the design and promotion of design flexibility is
largely due to changes can be made quickly on designs.
7 - Hurt in achieving all priorities competitiveness (quality, flexibility, speed, and
cost).
1-2 Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
From the standpoint of (Evans), the calculator-aided manufacturing includes
calculators control over the manufacturing process, as in the calculation tool
movements and cutting speeds, and possesses the (CAM) prefer advantages on
traditional manufacturing concepts in many cases, especially when:
- Is produced by several different parts of the requirements of a changing or
300 Raqeyah Jawad Najy

periodically.
- Are permanent changes to the design?
- Be a complicated manufacturing process.
- Doubling mechanism processes are taking place on one part.
- Expert operator skills and control is required.
Each machine in the system (CAM) ability to choose and deal with a number of tools
and according to the instructions programmed, and thus gives a high degree of
flexibility in the implementation of manufacturing processes and control, for
example, uses (Caterpillar) SYSTEM (CAM) in the manufacture of parts kits
recycling engine Turakatr, as stands a group of machines on both sides of wagon-like
vehicle railway and the length of no transmission comes and goes portions between
workstations where they are implementing (30 to 40) from operations mechanism as
keeps the operator is located at the entrance points, which obliges parts inflows and
outflows to and from the transport mechanism and the rest of the process is managed
by the calculator. Researchers at (Clothing Technology Corporation) to find the
concept can be producers of clothing from innovation clothes manufactured
specifically according to the customer's requirements, this includes the concept of a
survey scanned the body of the customer by calculators and machine operated
calculator to cut cloth is fitted body customer completely. Proved that the garment
manufacturer in this way resist ways the fashion industry businesses. The systems
(CAD / CAM) integrated design with the manufacturing process by turning the final
specifications for the design to detailed instructions for the machine for the purpose
of manufacture of any substance. and longer (CAD / CAM) is the fastest and least
likely to commit errors of rights and avoid getting cloning between engineering and
manufacturing.
The recent example of the ability of a company (Boeing) to design and build the
structure of aircraft (777) big body without any action on the form at all, and was the
first physical copy pilot of the aircraft has been tested by the pilots in 1994, as it used
Engineers company's system software (Dassault) is named ((CATIA is an acronym
for the phrase (analysis interactive three-dimensional help of calculators.) this is a
French company one of the leading processed for groups of programs calculator.
another example is the company (K2 Corporation) which is the largest American
company producing skis the Alps that they must constantly be re-designMnojadtha in
order to meet the changing needs of the customer, it produces about (20) and B
model with (12) different length, and allows stations to work (CAD / CAM) own
designers unlike numerical descriptions for the new format to any ski to fees and
manufactured designs.
Another example is the experience of the company (Levi Strauss) using technology
(CAD / CAM) in the manufacture of women's jeans, and wants its customers to pay a
premium of 15 dollars due to manufacturing as per customer's request and quick
delivery.
1-3 Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA)
Confirms (Heizer) on the program that allows the designer given to the effects of
design to manufacture the product and the first extension of (CAD) is (DFMA) it
allows the designer preview integration designs the product before manufacturing the
Computer aided design in manufacturing and digital control 301

