CHAPTER > 15

Waves
KEY NOTES
Å Wave is a pattern which moves without the actual physical While fluids as well as solids can sustain compressive
transfer or flow of matter as a whole. strain, therefore longitudinal waves can be propagated in
Å Waves transport energy and the pattern of disturbance has all elastic media.
information that propagates from one point to another. Å The waves on the surface of water are of two types
Å There are mainly three types of waves, which are as follows (i) Capiliary Waves These are ripples of fairly short
(i) Mechanical Waves These waves require a medium for wavelength (not more than a few centimeter) and the
their propagation, i.e. they cannot propagate through restoring force that produces them is the surface
vacuum, e.g. waves on string, water wave, etc. tension of water.
They involve oscillations of constituent particles and (ii) Gravity Waves These waves have wavelengths
depend on the elastic properties of the medium. typically ranging from several meters to several
hundred meters. The restoring force that produces
(ii) Electromagnetic Waves These waves do not necessarily
these waves is the pull of gravity, which tends to keep
require a medium for their propagation and thus they can
the water surface at its lowest level.
travel through vacuum, e.g. light, radio waves, X-rays,
etc. Å Transverse and longitudinal waves travel with different
In vacuum, all electromagnetic waves have the same speed in the same medium.
speed c, where c = 299,792,458 ms −1 .
(iii) Matter Waves These waves are associated with
Progressive Waves
constituents of matter namely, electrons, protons, Å A transverse or longitudinal wave that travel from one
neutrons, atoms and molecules, e.g. a beam of point of the medium to another is called a progressive
electron, etc. wave.
Å Wave propagates in a medium due to restoring force which is Å The displacement relation of a progressive wave is given
proportional to the disturbance. by
Å The compression or rarefaction moves from one region to y ( x , t) = a sin ( kx − ωt + φ)
another, making the propagation of a disturbance possible in where, y ( x , t) = displacement as a function of position x
air. and time t; a = amplitude of a wave; ω = angular frequency
of the wave; k = angular wave number;
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves ( kx − ωt + φ) = phase angle
Å In transverse waves, the constituents of the medium oscillate and φ = initial phase (at x = 0, t = 0)
about their mean positions in a direction perpendicular to the Å If displacement equation can be considered to be a linear
direction of wave propagation like a harmonic wave travelling combination of sine and cosine function,
along a stretched string. y( x , t) = A sin ( kx − ωt) + B cos ( kx − ωt)
Å In longitudinal waves, the constituents of the medium oscillate  B
about their mean positions along the direction of wave Then amplitude, a = A 2 + B 2 and phase, φ = tan −1   .
 A
propagation like propagation of sound waves.
Å In a transverse progressive wave, the crest is the point of
Å Transverse waves can propagate only in those media, which
maximum positive displacement and the trough is the
can sustain shearing stress, such as solids not in fluids.
point of maximum negative displacement.
Some important definitions related to wave motion are given where, Y is Young’s modulus of elasticity of the bar and ρ is
below its mass density.
Å Amplitude The maximum displacement suffered by the Å Liquids and solids generally have higher speed of sound
particles of the medium from their mean position is called than gases.
amplitude. It is denoted by a. Å The speed of a longitudinal wave in an ideal gas (for
Å Phase The position of a point in time on a waveform is isothermal change) is given by
known as the phase of a wave. It can also be expressed as p
relative displacement between two corresponding peaks of a v=
ρ
waveform. It is denoted by φ.
where p is the pressure of the gas and ρ is its density.
Å Wavelength It is the minimum distance between two
points having same phase or it is the distance between two This relation is known as Newton’s formula.
consecutive crests or troughs in a wave. It is denoted by λ. Å Laplace’s correction It was pointed out by Laplace that
Å Wave Number The number of waves present in a unit the pressure variations in the propagation of sound waves
distance along the direction of propagation is known as are so fast that there is short time for the heat flow to
wave number. maintain constant temperature. So, variations are adiabatic
2π not isothermal.
Angular wave number, k = (in rad m −1 ) Thus, speed of sound is given by
λ
γp
Å Period of oscillation of the wave is the time it takes for a v=
particle to complete one full oscillation. It is given by ρ

