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Lecture-2 Fluid Properties (Part A)

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Contact area of plate with oil = 1.8 m x 1.8 m = 3.24 m^2 2) Thickness of oil film = Gap size - Plate thickness = 30 mm - 1.8 mm = 28.2 mm 3) Shear stress = Viscosity x Velocity/Thickness = 3 N.s/m^2 x 0.12 m/s / 0.0282 m = 12.6 N/m^2 4) Force required = Shear stress x Contact area = 12.6 N/m^2 x 3.24 m^2 = 40.8 N

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78 views16 pages

Lecture-2 Fluid Properties (Part A)

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Contact area of plate with oil = 1.8 m x 1.8 m = 3.24 m^2 2) Thickness of oil film = Gap size - Plate thickness = 30 mm - 1.8 mm = 28.2 mm 3) Shear stress = Viscosity x Velocity/Thickness = 3 N.s/m^2 x 0.12 m/s / 0.0282 m = 12.6 N/m^2 4) Force required = Shear stress x Contact area = 12.6 N/m^2 x 3.24 m^2 = 40.8 N

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Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 7th Edition,

Bruce R. Munson. Theodore H. Okiishi. Alric P. Rothmayer


John Wiley & Sons, Inc.l, 2013

Lecture- 2
Fluid Properties
(Part A)
Dr. Dhafer Manea Hachim AL-HASNAWI
Assist Proof
Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University
Engineering Technical College / Najaf
email:coj.dfr@atu.edu.iq
Learning Objectives
• After completing this Lecture, you should be
able to:
• identify the key fluid properties used in the
analysis of fluid behavior.
• calculate common fluid properties given
appropriate information.
Outline
• Fluid Mechanics Overview
• Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight: Density
• Specific Weight
• Specific Gravity
• Ideal Gas Law
• Viscosity
• Kinematic Viscosity
Fluid Mechanics Overview

FluidMechanics

Gas Liquids Statics Dynamics

F  0i  F  0 , Flows
i

Water, Oils, Stability


Air, He, Ar,
N2, etc. Alcohols, Pressure Buoyancy Compressible/
etc.
Incompressible
Laminar/
Surface
Tension Turbulent
Steady/Unsteady
CompressibilityDensity Viscosity Vapor
Viscous/Inviscid
Pressure
Chapter 1: Introduction Fluid Dynamics:
Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
Rest of Course
Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight: Density
The density of a fluid is defined as mass per unit volume.
m

v
m = mass, and v = volume.
In the BG system, has units of 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑓𝑡 3 and in SI the units are 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 .
•Different fluids can vary greatly in density
•Liquids densities do not vary much with pressure and temperature
•Gas densities can vary quite a bit with pressure and temperature
•Density of water at 4° C : 1000 kg/m3
•Density of Air at 4° C : 1.20 kg/m3

1
Alternatively, Specific Volume: 

Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight: Specific Weight
The specific weight of fluid is its weight per unit volume.

  g
g = local acceleration of gravity, 9.807 m/s2

•Specific weight characterizes the weight of the fluid system


•Specific weight of water at 4° C : 9.80 kN/m3
•Specific weight of air at 4° C : 11.9 N/m3

In the BG system, term 𝛾 has units of 𝐼𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3 and in SI the units are


𝑁 𝑚3 Under conditions of standard gravity ( 𝑔 = 32.174 𝑓𝑡 𝑠 2 ,
𝑔 = 9.807 𝑚 𝑠 2 ).
Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight: Specific Gravity
The specific gravity of fluid is the ratio of the density of the fluid
to the density of water @ 4° C.


SG 
H O2

•Gases have low specific gravities


•A liquid such as Mercury has a high specific gravity, 13.2
•The ratio is unitless.
•Density of water at 4° C : 1000 kg/m3
Example:
Determine the density, specific volume and specific
weight of the liquid whose specific gravity is 0.85
(take 𝜌𝑤 = 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚 𝑠 2 )
Ideal Gas Law
• Gases are highly compressible in comparison to
liquids, with changes in gas density directly
related to changes in pressure and temperature
𝑃
through the equation: 𝜌 =
𝑅𝑇
• where p is the absolute pressure, ρ the density,
T the absolute temperature, and R is a gas
constant.
Example: Determine the density, specific weight,
and specific volume of Co2 contained in a vessel
at a pressure of 600 KN/m3 absolute and
temperature 30oC (take 𝑅𝑐𝑜2 = 189 𝑗 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 ,
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚 𝑠 2 )
Viscosity: Introduction
The viscosity is measure of the “fluidity” of the fluid which is not
captured simply by density or specific weight. A fluid can not resist a
shear and under shear begins to flow. The shearing stress and
shearing strain can be related with a relationship of the following form
for common fluids such as water, air, oil, and gasoline:
du
 
dy
 is the absolute viscosity or dynamics viscosity of the fluid, u is the
velocity of the fluid and y is the vertical coordinate as shown in the
schematic below:

“No Slip
Condition”
Viscosity: Measurements
A Capillary Tube Viscosimeter is one method of measuring
the viscosity of the fluid.
Viscosity Varies from Fluid to Fluid and is dependent on
temperature, thus temperature is measured as well.
Units of Viscosity are N·s/m2 or lb·s/ft2
Movie Example using a Viscosimeter:
Viscosity: Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian
Toothpaste
Latex
Paint

Corn
Starch

Newtonian Fluids are Linear Relationships between stress and


strain: Most common fluids are Newtonian.
Non-Newtonian Fluids are Non-Linear between stress and strain
Viscosity: Kinematic Viscosity



•Kinematic viscosity is another way of representing
viscosity
•Used in the flow equations
•The units are of L2/T or m2/s and ft2/s
Example: A square metal plate 1.8 m side and 1.8 mm weight 60
N is to be lifted through a vertical gap of 30 mm of infinite
extent. The oil in the gap has specific gravity of 0.96 and
viscosity of 3 N.s/m2 as shown in Fig. 4.A. If the metal plate is to
be lifted at a constant speed of 0.12 m/s. Determine:

(1)-Contact area of plate with oil,


(2)-Thickness of the oil film,
(3)-Shear stress, and
(4)-Force required F

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