mm Principles

40 of Communication
60 80 Systems 100 120
(Subject Code: EC-3501)

40

60 Dr. Pawan Kumar

Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
National Institute of Technology Rourkela
Rourkela, Odisha
80
Autumn (2021-22)

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Outline of the subject
Partmm
1: An overview40 60
of Fourier analysis 80 100 120
Power & energy of signals, Fourier series, Fourier transform, spectral densities, correlation.

Part 2: Amplitude modulation systems

Various types of AM schemes – general AM, DSB-SC, SSB, VSB, and their demodulation.
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Spectrum of AM signals.

Part 3: Frequency modulation systems

PM and FM relation, narrow-band FM, wide-band FM, demodulation. Spectrum and
bandwidth of FM signals .
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Part 4: Analog-to-digital conversion
Sampling, quantization, encoding, companding, baseband communication, and passband
communication.

Part 80
5: Noises in communication systems
Types of noise, noise temperature, noise bandwidth, noise figure.

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 mm 40 60 80 100 120
References

1 B. P. Lathi and Z. Ding, Modern Analog and Digital Communication Systems, Oxford,
4th Ed.,
40 2011.

2 S. Haykin and M. Moher, Communication Systems, Wiley, 5th Ed., 2009.

3 H. Taub, D. L. Schilling, and G. Saha, Principles of Communication System,

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McGraw-Hill, 3rd Ed., 2008.

4 A. B. Corlson and P. B. Crilly, Communication Systems, McGraw-Hill, 5th Ed. 2017.

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An overview of communication systems
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Communication systems: We convey our messages from one end to other ends.

• There happens a lot of communications all the time; we speak, gesture, text, or get
notifications in our devices, etc.
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• Communication is ubiquitous. Some sort of message is being conveyed every time
everywhere.

• Being electronics engineers, here we are interested in communicating electrical

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messages. Hence, the communication systems of our interest are those which deal with
electrical messages.

• Some examples of such systems are – telephone, TV, cellular systems, bluetooth,
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device-to-device, etc.

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Block Diagram
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Input Input Transmitted

Message Signal Signal
Input
Transmitter
40 Transducer

Channel

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Distortion and
Noise
Output
Receiver
Transducer
Output Output Received
Message Signal Signal
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[1] B. P. Lathi and Z. Ding, Modern Analog and Digital Communication Systems, Oxford, 4th Ed., 2011.
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Input transducer: To convert non-electrical messages into electric form.
Examples – microphone, keyboard, etc.
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Transmitter: The electric signal comprises of low frequency components. Hence, the
input electric signal is usually referred as baseband signal. A transmitter’s function is to
convert the input signals into special signals for efficient transmission. High frequency
carriers are used for this purpose.
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It may consist of a number of subsystems – ADC (analog-to-digital converter), encoder,
modulator, etc.
Channel: A medium through which the transmitted signal is sent over a distance.
Examples
60 – twisted copper cable, coaxial cable, wireless/radio link, etc.
Receiver: It processes the signals received through the channel. Signal modification is
done in the reverse order of what is done at the transmitter end. It also performs removal
of distortion induced by the channel.
80 may consist of a number of subsystems – DAC (digital-to-analog converter),
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decoder, demodulator, etc.
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Types of communication systems

Communication
mm systems are broadly categorized as
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1) Analog communication systems
2) Digital communication systems

Analog communication systems: Analog form of message signals is of interest. Circuitries

40 DAC are usually not required.
such as ADC,

Digital communication systems: Digital form of message signals is of interest. ADC and
DAC would be required if end stage signal is analog.

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Input Output
signal signal
Modulator Channel Demodulator

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Analog communication system

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 mm 40 60 80 100 120
Analog
input
Source Channel
ADC Modulator
encoder Encoder

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Channel

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Analog
output
Source Channel
DAC Demodulator
decoder decoder

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Digital communication system

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Part 1: An overview of signals and systems

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Signals

• A signal is any function which contains some information.

Examples:
i) The function x(t) = A sin(2πft + φ) can be used to model an electric voltage or current
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signal.
ii) The function x(t) = exp(−at) can be used to model some decaying phenomenon.

Systems
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• Any physical device which processes the input signals into output signals.
Examples:
i) Medical equipments
ii) signal processors in audio and video devices
iii) 80
Control systems
iv) Communication systems, etc.
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Classification
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Signals are mainly categorized as follows:

1) Continuous time and discrete time signals

2) Analog
40and digital signals
3) Periodic and aperiodic signals
4) Deterministic and probabilistic/random signals
5) Energy and power signals
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Continuous and discrete time signals
• Continuous time signals – specified for every value of time.
• Discrete
80 time signals – specified only at discrete points of time, t = nT.