T=
2π where, γ is the ratio of specific heat of the gas at constant
ω pressure p to that at constant volume V, i.e. γ = C p / CV .
 2π 
where, ω = angular frequency =   (in rad s −1 )
 T Principle of Superposition of Waves
Å Frequency is the number of oscillations per second and Å According to this principle, ‘‘when the pulses travelling in
given by different directions overlap, then the resultant
1 ω
ν= = (in Hz) displacement is the algebraic sum of the displacement due
T 2π to each pulse.’’
Speed of a Travelling or Progressive Å It is basic to the phenomenon of interference.
Wave For two waves differing only in their phases, the resultant
displacement is given by
Å Wave speed is a measure of how fast a wave travels. For a
progressive wave, y ( x , t) = a sin ( kx − ω t) + a sin ( kx − ω t + φ)
ω φ  φ
Speed, v = = νλ = λ / T = 2a cos sin  kx − ωt + 
2  2
k
φ
Å The speed of transverse wave on a stretched string is Here, amplitude, A( φ) = 2 a cos
2
T
given by v= Å At those points where phase difference φ = 0 or 2nπ,
µ
i.e. φ is an integar multiple of 2π (n = 0, 1, 2, 3 , ...), the
where, T = tension in the string and µ = linear mass denstiy resultant amplitude is
(or mass per unit length). A( 0) = 2a
So, speed v depends only on the properties of the medium T This is called constructive interference, where the
(due to restoring force) and µ (due to inertial force). It does amplitudes add up in the resultant wave.
not depend on wavelength or frequency of the wave itself.
Å At those points where phase difference φ = ( 2n − 1) π
Å The general formula for speed of longitudinal waves
i.e. φ is an odd multiple of π, the resultant amplitude is
B
(sound) in a medium is v = A( π ) = 0.
ρ
This is called destructive interference, where amplitude
where, B is the bulk modulus of liquid and ρ is its mass subtract out in the resultant wave.
density.
Å The speed of longitudinal waves (sound) in a solid bar is Reflection of Waves
Y When a progressive wave travelling through a medium
v= Å

ρ reaches a rigid boundary, it gets reflected and the

phenomena is called reflection of waves.
 If equation of incident travelling wave is nλ
L= ; where n = 1, 2, 3 , K .
y i ( x , t) = a sin ( kx − ωt) 2
At a rigid boundary, the reflected wave is given by 2L
Possible wavelengths, λ = with corresponding
y r ( x , t) = a sin ( kx + ωt + π ) n
= − a sin ( kx + ωt) nv
frequencies, ν = n = 1, 2, 3
Å A travelling wave or pulse suffers a phase change of π 2L
(displacement y = 0) on reflection at a rigid boundary and Å The lowest possible natural frequency of a system is called
no phase change on reflection at an open boundary. its fundamental mode or the first harmonic.
Å If the boundary is not completely rigid or is an interface ∴ For a stretched string fixed at either end, it is given by
between two different elastic media, then a point of the v
incident wave is reflected and a part is transmitted into ν= (for n = 1)
2L
second media.
Close Organ Pipe
Note If a wave incidents obliquely on the boundary between
two different media, the transmitted wave is called the
Å In a closed organ pipe, longitudinal stationary waves are
refracted wave. formed such a way that open end of pipe behaves as an
anti-node and a node is formed at the closed end of pipe
Å The incident and refracted waves obey Snell’s law of
as shown below.
refraction and the incident and reflected waves obey the
usual laws of reflection.
(a) A N Fundamental
Standing or Stationary Waves or First harmonic
λ
Å These waves are produced due to the continuous L=
4
reflection of wave between two ends of a string, until a
steady wave pattern is observed. (b) A1 A2 N2 Third harmonic
N1
The resultant wave is given by
3λ
y( x , t) = 2a sin kx cos ωt L=
4
where, amplitude = 2a sin kx.
These waves have following characteristics (c) A1 A2 A3 N3 Fifth harmonic
N1 N2
(i) The amplitude varies from point to point, but each
5λ
element of the string oscillates with the same angular L=
4
frequency ω or time period.
(ii) There is no phase difference between oscillations of Length L of the pipe is related λ as
different elements of the wave.  1 λ
L = n + 
(iii) The wave pattern is neither moving to the right nor to  2 2
the left. Hence, they are called standing or stationary 2L
waves. The possible wavelengths, λ = with
(n + 1/ 2)
Å In stationary waves, the system cannot oscillate with any
 1 v
arbitrary frequency, but is characterised by a set of natural corresponding frequencies, ν = n +  .
 2 2L
frequencies or normal modes of oscillation.
λ
Å The points at which the amplitude is zero (i.e. where there Å For fundamental mode (n = 0), L = or λ = 4L.
is no motion at all) are nodes and the points at which the 4
amplitude is largest are called anti-nodes. ∴ Fundamental (1st harmonic) frequency,
Å Position of nodes is given by v v
ν= =
nλ λ 4L
x= ; where n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ,K .
2 Å Only odd harmonics are present in closed pipe with their
Å Position of anti-nodes is given by frequencies in the ratio 1 : 3: 5 : ... .
 1 λ Open Organ Pipe
x = n +  ; where n = 0, 1, 2, K .
 2 2 Å In an open organ pipe, stationary waves are formed in
Å The distance between any two successive nodes or such a way that anti-nodes are formed at both the open
anti-nodes is λ / 2. ends of pipe and one or more nodes are formed in
Å For a stretched string, length L is related by λ, between symmetrically as shown below.
 (a) A1 A2 Fundamental Doppler’s Effect
N or First harmonic
λ Å If a wave source and a receiver are moving relative to each
L= other, the frequency observed by receiver is different from
2
the actual source frequency. This phenomena is known as
(b) A1 A2 A3 Second harmonic doppler’s effect.
N1 N2
L= λ
Å When the source is moving and the observer is stationary,
the apparent or observer frequency is given by
(c) A1 A2 A3 A4 Third harmonic (i) When source is moving away from observer
N1 N2 N3
 v 
L=
3λ ν = νo  
2  v + vs
Note The number of nodes is 1 less than the number of where, ν o is original frequency of sound wave, v is the
anti-nodes. speed of sound in a medium and v s is the speed of
nλ source.
Length of the pipe is L = , where n = 1, 2, 3 , … .
2 (ii) When source is approaching the observer
2L  v 
Possible wavelengths, λ = with corresponding
λ ν = νo  
nv  v − vs
frequencies, ν = .
2L Å When the observer is moving and the source is
Å In fundamental mode, only one nodes is formed at the stationary, the apparent frequency is given by
λ (i) When observer is moving away from source
centre of pipe, so L = or λ = 2L.
2  v − vo 
v v ν=  ν
∴ Fundamental (1st harmonic) frequency, ν = = .  v  o
λ 2L
(ii) When source is approaching the source
Å All harmonics are present in open pipe with their
 v + vo 
frequencies in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 ... . ν=   ν
 v  o
At the nodes, the pressure changes are largest, while the
diplacement is minimum (zero). where, v o = velocities of observer relative of medium.
At the anti-nodes (open end), pressure change is least and Å When both source and observer are moving, then the
the displacement is maximum. observer frequency is given by
Å If the external frequency is close to one of the natural  v ± vo 
ν = νo  
frequencies, the system shows resonance.  v m vs 