product, for example, allows ((DFMA to automotive designers preview how to put
transmission movement in the car on the production line, even in the event that all of
the transmission and the car Aizalan in the design phase. sprawl second (CAD) is the
modeling of objects three-dimensional 3-D, according to this technology in the
development of small models, the modeling of objects three-dimensional, finding
form fast and processed materials with very light layers for the purpose of evaluation
of this technology are accelerating the development of the manufacturing process by
avoiding long and very formal.
1-4 Standards for the Exchange of product Data (STEP)
Based Technology (CAD) information product design electronic as digital this digital
information is very important to determine a standard for the exchange, which is
called standard data exchange of the product which allows producers to obtain
information on three-dimensional product format standard or a standard so that it can
be shared globally and to allow sites scattered geographically for companies to
achieve integration in the design, production and support. using (STEP) the
Engineers Ford Motor Company unification designs on three continents, and the
engineers in England to send an electronic fee detailed three-dimensional to
designers in Dear burn and Michigan and thus leading to Turin in Italy, since there
are programmed computerized milling machine able to convert models within hours,
if (STEP) supports cooperation indirect using talent wherever it exists around the
world, and at the same time reduce the cost of development and the total cost of the
design.
One of the advantages (STEP)
1 - Provide a copy allows three-dimensional electronic posting of the data.
2 - Speed in achieving communication between several sites.
3 - Low cost.
1-5 Virtual Reality Technology (VRT)
A formula invisible to connect to replace the images replace reality (real things) and
ideally allow the user to respond interactively. That the roots of technology of virtual
reality in operations lies in computer-aided design, and as soon as the design
information in the system (CAD) become so exist in digital format electronic for
other uses. for example, the company General Motors configured version of the car
default using models sham to see the holograms on the floor of a small room and
empty. after laying glasses effectively managed both designers and customers to see
a model three-dimensional what appears to be a new design from the inside. uses the
fact the default is also in the development of schemes three-dimensional starting
restaurants and ending with the parks recreational and be changes on the car and the
restaurant is much less expensive than at the design stage than would be it later. and
used by many companies this technology in the design in order to accelerate
development and reduce costs and improve products.
From the standpoint of (Heizer), the advantages of (VRT)
1- was able to see the final assembly of the product figurehead by real assembled
thereby achieving all priorities competitiveness (quality, speed, cost, flexibility).
2-The possibility of the rapid development of the products.
And will be focus this research on the concept of design and manufacturing by
302 Raqeyah Jawad Najy

computer.
It can be defined as computer manufacturing as the use of computer systems for
planning, management and control of manufacturing processes by interacting directly
or indirectly to a computer with production sites in the factory and as is clear from
the definition of manufacturing computer applications can be limited in two groups:
1. Computer control and monitoring: This includes direct applications in which they
are directly connecting the computer manufacturing operations in order to control
and process control.
2. Process support applications: These applications include indirect where the
computer is used to support production processes at the plant but there is no direct
link between a computer and manufacturing-processes.
The distinction between the two groups is necessary and essential for the
understanding of the principle of computer manufacturing. The computer control and
monitoring can be divided into surveillance applications and control applications
include process control computer direct contact with the manufacturing process in
order to note the process and related equipment and extract data from them. Here
does not use a computer to control the process directly, but operations are controlled
operator factor, however, which follows the information you provide him with the
computer.
Second:Create-a-database-of-manufacture:
Playing system design computer major role in increasing productivity in the
manufacturing section and the main reasons for the use of the system design
computer because it allows a great opportunity to create a database is very necessary
to manufacture the product in the Department of Manufacturing and used for many
years in the industry and are prepared engineering drawings by designer is then used
by manufacturing engineers to develop a plan to operate.
The events that fall under the framework of the product design process separate from
those that fall under the planning process, and in general is essential to use a two-step
course, this leads to the consumption of time and repeated efforts by the designer and
manufacturer.
While in the system CAM / CAD Integrated there direct link to be established
between the design and manufacturing does not stop the goal to automate certain
stages of the design and manufacturing but also to automate the transmission of data,
these systems have been developed on the basis that they are creating all the
necessary data for the planning and management of the product and include (Data
engineering - parts lists - material properties).
Third:The-advantages-of-CAD/CAM-integrated:
There are many benefits to computer design system, little of which can be measured.
Some of these benefits are intangible, reflected on the improvement of the quality of
work, and there are tangible benefits, but it does not seem obvious in the design
stages, but can be observed in the production-stages.
We can mention some of these benefits are as follows:
1. Increase the productivity of the designer and this is achieved by the computer
helps the designer introduced product, sub Mjmath and also reduce the time required
in the installation and analysis.
Computer aided design in manufacturing and digital control 303

