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CH 4

This document discusses hydrokinematics and the types of fluid flow. It covers: 1) One, two, and three-dimensional flows which depend on the number of spatial dimensions the flow variables vary with. 2) Describing flow patterns using streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines. 3) Classifying flow as ideal/real, compressible/incompressible, steady/unsteady, uniform/non-uniform, and laminar/turbulent. 4) The continuity equation relating cross-sectional area and flow velocity to maintain a constant flow rate.

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Eyoatem Teferi
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11 views12 pages

CH 4

This document discusses hydrokinematics and the types of fluid flow. It covers: 1) One, two, and three-dimensional flows which depend on the number of spatial dimensions the flow variables vary with. 2) Describing flow patterns using streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines. 3) Classifying flow as ideal/real, compressible/incompressible, steady/unsteady, uniform/non-uniform, and laminar/turbulent. 4) The continuity equation relating cross-sectional area and flow velocity to maintain a constant flow rate.

Uploaded by

Eyoatem Teferi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

Chapter 4 : HydroKinematics

Hydraulics

Prepared By: Melese Chanie


Presentation Outlines
π Introduction

π Dimension of flow

π Describing the pattern of flow

π Types of flow

π Continuity equation

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4.1 Introduction

• Kinematics of fluid deals with the geometry of motion, i.e. space


– time relationships of fluids only without regards to the forces
causing the motion.
• They are generally deals with velocity & acceleration of fluid.
4.2. DIMENSION OF FLOW
ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW:
• When the dependent variables (example, velocity, pressure
density etc.) are a function of one space coordinate say x-
coordinate it is known as one-dimensional flow.
V = f(x) one dimensional flow
Examples: flow through pipes & channels
2/26/2018 3
4.2 Dimension of flow
TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW:
• When the dependent variables vary with two space coordinates, the
flow is known as two – Dimensional flow.
V = f(x, y) two dimensional flow
Examples: Flow around a circular cylinder of infinite length
THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW:
• When the dependent variables vary with all the three-space
coordinates, the flow is known as three – Dimensional flow.
V = f(x, y, z) three dimensional flow
Example: The flow of air past an airplane wing
• Generally a fluid is a rather complex three- dimensional, time
dependent phenomenon, i.e., V = V(x, y, z, t).

2/26/2018 4
4.3 Describing the pattern of flow
• Stream lines: - it is an imaginary curve drawn through a
flowing fluid in such a way that the tangent to it at any point
gives the direction of the velocity of flow at that point.
• There is no flow across the streamlines.
• Therefore, streamlines don’t cross or intersect each other.

Stream lines
2/26/2018 5
4.3 Describing the pattern of flow
Stream tube: - is a tube imaginated to be formed by a group of
streamlines passing through a small closed curve.

• Path line: - a path line is a line traced out by a given single fluid
particle as it moves from one point to another over a period of time.
• In steady flow path lines &streamlines are identical.
• Streak lines: - A Streak line consists of all particles in flows that
have previously passed through a common point.
2/26/2018 6
4.4 Types of flow
(A) Classification according to type of fluid
• Ideal fluid flow – the fluid is assumed to have no viscosity.
• Real fluid flow: viscosity is taken in to consideration, which
leads to the development of shear stress b/n moving layers.
• Compressible fluid flow: - if variation of pressure results in
considerable changes in volume & density. Ex. Gases
• Incompatible fluid flow - if extremely large variation in
pressure is required to affect very small changes in volume.
Ex. Liquids

2/26/2018 7
4.4 Types of flow

(B) Classification according to variation of Fluid properties

• Steady flow: - A flow is said to be steady if at any point in the


flowing fluid characteristic such as velocity, pressure, density
V p
etc don’t change with time.   0,  0 , ets
t t

• Unsteady flow: - if at any point in the flowing fluid any one of


all of the characteristics, which describes the behavior of fluids
in motion changes with time.
V
  0, p  0 , etc
t t

2/26/2018 8
4.4 Types of flow

• Uniform flow: - this occurs when the velocity both in


magnitude & direction remains constant with respect to
distance, i. e it doesn’t change from point to point
 v  o
s

• Non- uniform flow: - if there is a change in velocity either


in magnitude or direction with respect to distance , then
V
 0
s

2/26/2018 9
4.4 Types of flow

• Laminar flow: - in laminar flow the particles of fluid move in


orderly manners & the steam lines retain the same relative
position in successive cross section.

• Laminar flow is associated with low velocity of flow and


viscous fluids.

• Turbulent flow: - Here the fluid particles flow in a disorder


manner occupying different relative positions in successive
cross section.

• Turbulent flow is associated with high velocity flows.


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4.5 Continuity Equation

• The continuity equation is a mathematical statement of the


principle of conservation of mass.
• A1 V1 = A2 V2 = Q

2/26/2018 11
•The End!!!

2/26/2018 12

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