Beats Applications of Doppler’s Effect

Å The alternate rise and fall of sound at a given position, Doppler effect is a wave phenomenon, it holds not only for
when two sound waves of slightly different frequencies or sound waves but also for electromagnetic waves.
amplitudes superimpose at a given point is called beats. It has following applications as given below
Å Beat Frequency Number of beats formed per second are (i) The change in frequency called doppler shift is used
expressed as|ν1 − ν 2|, i.e. either ( ν1 − ν 2 ) or ( ν 2 − ν1 ), where at airports to guide aircraft and in the military to
ν1 and ν 2 are frequencies of two sound waves. detect enemy aircraft.
Å Beat Period It is the reciprocal of beat frequency expressed (ii) Astrophysicists use it to measure the velocities of
as stars.
1
T= (iii) Doctors use it to study heart beats and blood flow in
|ν1 − ν 2| different parts of body using ultrasonic waves. This
Å Essential condition for hearing beats is that|ν1 − ν 2|should process is called sonography.
not exceed 10. In the case of heart, the picture generated is called
echocardiogram.
 Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

1 The correct possible order of interconversion of 3 Matter waves used in electron microscopes are
waves when our sound is transferred to the receiver associated with
via a mobile phone is (a) electrons (b) protons
(a) sound waves → electric current signal → (c) neutrons (d) atoms
electromagnetic waves (radio waves) 4 The wave generated from up and down jerk given to
(b) sound waves → electromagnetic waves → electric the string or by up and down motion of the piston at
current signal end of the pipe is
(c) sound waves → electric current signal → sound wave (a) transverse or longitudinal (b) progressive
(d) None of the above (c) standing (d) Both (a) and (b)
2 Which of the following waves require a medium for 5 In which of the following cases, the material medium
their propagation? as a whole does not move?
(a) Light waves (b) Radiowaves (a) A stream (b) A wind
(c) X-rays (d) Seismic waves (c) Water wave (d) Both (a) and (c)