2. Improve the quality of the design: The computerized design system allows the
designer to a deep and accurate analysis of the design as well as provides a large
number of alternative designs that can be tested, and the design errors less because of
the high precision provided by the system.
3. Improve the exchange of ideas: engineering drawing international language
transcends barriers translator and that the use of the system leads to charges having
standard specifications and reduce-errors.
4. Provide the data base for manufacturing: When the fee for a product (the
development dimensions of the product and its parts and determine the lists of
materials and specifications), it is available data can be used in many manufacturing
processes.
And computerized design system benefits especially in terms of the manufacturing
process using a database CAD / CAM for production planning and control. These
benefits can play a role in the following areas:
1. Fixings and design tools required for the purpose of manufacturing.
2. Programmable digital control machines.
3. Planning for computer-aided production.
4. User complexes (formed by a computerized design system) for the purpose of
production.
5. Planning robots (robots).
6. Less time to manufacture and through the development of good schedules.
7. Computer-examination (Computer Aided Inspection).
fourth: numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC):
The concept of digital control began in the forties of the twentieth century in
response to the need in advanced manufacturing techniques to run complex aircraft
clips. Digital control technology is simply the application of digital methods to
control the machines. Programmable digital control are not engaged in the
manufacture parts, but the machine controls how and when and where to move to
make the parts.
Programmable digital control is a mental and physical activity is an actual
partnership between the design and documentation of the program which will be
used to manufacture the part. Numerical control programming is often defined
programming parts manually (Manual Part Programming) because it is done without
the computer.
Numerical control machines performing the same tasks of cutting and forming tools
used for decades in the industry. The main difference and the main benefit of digital
control equipment is controlled increase in the number of pieces, and increased
control this allowed manufactures parts was difficult or impossible to run in
traditional ways.
The machine controller digital control machine mind. Function much like the human
mind at the function where they read, interpret and input unexplained shift (perceived
input) to the appropriate movements. The control also various accessories such as
coolant, change tools and fees. The machine controller (called sometimes
uncontrolled Controller) are converting encrypted program information to the voltage
304 Raqeyah Jawad Najy

or current values and pulses of different frequencies are used to control operations of
the machine.
Most of the machines NC / CNC program capable of storing in the memory. These
machines are stored in the program memory when you read it for the first time. Then
you can call these programs frequently from memory without the need to read it
again. This leads to faster operations when required production numbers of identical
parts.
Machines that do not contain memory must be read in the program step by step and
implement step before moving on to the next step, but it cannot store the program the
machines that do not contain memory must re-read the program in each time you
produce a new part. This leads to delay-the-process.
The Practical Side: -
First: the basic components of a digital control system:
Digital control system consists of the following three basic components:
1-program:
The program is a set of commands and directives that guide the machine to what
must be done. The program is encrypted in the form of numbers or symbols on the
introduction of certain media where they can be interpreted by the control unit. Input
modes may be in the form of perforated tape (Punched Tape) or magnetic tape or in
the form of photographic films. It is worth mentioning that there are other ways to
enter, the first is the manual input of directives to the control unit. This method is
called manual data entry (Manual Data Input) and is referred to as the Acronym
letters MDI is suitable only for simple acts of where the command is repeated. The
second way to enter is done by connecting directly with a computer. Digital control
defines direct (Direct Numerical Control) or what is referred to as the Acronym
(DNC).
The program is set up by a competent person who knows parts (Part Programmer)
function programmed processing detailed set of steps by which accomplish the
desired function. And operations, the operating steps also include the relative
movements between the cutting tool and the-product.
2- Control-unit:
The control unit is the second basic components of a digital control system. Include
electronic and physical entity who is reading and interpretation of the program and
convert it to an act of the machine mechanic. The control unit includes a tape reader
(Tape Reader), and the data area (Data Buffer) and channel output signals to the
machine and channels feedback from the machine and sequence controllers that
controlled the entire chain of operations of all the previous elements. It is worth
mentioning that all modern digital control systems today are equipped with a
computer works as a control unit. Therefore know this type of digital control systems
with digital control systems computer (Computer Numerical Control) and is referred
to as a shortcut (CNC). Stripe Reader is an electromechanical device the roll and read
the perforated tape which contains guidance program. The function of this storage
device inputs in the form of logical blocks of information. Mass of information is
usually representing one full step in a series of operating elements. For example, the
data may be necessary to move the machine to the table a specific location and
Computer aided design in manufacturing and digital control 305