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Analog and digital signals
• Analog signals – Amplitude can take on any value in a continuous range [-A, B].
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• Digital signals – Amplitudes can take on only a finite number of values.

x(t) x(t)

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t t

Continuous time signal Discrete time signal

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x(t) x(t)

t t
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Analog signal Digital signal
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Periodic and aperiodic signals

• Periodic
mm signals – A signal x(t) is periodic if it satisfies the periodicity condition, that is,
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x(t) = x(t + T) for all t

where T is period of the signal. The frequency of the signal can be given by F = 1/T.
40 signals – In general, aperiodic (non-periodic) signals cannot be represented in
• Aperiodic
mathematical form. However, for instance, we can say that a signal is aperiodic if
x(t) 6= x(t + T), for any T.

60 Periodic signal
x(t) x(t)

t t
80 T
Aperiodic signal

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Deterministic and random signals
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• Deterministic signals – complete description is know either in mathematical form or
graphical form. A sinusoidal electric current signal is deterministic.

• Random signals – known only in terms of probabilistic quantities such as, mean value,
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mean square value, distributions, etc; no full mathematical or graphical form
representation. Noises in communication systems are random in nature.

Size or measure of signals

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• The size of any signal is a quantity that measures or describes its strength.

• Basically, two quantities are used to measure any signal’s strength:

Energy
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Power

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Energy of signals – Energy signals
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• Consider a signal x(t) is is a function of time t.
• Energy of x(t) is defined as Z ∞
Ex = |x(t)|2 dt (1)
−∞
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Example: Find the energy of the signal

exp(−2t), if t≥0
x(t) =
0, if t < 0.
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Solution: We know the unit function is defined as

1, if t≥0
u(t) =
80  0, if t < 0.

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 Hence, we can rewrite our signal as

mm 40 = exp(−2t)u(t).
x(t)60 80 100 120

Using (1), we can represent the energy of the signal as

Z ∞
Ex = |x(t)|2 dt
40 −∞
Z ∞
= | exp(−2t)u(t)|2 dt
−∞
Z ∞
= | exp(−2t)|2 dt
0
Z ∞
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= exp(−4t)dt
0
1
= .
4
is, the energy of the signal is Ex = 1/4 unit.
That 80

• If for a signal, Ex is finite, that is, Ex < ∞, then the it is an energy signal.
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Power ofmm
signals – Power signals
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• Power of a signal x(t) is calculated using the relation
Z T/2
1
Px = lim |x(t)|2 dt (2)
T→∞ T −T/2
40 | {z }

• The quantity under the brace is the energy of the signal in a window of size T.
• Hence, we can represent

60 Energy in window of T
Px = lim
T→∞ T

80 Find power of a sinusoidal signal x(t) = A sin(2πFt).

Example:

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Solution: Using (2), power of x(t) can be given by
Z T/2
mm 40 1
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Px = lim |A sin(2πFt)|2 dt.
T→∞ T −T/2

On further simplification, we get

Z T/2
1
40 Px = lim A2 sin2 (2πFt)dt.
T→∞ T −T/2
Z T/2
A2 1 − cos(4πFt)
= lim dt
T→∞ T −T/2 2
 T/2
A2 t sin(4πFt)
60 = lim −
T→∞ T 2 8πF −T/2
 
A2 T sin(2π) − sin(−2π)
= lim −
T→∞ T 2 8πF
A2
80 =⇒ Px = . (3)
2
Periodic signals are good examples of power signals.
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 • If themm
power Px is finite, that is, Px < ∞, then the signal of interest is a power signal.
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Neither a power signal nor an energy signal!

• Power Px is basically mean of a signal averaged over a large time interval approaching
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infinity. Hence, the mean exists if the signal is either is periodic or has a statistical
regularity.

• If such a condition is not satisfied, an average may not exist.

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• For example, consider the signal x(t) = t, which increase indefinitely as |t| → ∞.

• That implies it is not a power signal.

• It is neither an energy signal.

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Power of an energy signal
• If x(t) is an energy signal, then its power can be given by
mm 40 60 Z T/2 80 100 120
1 Ex
Px = lim |x(t)|2 ≤ lim =0
T→∞ T −T/2 T→∞ T

=⇒ Px ≤ 0

• As power is a positive quantity, therefore Px = 0.

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• Power of an energy signal is zero.

Energy of a power signal

• If x(t)60is an power signal, then the energy in window of T is ET ≈ Px T.
• Hence, total energy in the signal is

Total energy = lim EnergyinwindowT ≈ lim Px T.

T→∞ T→∞

80 =⇒ Ex = ∞.

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Units of signal energy and power
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• Energy – Joule
• Power – Watt

• In practice,
40 it is customary to use logrithmic scales. This serves the trouble of dealing
with many decimal places when the quantity is large or small.
• The relations to convert Watt into decibel

60 PdB = 10 log10 (Px ).

PdBm = 30 + 10 log10 (Px ).

• Example: The decibel equivalent of Px = 10−6 Watt is PdB = −30 dBm.

80 0 dBm into normal decimal scale.
? Convert

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 mm 40 60 80 100 120
Practice

1) Find energy of the signal in Figure a and power of the signal in Figure b.

40 x(t) x(t)
2
1
2exp(-t/2)

-3 -1 1 2 t
-260 0 2 4 t -1

Figure a Figure b

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