TOPIC 2 ~ Displacement and Speed of Progressive Waves

6 For mathematical description of a travelling wave, we Y
X
need a function of both position x and time t. Such a
function describes O X (t=2s)
(a) shape of the wave (iii)
(b) motion of the constituent of the medium Y
(c) Both (a) and (b) X
(d) None of the above X (t=3s)
O
7 The displacement of an elastic wave is given by the
(iv)
function y = 3 sin ωt + 4 cos ωt, where y is in cm and
Y
t is in second. The resultant amplitude will be X
(a) 15 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 5 cm (d) 3 cm X (t=4s)
O
8 A simple wave motion is represented by
y = 5 (sin 4πt + 3 cos 4πt ). Its amplitude is (v)

(a) 5 (b) 5 3 (c) 10 3 (d) 10 Then, the number of waves or oscillations crossed
origin O in 4 s are
9 The propagation of a harmonic wave is shown in
(a) 1 (b) 2
figure below along positive X -axis at different times. (c) 3 (d) 4
Y
x 10 The displacement as a function of position x and time
O X (t=0) t is given by y ( x, t ) = a sin ( kx − ωt + φ ).
The range of possible value of y( x, t ), if a is a
(i)
positive constant, is
Y
a a
x (a) − a ≤ y ( x, t ) ≤ a (b) − ≤ y ( x, t ) ≤
O X (t=1s) 2 2
(c) − 1 ≤ y ( x, t ) ≤ + 1 (d) 0 ≤ y ( x, t ) ≤ a
(ii)
11 The equation of a wave is given by 19 A wave travelling in the positive x-direction having
 2π  displacement along y-direction 1 m, wavelength
y = 10 sin  t + α  . If the displacement is 5 cm at
 45  (2π ) m and frequency of (1 / π ) Hz is represented by
NEET 2013
t = 0, then the total phase at t = 7.5 s is
(a) y = sin ( x − 2t ) (b) y = sin ( 2πx − 2πt )
(a) π (b) π / 6 (c) π / 2 (d) π / 3
(c) y = sin (10πx − 20πt ) (d) y = sin ( 2πx + 2πt )
12 The displacement of the wave is given by equation
y( x, t ) = a sin ( kx − ω t + φ ). Taking φ = 0 at point x 20 The angle between particle velocity and wave
and t = 0, the displacement is y′ . The point at which velocity in a transverse wave is
(a) zero (b) π / 4 (c) π / 2 (d) π
the displacement is same as that of x is
2nπ 21 The displacement y of a particle in a medium can be
(a) x + 2nπ (b) x +
k  π
(c) kx + 2nπ
expressed as y = 10 −6 sin 100t + 20x +  m, where t
(d) Both (a) and (b)  4
  x t 1  is in second and x is in metre. The speed of the wave is
13 A wave equation is given by y = 4 sin  π  − + 
  9 5 6  (a) 2000 ms −1 (b) 5 ms −1
where, x is in cm and t is in second. The wave number (c) 20 ms −1 (d) 5π ms −1
of the wave is 22 The equation of progressive wave is
π 1
(a) rad cm −1 (b) rad cm −1  t x 
9 6 y = 0.2 sin 2π  −  , where x and y are in
 001
. 0.3 
π 2π
(c) rad cm −1 (d) rad cm −1 metres and t is in second. The velocity of propagation
5 9
of the wave is
14 Equation of a progressive wave is
(a) 30 ms −1 (b) 40 ms −1 (c) 300 ms −1 (d) 400 ms −1
 π
y = a sin 10πx + 11πt +  23 The speed of transverse wave on a stretched string
 3 depends on
The wavelength of the wave is (a) properties of the medium (both T and µ)
(a) 0.2 unit (b) 0.1 unit (b) wavelength of the wave
(c) 0.5 unit (d) 1 unit (c) frequency of the wave
15 The equation of a wave is given as (d) Both (b) and (c)
y = 007
. sin (12 πx − 300πt ) 24 A transverse wave travels on a taut steel wire with a
where, x and y are in metre and t is in second, then the . × 10 4 N. When
velocity of v when tension in it is 206
correct option is the tension is changed to T, the velocity changed to
v / 2. The value of T is close to JEE Main 2020
(a) λ = (1/ 6) m (b) a = 0.07 m
(a) 10.2 × 102 N . × 103 N
(b) 515
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
(c) 2.50 × 104 N (d) 30.5 × 104 N
16 A plane progressive wave equation is given by
y = 2 cos 2π (330t − x ) 25 A string wave equation is given by
y = 0002
. cos (300t − 15x ) and mass density is
What is the period of the wave?
µ = 01
. kg/m. Then find the tension force in the string.
1
(a) s (b) 2π × 330 s (a) 30 N (b) 20 N AIIMS 2019
330
(c) 40 N (d) 45 N
6.284
(c) ( 2π × 330 )−2 s (d) s 26 Two strings A and B, made of same materials are
330
stretched by same tension. The radius of string A is
17 In a sinusoidal wave, the time required for a particular double the radius of B. A transverse wave travels on
point to move from maximum displacement to zero A with speed v A and on B with speed v B . The ratio of
displacement is 0.14 s. The frequency of the wave is v A / v B is
(a) 0.42 Hz (b) 2.75 Hz (c) 1.79 Hz (d) 0.56 Hz (a) 1/ 2 (b) 2 (c) 1/4 (d) 4
18 The equation of a progressive wave can be given by 27 In a longitudinal wave, the elastic property of the
y = 15 cos (660πt − 002
. πx ) cm. The frequency of the constituents of the medium that determines the stress
wave is under compressional strain is
(a) 330 Hz (b) 342 Hz (a) Young’s modulus Y (b) Bulk modulus B
(c) 365 Hz (d) 660 Hz
(c) shear modulus S (d) Either (b) or (c)
28 Speed of sound wave in a fluid depends . × 10 −3 kg, then the
31 If the mass of 1 mol of air is 290
(a) directly on density of the medium speed of sound in air at standard temperature and
(b) directly on square of bulk modulus of the medium pressure (using Newton’s formula) is
(c) inversely on the square root of density (a) 250 ms −1 (b) 280 ms −1 (c) 300 ms −1 (d) 380 ms −1
(d) inversely on the square root of bulk modulus of the 32 A student plotted the following four graphs
medium
representing the variation of velocity of sound in a
29 Two solid bars having Young’s modulus Y1 and gas with the pressure p at constant temperature.
Y 2 is in the ratio of Y1 /Y 2 = 4. If the bars are made up of Which one is correct?
materials with same density, then the ratio of the
speeds of longitudinal waves in the solid bars i.e. v v
v1 / v 2 is (a) (b)
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) 4 p p

