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Chemical Sensor: Biosensor

A chemical sensor is a device that provides information about the chemical composition of its environment through a measurable physical signal correlated to the concentration of a certain chemical species. It functions through two main steps - recognition, where analyte molecules interact selectively with receptor molecules, and transduction, where a characteristic physical parameter varies and generates an output signal. A biosensor is a chemical sensor that uses a biological material for recognition, such as cells, proteins, nucleic acids, or biomimetic polymers. Biosensors present the challenge of encapsulating the biological component, which can be done with a semipermeable barrier or 3D polymer matrix.

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65 views1 page

Chemical Sensor: Biosensor

A chemical sensor is a device that provides information about the chemical composition of its environment through a measurable physical signal correlated to the concentration of a certain chemical species. It functions through two main steps - recognition, where analyte molecules interact selectively with receptor molecules, and transduction, where a characteristic physical parameter varies and generates an output signal. A biosensor is a chemical sensor that uses a biological material for recognition, such as cells, proteins, nucleic acids, or biomimetic polymers. Biosensors present the challenge of encapsulating the biological component, which can be done with a semipermeable barrier or 3D polymer matrix.

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Chemical sensor[edit]

A chemical sensor is a self-contained analytical device that can provide information about the
chemical composition of its environment, that is, a liquid or a gas phase.[5] The information is
provided in the form of a measurable physical signal that is correlated with the concentration of a
certain chemical species (termed as analyte). Two main steps are involved in the functioning of a
chemical sensor, namely, recognition and transduction. In the recognition step, analyte molecules
interact selectively with receptor molecules or sites included in the structure of the recognition
element of the sensor. Consequently, a characteristic physical parameter varies and this variation
is reported by means of an integrated transducer that generates the output signal. A chemical
sensor based on recognition material of biological nature is a biosensor. However, as
synthetic biomimetic materials are going to substitute to some extent recognition biomaterials, a
sharp distinction between a biosensor and a standard chemical sensor is superfluous. Typical
biomimetic materials used in sensor development are molecularly imprinted
polymers and aptamers.

Biosensor[edit]
Main article: Biosensor
In biomedicine and biotechnology, sensors which detect analytes thanks to a biological
component, such as cells, protein, nucleic acid or biomimetic polymers, are called biosensors.
Whereas a non-biological sensor, even organic (carbon chemistry), for biological analytes is
referred to as sensor or nanosensor. This terminology applies for both in-vitro and in vivo
applications. The encapsulation of the biological component in biosensors, presents a slightly
different problem that ordinary sensors; this can either be done by means of a semipermeable
barrier, such as a dialysis membrane or a hydrogel, or a 3D polymer matrix, which either
physically constrains the sensing macromolecule or chemically constrains the macromolecule by
bounding it to the scaffold.

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