EE308 - Communication Systems

Prof. Shabbir Merchant - merchant@ee.iitb.ac.in

Prof. Gaurav Kasbekar - gskasbekar@ee.iitb.ac.in

1 Motivation • The De-modulator remove the modulating signal at

• Examples of communication Networks- the receiving end to obtain the information that was
transmitted.
– Radio Broadcasting (FM and AM)
– Cable and satellite television • De-coder is also present in digital systems to reverse
the operation performed on the signal by the coder.
– Internet
– Telephone Network • Distortion occurs when freq. response on the signal
does not match the freq. response on the channel.
– Local area networks
Example, sharp edges become smoother because the
• Def-Ad Hoc Networks: Two or more wireless devices channel doesn’t support very high frequencies.
communicate among themselves directly without us-
ing any infrastructure. • Interference occurs due to switching of the circuits
etc, usually a pure sinosoid on the signal.
• A node can directly communicate only with neigh-
bours and must use one or more intermediate nodes • Noise is the unpredictable component that could hap-
as relays. Example, Bluetooth, Military applications. pen due to natural disturbances, noises due to elec-
tronic devices.
• Def-Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN): They are spe-
cial ad hoc networks where wireless node can sense 2.1 Modulation and Demodulation
various quantities. So, a large no. of sensors perform
distributed sensing of an area and route the sensed • Analog message signals are reffered as ”baseband sig-
data to the sink. nals” since they are typically lowpass in nature.

• Def-Internet of Things(IoT): Involves extension of • Baseband signals are usually not suitable for direct
internet connectivity to resource constrained devices transmission over a communication channel; modu-
and everyday objects to allow remote monitoring and lation is the process of converting signal from message
control of these devices and can communicate with source into a form suitable for transmission.
minimal or no human intervention.
• Demodulation is recovering the message signal from
• Applications of WSN and IoT: Precision agri-
the received signal and is performed at the receiver.
culture, smart healthcare, smart home, infrastructure
/machine monitoring and preventive maintenance,
• Carrier is the sinusoid of high frequency. During
environment monitoring,smart cities, intelligent traf-
modulation, one of the carrier parameter is varied as
fic and transportation systems, industrial automation
a function of the message signal.
2 Introduction
• The following are the reasons for modulation and the
• Def-Transducer: Device used to convert the non- demodulation:
electrical signal to an electrical signal or vice versa.
– Ease of Transmission, high frequencies reduce
• A basic electric communication block diagram: the size of antenna required
– Multiplexing: Simultaneous transmission of
multiple signals by mounting different signals to
different carries of different frequencies.
• Even though now we use digital communication ev-
erywhere, we are studying analog communication as
2.2 Noise and Distortion
concepts of analog are used in digital communication.
• In principle, infinite bits per symbol can be transmit-
ter in a hypothetical channel with no noise or inter-
ference.

• Shannon capacity formula for achievable data rate on

channel without bit errors C:
• The Modulator, a part of the transmitter, modulates P
the signal to ensure that frequencies of the signal C = B log(1 + )
N
match that of the channels.
where, B is the bandwidth of the channel, P is signal
• In digital systems, a Coder is also present in the trans- power at the receiver, N is the noise and interference
mitter, to condense and add redundancy. power at the receiver.
3 Signals and its Properties • We can say that x(t) consists of phasors with ampli-
tude |cn | and angle arg(cn ) at frequencies nf0
• Def-Signal x(t) is defined as a function of time (t ∈ R)
• If x(t) is real, then c−n = c∗n = |cn |e−jarg(cn )
• Mathematically, they can be classified into various
groups: • Parseval Theorem for Periodic Signal:
– Deterministic and Random signals 1
Z nT0 /2
Random signals are defined by probabilistic Px = lim |x(t)|2 dt
n→∞ nT0 −nT /2
models rather than definite functions. Z T0
0

1
– Energy and Power signals = |x(t)|2 dt
T0 −T0 /2
∗ Energy and power of a signal are defined as: Z T0 /2
1
Z Tm /2 = x(t)x∗ (t)dt
T0 0
Ex = lim |x(t)|2 dt ∞
Tm →∞ −Tm /2 X
= |cn |2
Z Tm /2 n=−∞
1
Px = lim |x(t)|2 dt
Tm →∞ Tm −Tm /2
• Dirichlet Conditions: Sufficient but not necessary for
∗ if Ex is finite, the signal is Energy signal else the Fourier series representation to exist.
it is a Power signal.
– Periodic signal x(t) has a finite no. of maxima,
∗ In reality, all signals are energy signals
minima and discontinuities per period.
∗ Not all energy signals have a finite dura-
tion. Example, a decaying exponential or – x(t) is absolutely integrable, i.e. x(t) has finite
sinc function. area per period.
– Fourier series exists and converges uniformly
sin(2πW t) wherever x(t) is continuous.
2W = 2W sinc(2W T ), Ex → 2W
2πW t
– If x(t) is square integrable, then the series con-
∗ if Ex < ∞, then Px =0, and if Px > 0, then verges in the mean.
Ex = ∞
Example, x(t) = A cos(2πfc t) Energy is infi- • Gibbs phenomenon: The Gibbs phenomenon involves
nite but power can be calculated. Px = A2 /2 the fact that Fourier sums overshoot and undershoot
at a jump discontinuity, and that this overshoot does
∗ In electrical systems, resistance R is assumed
not die out as more terms are added to the sum but
to be one ohm to calculate power and energy.
rather converge to about 9% of the value of the jump.
– Periodic and Aperiodic signals
∗ For periodic signals, x(t)=x(t+T0 ) for some
T0 6= 0
∗ All periodic signals are power signals.
∗ In practical case, signals are not periodic.
– Complex and Real signals
∗ Complex signals arise often in analysis and
design convenience, like Fourier transform
– Continuous and discrete time signals
∗ If the domain of the function defining the
signal contains intervals of the real line, con-
tinuous
∗ If the domain of the signal is a countable
subset of the real line, discrete.

3.1 Representation of the continuous

signals in Frequency Domain
1
• Let x(t) be a power signal with period T0 = f0 then,its
exponential Fourier expansion is :
∞
X
x(t) = cn ej2πnf0 t , n = 0, 1, 2, ...
n=−∞

where,
Z
1
cn = x(t)e−j2πnf0 t dt, cn ∈ C
T0 T0