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Lecture 06

The rate of flow in m3/min is 0.00126 * 60 = 0.0756 m3/min

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76 views19 pages

Lecture 06

The rate of flow in m3/min is 0.00126 * 60 = 0.0756 m3/min

Uploaded by

abas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 7th Edition,

Bruce R. Munson. Theodore H. Okiishi. Alric P. Rothmayer


John Wiley & Sons, Inc.l, 2013

Lecture- 06
Fluid Dynamics
Dr. Dhafer Manea Hachim AL-HASNAWI
Assist Proof
Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University
Engineering Technical College / Najaf
email:coj.dfr@atu.edu.iq
Learning Objectives
• After completing this Lecture, you should be
able to:
• 1.Identify differences between:
– steady/unsteady
– uniform/non-uniform
– compressible/incompressible flow
• 2.Demonstrate streamlines and stream tubes
• 3.Introduce the Continuity principle
Outline
• Overview
• Flow Classification
• Streamlines
• Streamtubes
• Flow rate
• Fluid dynamics:
• The analysis of fluid in motion . Fluid motion can be predicted in
the same way as the motion of solids . By use of the
fundamental laws of physics and the physical properties of the
fluid

• Some fluid flow is very complex:


– Spray behind a car
– waves on beaches;
– hurricanes and tornadoes
– any other atmospheric phenomenon

• All can be analyzed with varying degrees of success (in some


cases hardly at all!). There are many common situations which
analysis gives very accurate predictions
Flow Classification
• Fluid flow may be classified under the following headings

• uniform: Flow conditions (velocity, pressure, cross-section or depth)


are the same at every point in the fluid.
• non-uniform: Flow conditions are not the same at every point.

• steady: Flow conditions may differ from point to point but DO NOT
change with time.
• unsteady: Flow conditions change with time at any point.

• Fluid flowing under normal circumstances - a river for example -


conditions vary from point to point we have non-uniform flow.

• If the conditions at one point vary as time passes then we have


unsteady flow.
Flow Classification
Combining these four gives
• Steady uniform flow: Conditions do not change with position in the
stream or with time. E.g. flow of water in a pipe of constant
diameter at constant velocity.

• Steady non-uniform flow: Conditions change from point to point in


the stream but do not change with time. E.g. Flow in a tapering
pipe with constant velocity at the inlet.

• Unsteady uniform flow: At a given instant in time the conditions at


every point are the same, but will change with time. E.g. A pipe of
constant diameter connected to a pump pumping at a constant rate
which is then switched off.

• Unsteady non-uniform flow: Every condition of the flow may


change from point to point and with time at every point.E.g. Waves
in a channel.
Flow Classification
Compressible versus Incompressible Flow
 Incompressible flow: If the density of
flowing fluid remains nearly constant
throughout (e.g., liquid flow).
 Compressible flow: If the density of
fluid changes during flow (e.g., high-
speed gas flow) When analysing
rockets, spacecraft, and other systems
that involve high speed gas flows, the
flow speed is often expressed by Mach
number
Schlieren image of a small model of the
space shuttle orbiter being tested at
Ma = 1 Sonic flow Mach 3 in the supersonic wind tunnel of
Ma < 1 Subsonic flow the Penn State Gas Dynamics Lab.
Ma > 1 Supersonic flow Several oblique shocks are seen in the
Ma >> 1 Hypersonic flow air surrounding the spacecraft.
Flow Classification
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
 A flow field is best characterized by its
velocity distribution.
 A flow is said to be one-, two-, or three
dimensional if the flow velocity varies in
one, two, or three dimensions,
respectively.
 However, the variation of velocity in Flow over a car antenna is
certain directions can be small relative approximately two dimensional
to the variation in other directions and except near the top and bottom
can be ignored. of the antenna.
The development of the velocity profile in
a circular pipe. V = V(r, z) and thus the
flow is two-dimensional in the entrance
region, and becomes one-dimensional
downstream when the velocity profile
fully develops and remains unchanged in
the flow direction, V = V(r).
Flow Classification
Viscous versus Inviscid
Regions of Flow
• Viscous flows: Flows in which the
frictional effects are significant.
• Inviscid flow regions: In many
flows of practical interest, there are
regions (typically regions not close
to solid surfaces) where viscous The flow of an originally uniform
forces are negligibly small fluid stream over a flat plate,
and the regions of viscous flow
compared to inertial or pressure (next to the plate on both sides)
forces. and inviscid flow (away from the
plate).
Flow Classification
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
 Laminar flow: The highly ordered
fluid motion characterized by
smooth layers of fluid. The flow of
high-viscosity fluids such as oils at
low velocities is typically laminar.
 Turbulent flow: The highly
disordered fluid motion that
typically occurs at high velocities
and is characterized by velocity
fluctuations. The flow of low
viscosity fluids such as air at high
velocities is typically turbulent.
 Transitional flow: A flow that
alternates between being laminar
and turbulent.
Laminar, transitional, and turbulent flows.
Flow Classification
Internal versus External Flow
External flow: The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such as a plate, a
wire, or a pipe
Internal flow: The flow in a pipe or duct if the fluid is completely bounded by solid
surfaces.

