HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

(CIV 3201)

HYDRAULIC
PRINCIPLES
UNIVERSITY OF GUYANA
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
OBJECTIVES

➢Understand the rudimentary ideas of Fluid Mechanics.

➢Distinguish between the various types of fluid flow.

➢Solve engineering problems.

 CONCEPTS
• Mechanics
• The science that deals with static (stationary) and dynamic
(moving) bodies under the impact of forces.

• Statics
• The science that deals with bodies at rest.
 CONCEPTS
• Dynamics
• The science that deals with bodies in motion.

• Fluid Mechanics
• The science that deals with fluid behaviours: static fluids
(fluids at rest) and dynamic fluids (fluids in motion).
 CONCEPTS
• Hydrodynamics
• The science that deals with the motion of incompressible fluids,
e.g. water.

• Hydraulics
• A hydrodynamic subcategory, dealing with the flow of liquids in
pipes and open channels.
 FLUIDS
• A substance in the liquid or gas phase.
• Deforms continuously under the influence of a shear
stress
• Never stops deforming and approaches a constant rate
of strain.
 TERMS

• Stress – Force per area.

• Normal Stress – Perpendicular force acting on a surface.

• Shear Stress – Tangential force acting on a surface.

• Pressure – Perpendicular stress in static fluids.

TERMS

The Normal Stress And Shear Stress At Surface Of A Fluid Element

(Cengel & Cimbala, 2014)
 LIQUIDS

• Groups of molecules can move relative to each other,

but the volume remains relatively constant because of
the strong cohesive forces between the molecules.

• Molecules can rotate and translate freely.

 FLUID FLOW CLASSIFICATION

• Viscous Flows & Inviscid Flows

• Viscous flows – Flows experiencing large frictional forces.

• Inviscid flows - Flows not experiencing significant frictional

forces. Negligible frictional forces.
 FLUID FLOW CLASSIFICATION

• Compressible Flows & Incompressible Flows

• Incompressible flows – Unchanged density in fluid during
flow.

• Compressible flows – Density of fluid changes during flow.

 FLUID FLOW CLASSIFICATION
• Forced Flows & Natural Flows
• Forced flows – External means such as a pump forces a fluid
to flow over a surface or in a pipe.
• Natural flows – Natural means facilitates flow. E.g.
buoyancy, capillary rise.
 FLUID FLOW CLASSIFICATION
• Internal Flows & External Flows
• Internal flows – Flows where fluid is bounded by
surfaces such as pipes.

• External flows – Flow of fluids over surfaces.

 FLUID FLOW CLASSIFICATION
• Uniform Flows & Non-uniform Flows
• Uniform flows –Flow velocity is the same magnitude and
direction at every point in the fluid
• Non-uniform flows – Flow velocity is not the same at every
point the flow.
 FLUID FLOW CLASSIFICATION
• Steady Flows & Unsteady Flows
• Steady flows – Conditions such as pressure and cross
section differ from point to point but NOT with time.

• Unsteady flows – Conditions change with time.

 FLUID FLOW CLASSIFICATION
• Laminar Flows & Turbulent Flows
• Laminar flows
• Paths of particles do not obstruct each other
• Viscous forces are prevailing
• Velocity of fluid particles only changes in size
• Lateral component of velocity is zero
• Predictable behaviour
 FLUID FLOW CLASSIFICATION
• Laminar Flows & Turbulent Flows
• Turbulent flows
• Paths intersect each other
• Inertial forces are prevailing
• Velocity of fluid particles change in size and direction
• Lateral components exist
• Chaotic behaviour
 FLUID FLOW CLASSIFICATION

• Transitional Flows
• Flows that alternate between a laminar flow and a
turbulent flow.
 REYNOLDS NUMBER
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝑅𝑒 =
𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

𝜌𝑉𝐷
=
𝜇

Where,
𝜌 – fluid density (kg/m3)
𝑉 – fluid velocity (m/s)
𝐷 – pipe diameter (m)
𝜇 – fluid dynamic viscosity (kgs/m)
 REYNOLDS NUMBER

Re < 2300 is considered laminar flow

2300 ≤ Re ≤ 4000 is considered transitional flow

Re > 4000 is considered turbulent flow

 FLOW COMBINATION
1. STEADY UNIFORM FLOW
• Conditions do not change with position in the stream or with time.
• An example is the flow of water in a pipe of constant diameter at
constant velocity.