operation of a hole in that location is a mass of information and one.

Channel output signals related to the engine, which controls the movement
mechanisms (Servo Motor) and the rest of the controllers in the machine. The
guidance is sent to the control unit Machine through these channels. To ensure that
these guidelines have been implemented correctly from the machine, the feedback
data is sent from the machine to the control unit via feedback channels. The
important function of the feedback circuit to make sure that the location of the
machine table and the work piece relative to the true cutting tools.
Units to control the sequence of operations coordinate events for the rest of the
elements of the console. Running stripe reader to read the data in the selected area
(buffer), and the signals are sent to and from the machine, and so on. These types of
transactions should be synchronized and this is the function modules to control the
sequence.
Contains the control panel buttons are set through the system. Although the digital
control system, automatic However, the need for humans still exist to start and stop
the machine. And changing the tools (there are digital control systems are changing
the tools automatically), and the loading and unloading of the machine, and the
completion of various tasks.
3- Machine-or-process-to-be-controlled:
The third element of the components of the digital control system is a machine or
process that is intended to control. It is the part that the completion of useful work. A
common example of a digital control system designed to accomplish the operation of
the machine consists of a table and spindle drives and control units are necessary to
drive components. The machine also includes a number of pieces and stabilizers and
other auxiliary equipment necessary for the operation.
Second:The-digital-control-system-procedures:
To use the digital control system in manufacturing must complete the following
steps:
1.And technical course newspaper is a list of sequential processes that must be
completed on the work piece. The newspaper contains technical course on the list of
machines that must pass through the work piece to perform a series of operations,
usually technical course contains some of the processes that must be accomplished
on machines with digital control is accomplished the rest of the operations on
machines running classic.
2. Programming process: the person programmed planning process for that part of
the work that will be done by digital control. This person must possess
knowledgeable enough about the operations and be well-trained, which is responsible
for planning the sequence of operating steps and are intended to be completed on
numerical control machines and documenting these steps for a particular model, and
there are two ways to programmable digital control machines: manual-programming.
Computer-programming.
Processed orders in the operating manual programming in the form of a list of the
relative movements between the product and tools that must be followed to play the
part. In the computer-aided programming is to get rid of a lot of boring work that we
encounter in programming where computer-based hand these tasks. This is especially
306 Raqeyah Jawad Najy