 Water flow in a pipe is internal flow, and


airflow over a ball is external flow .
 The flow of liquids in a duct is called
openchannel flow if the duct is only
partially filled with the liquid and there is
a free surface.

External flow over a tennis


ball, and the turbulent wake
region behind.
Streamlines
• Streamlines: It is useful to visualize the flow pattern. Lines joining
points of equal velocity - velocity contours - can be drawn. These
lines are know as streamlines.
• Here are 2-D streamlines around a cross-section of an aircraft wing
shaped body:

• Fluid flowing past a solid boundary does not flow into or out of the
solid surface.
• Very close to a boundary wall the flow direction must be along the
boundary.
Streamlines
Some points about streamlines:
1. Close to a solid boundary, streamlines are parallel to that boundary

2. The direction of the streamline is the direction of the fluid velocity

3. Fluid can not cross a streamline

4. Streamlines can not cross each other

5. Any particles starting on one streamline will stay on that same streamline

6. In unsteady flow streamlines can change position with time

7. In steady flow, the position of streamlines does not change.


Streamtubes
• A circle of points in a flowing fluid each has a
streamline passing through it. These
streamlines make a tube-like shape known as
a streamtube

• In a two-dimensional flow the streamtube is


flat (in the plane of the paper):
Streamtubes
• Some points about streamtubes

1. The “walls” of a streamtube are streamlines.


2. Fluid cannot flow across a streamline, so fluid
cannot cross a streamtube “wall”.
3. A streamtube is not like a pipe. Its “walls” move
with the fluid.
4. In unsteady flow streamtubes can change
position with time
5. In steady flow, the position of streamtubes does
not change.
Flow rate
• Mass flow rate

• A simple example: An empty bucket weighs


2.0kg. After 7 seconds of collecting water the
bucket weighs 8.0kg, then:
Flow rate
• Volume flow rate – Discharge: More
commonly we use volume flow rate . Also
know as discharge. The symbol normally used
for discharge is Q.

• A simple example: If the bucket above fills


with 2.0 litres in 25 seconds, what is the
discharge?
Example 1: Water flows through a rubber hose 2 cm in
diameter at a velocity of 4 m/s. What must be the
diameter of the nozzle in order that the water emerge
at 20 m/s?
The area is proportional to the square of
diameter, so:

v1d12  v2 d22
2 2
vd (4 m/s)(2 cm)
d 
2
2  1 1
d2 = 0.894 cm
v2 m/s)2
(20 cm)
Example 1 (Cont.): Water flows through a rubber hose
2 cm in diameter at a velocity of 4 m/s. What is the
rate of flow in m3/min?

Q  v1 A1  v2 A2
R

 d12
Q  v1 A1 ;
R A1 
4
 d12 (4 m/s) (0.02 m) 2
RQ1  v1  R1 = 0.00126 m3/s
Q
4 4
m3  1 min 
Q1  0.00126
R   QR1 = 0.0754 m3/min
min  60 s 

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