2. STEADY NON-UNIFORM FLOW

• Conditions change from point to point in the stream but do not change
with time.
• An example is flow in a tapering pipe with constant velocity at the
inlet - velocity will change as you move along the length of the pipe
toward the exit.
 FLOW COMBINATION
3. UNSTEADY UNIFORM FLOW
• At a given instant in time the conditions at every point are the same,
but will change with time.
• An example is a pipe of constant diameter connected to a pump
pumping at a constant rate which is then switched off.

4. UNSTEADY NON-UNIFORM FLOW

• Every condition of the flow may change from point to point and with
time at every point.
• For example waves in a channel.
FLOW COMBINATION
FLOW COMBINATION
 FLOW DIMENSIONALITY
• The dimensionality of a flow field corresponds to the number of

spatial coordinates needed to describe all properties of the flow.

• A dependent variable in our study of fluids depends, in general, on the

three space coordinates and time, e.g., V(x, y, z, t).

 FLOW DIMENSIONALITY
• The flow that depends on three space coordinates is a three-
dimensional flow; it could be a steady flow if time is not involved,
such as would be the case in the flow near the intersection of a wing
and the fuselage of an aircraft flying at a constant speed.

• The flow in a washing machine would be an unsteady, three-

dimensional flow.
 FLOW DIMENSIONALITY
• Certain flows can be approximated as two-dimensional flows; flows over a
wide weir, in the entrance region of a pipe, and around a sphere are
examples that are of special interest.

• In such two-dimensional flows the dependent variables depend on only

two space variables, i.e., p(r, y) or V(x, y, t).

• If the space coordinates are x and y, we refer to the flow as a plane flow.
 ONE DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW

• One-dimensional flows are flows in which the velocity depends on

only one space variable.

• They include the flows in pipes and channels.

• For flow in a long pipe, the velocity depends on the radius, r, and in a
wide channel (parallel plates) it depends on y.
 ONE DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW
• Flow is described as one-dimensional if the factors, or parameters, such as
velocity, pressure and elevation, describing the flow at a given instant, vary only
along the direction of flow and not across the cross-section at any point.
• If the flow is unsteady, these parameters may vary with time.
• The one dimension is taken as the distance along the streamline of the flow, even
though this may be a curve in space, and the values of velocity, pressure and
elevation at each point along this streamline will be the average values across a
section normal to the streamline.
ONE DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW
ONE DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW
ONE DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW
 ONE DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW
• The flows shown are also referred to as developed flows; the velocity
profiles do not change with respect to the downstream coordinate.
• This demands that the pipe flow shown is many diameters downstream of
any change in geometry, such as an entrance, a valve, an elbow, or a
contraction or expansion.
• If the flow has not developed, the velocity field depends on more than one
space coordinate, as is the case near a geometry change.
• The developed flow may be unsteady, i.e., it may depend on time, such as
when a valve is being opened or closed.
 TWO DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW
• In two-dimensional flow it is assumed that the flow parameters may vary
in the direction of flow and in one direction at right angles, so that the
streamlines are curves lying in a plane and identical in all planes parallel to
this plane.

• Certain flows can be approximated as two-dimensional flows; flows over a

wide weir, in the entrance region of a pipe, and around a sphere are
examples that are of special interest.
 TWO DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW

• In such two-dimensional flows the dependent variables depend on only

two space variables, i.e., p(r, y) or V(x, y, t).

• If the space coordinates are x and y, we refer to the flow as a plane flow.
TWO DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW
 THREE DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW

• In three-dimensional flow it is assumed that the flow parameters may vary

in space, in the direction of motion, y and z in the plane of the cross-

section.
THREE DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW
ANY QUESTIONS?