important when running pieces filled with complex geometric shapes, where work
includes multiple operating steps, the use of the computer in such machines lead to
significant savings for the effort and time.
3. Prepare the tape: The programmed to prepare the tape perforated after reviewing
the operating plan, in the programming manual is prepared tape drill directly from
the program through a special device has potential perforation tape, and
programming computer-aided the computer interpretation of commands and perform
calculations necessary to convert them into a series of orders movements control of
the machine and then punching device for the preparation of the tape of the machine.
4. Check the authenticity of the tape: After the preparation of the tape be sure of the
accuracy of the tape through the process of achieving (Verification). Sometimes be
checked ribbon through it runs through a computer program based drawing
movements of several different pieces of paper, and in this way be detected for most
of the errors that may be contained on the tape, and are tested tape also by his
experience on the machine using the plastic or the like to run segment. The usual
programming errors and sometimes it requires three attempts to get to the final
version.
5. Production: the final step in the procedure is to use digital control strip in
production. This request includes a raw piece and determine the necessary tools and
stabilizers and processing of digital control machine. Function is load factor work
piece on the machine and determine the starting position for the cutting tools relative
to the work piece. The digital control system after the implementation of the
commands on the ribbon at the end of the run part of that group removed from the
machine and download the following piece and so on.
Third:action-steps:
Stages of the work is composed in part be implemented using a computer design
program and then transfer the design to the second part, which is using the driver or
computer manufacturer.
-Program-Master-CAM:
It is my design and operational program from among the programs in the field of
advanced manufacturing, and has been used to illustrate the manufacturing side in
this article, and Figure 1 shows the program window. At the top of the screen shows
the address line program that displays the name of the file currently working on it.
And then to the bottom of it toolbar to a large-group-of-buttons.
There are also lists on the far left of the screen, the main menu to the top of the list to
the bottom, where secondary unclear where the value of Z, color, etc.. The main
menu includes commands groups to accomplish the task design, operation,
modification, etc.
And generally includes interaction within Master CAM options menus and dialogue
within the area of dialogue bottom of the screen and the establishment of the items
and choose totals in the drawing window. Is movement between the sub-menus to
reach the required commands, and the information required is determined by sub-
menus or dialog boxes, and then execute the desired command. There is the
possibility to undo by the command (Undo) to correct the error.
Can show and hide the dialogue by pressing (Alt + P). Where to hide the dialogue
Computer aided design in manufacturing and digital control 307

leads to an increase workspace. When data entry is required, the editing area show
directly in the bottom of the screen allow entering the required data.
Figure 1: Window program Master CAM.

Fourth: design steps using a computerized design system:

AutoCAD software can be used to implement the design part of the work, and to
clarify the review action steps of the model shown in Figure 6, it can be a statement
steps to accomplish this form are as follows:
1. The use of multi-line (Polyline) for the outer limits of the fee model in one piece.
2. Use the circle to draw holes in the design.
3. Extrude the figure with thickness equal (10mm) in 3D .
4. We empty the holes using subtraction (Subtract).
Full program: -
Command: _pline
Specify start point:
Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or [Arc / Halfwidth / Length / Undo / Width]: * Cancel *
Command: z
ZOOM
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All / Center / Dynamic / Extents / Previous / Scale / Window / Object] <real time>:
a
Regenerating model.
Command: _pline
Specify start point: 10,10
Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or [Arc / Halfwidth / Length / Undo / Width]: @ 30 <90
Specify next point or [Arc / Close / Halfwidth / Length / Undo / Width]: @ 50 <-30
Specify next point or [Arc / Close / Halfwidth / Length / Undo / Width]: @ 50 <30
Specify next point or [Arc / Close / Halfwidth / Length / Undo / Width]: c
308 Raqeyah Jawad Najy

Command: _circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan
radius)]: 80,80
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: 40
Command: _circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan
radius)]: 50,50
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <20.2303>:
Command: _extrude
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES = 4
Select objects to extrude: Specify opposite corner: 3 found
Select objects to extrude:
Specify height of extrusion or [Direction / Path / Taper angle]: 10 (thickness or fish =
10)
Current wire frame density: ISOLINES = 4
Select objects to extrude: Specify opposite corner: 3 found
5. After the completion of the design phase we store the file name, but not the (plate).
Are run Master CAM then program call the form's file and after reaching the desired
file by browsing the folders and select the correct location for the file button is
pressed to open the files. Where the file transfer process is completed to the program
Master CAM.
6. Manufacturing processes:
Operation is performed for the model to be manufactured by the following
sequence:
1. Determine the product and the material is through the selection of appropriate
material from the library of the program shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Library materials.

To determine the size of the raw material and to identify several pieces and the type
of operation is done from the menu Tool Paths where is determined by the type of
Computer aided design in manufacturing and digital control 309

operation (hole, Tfraz, expansion, etc.). The program has a library of cutting tools as
shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Library engineering cutting tools.

Then variables is determined by the cutting process of cutting depth, nutrition and
cutting speed through the Facing Parameters dialog box shown in Figure (4).
(Figure 4): cutting tools variables on the surface of the work piece.

- Send steps to program the machine:

After the completion of choosing the number of pieces and tested is going to address
the design stage and convert it into machine language show in figure 5.
310 Raqeyah Jawad Najy

Figure 5: Library materials.

This can be tested from within the code program Master CAM without the need to
run on the machine and through simulation (simulation) leads to saving a lot of time
and effort.

Conclusions:

1 - we can deduce from the foregoing that the design technology is not easy
application process, but at the same time the need to reach the organization through
the use of effective tools to the location in the market by offering products with high
quality and design and low costs.
2 - The construction of a CAD / CAM integrated provides a direct connection
between the design and manufacturing processes; the goal of the system CAD / CAM
not only automate certain phases of design and manufacturing, but also automate the
transition from design to manufacturing.
3 - The use of CAD / CAM integrated lead and highly to reduce errors that occurred
during the programming parts on CNC machines as desired program is obtained
automatically through the computer, which was to provide him with the necessary
data for manufacturing. It could be argued that the future carries with it a lot of hope
in the access to the system CAD / CAM with super specifications and through the
development of communication sciences and microprocessors and software. As the
evolution of science communication will lead to the exchange of information greatly
between people and machines and computers.
4 - The second factor that will lead to improving the role of CAD / CAM is the
evolution of microcomputers and microprocessors, which leads to innovation more
sophisticated machines. In general, can be summed up many benefits to system CAD
/ CAM and CNC machines.
Computer aided design in manufacturing and digital control 311

Recommendations:

Given the importance of these programs in the industry and used in many fields, as
well as a lack of industry in our country to manufacture parts and products are
complex shape, as well as the technical staff in this area, we recommend the
following:
1. Seriously considered for technology in general and particular design technology as
an access key to lasting customer loyalty.
2. Business studies take into account the operating economics in Iraq .
3. Interest-based CAD / CAM and focus it into the curriculum.
4. Provide digital control machines and do the establishment of specialized
workshops in this field.
5. Lifting of the level of national cadres in this field (in Iraq) establishing training
courses at various levels both internally and externally, if possible.

References
[1] BOERSMA, TOM, AND OTHERS, "Inside AutoCAD 12", New Riders
Publishing, Indiana, 1993.

[2] Evans, Jamses.R. "Production / Operations Management: Quality, Performance,

and Value" 5 Th Ed, USA: West Publishing Company, 1997.

[3] George.O," Mastering AutoCAD”, 2008.

[4]Heizer, Jay & Render, Barry, "Principles of Operations Management" .3 rd Ed,

USA: Prentice Hall, 1999.

[5] Horath, Larry, "Computer Numerical Control Programming of Machines",

Macmillan, NY, 1993.

[6] Krajewski, Lee J & Ritzman, Larry P. "Operations Management: Strategy and
Analysis" 6th Ed New Jersey, 2002.

[7] Leigh, Ronald W., "Auto LISP Programming", www.netcom.com/ ~ rough / auto
lisp, 2000.

[8] Russell, Roberta S & Taylor III, Bernard W. "Operations Management" 3th Ed,
USA: Prentice Hall, 2000.

[9] Sami. Ali, "Learning Auto cad", Department of Production Engineering and
Minerals, University of Technology-Iraq-Baghdad, 2004.
312 Raqeyah Jawad Najy

[10] Slack, Nigel & Chambers, "Operations Management" 2nd Ed, Great Britain:
Pitman Publishing, 2004.

[11] Stevenson William J., "Production / Operations Management, 2nd, 1986.

Received: July 8, 2013