30 The correct order of speed of sound in different media v v

is (consider the speed at constant temperature) (c) (d)
(a) vair > v solid > vliquid
(aluminium) p
(water) p
(b) v solid > vair > vliquid 33 According to Laplace correction, the pressure
(aluminium) (water)
variations in the medium during propagation of sound
(c) v solid > v liquid > v air waves are
(aluminium) (water)
(a) adiabatic (b) isothermal
(d) None of these (c) isobaric (d) isochoric

TOPIC 3 ~ Principle of Superposition of Waves

34 When two wave pulses travelling in opposite (c) zero
direction overlap, the resultant displacement is (d) Either (a) or (c)
(a) the algebraic sum of the displacement due to each pulse 36 If there are n number of waves moving in the medium
(b) always zero represented by the wave functions
(c) the vector in the direction of the displacement of right yi = f i ( x − vt ), where i =1, 2, 3, L , n,
travelling pulse
(d) Both (a) and (b)
then the resultant wave function describing the
disturbance in the medium is
35 Two pulses having equal and opposite displacements n
moving in opposite directions overlap at t =2 s as (a) y = Σ fi ( x − vt )
i=1
shown in figure. The resultant displacement of the (b) y = f1 ( x − vt ) + f2 ( x − vt ) + L + fn ( x − vt )
wave at t = 2 s is (c) y = f1 ( x − vt ) − f2 ( x − vt ) + f3 ( x − vt )
t=0s − f4 ( x − vt ) + L + ( − 1)n + 1 fn ( x − vt )
5
Q 1 2 3 4 6
(i) (d) Both (a) and (b)
t=1s 37 Two waves of equal amplitude A and equal frequency
(ii) travel in the same direction in a medium having phase
t=2s difference of φ. The amplitude of the resultant wave is
(iii) (a) 0 (b) A
(c) 2A (d) between 0 to 2A
t=3s
38 Two sine waves having equal frequency travel in the
(iv) same direction in a medium. The amplitude of each
t=4s wave is A and the phase difference between the two
(v) waves is 120°. The resultant amplitude will be
(a) A (b) 2A
(a) twice the displacement of each pulse
(c) 4 A (d) 2A
(b) half the displacement of each pulse
TOPIC 4 ~ Stationary Waves and Beats
39 Echo is based on which amongst the given 46 A wire under tension vibrates with a fundamental
phenomenon that sound wave follows? frequency of 600 Hz. If the length of the wire is
(a) Refraction (b) Reflection doubled, the radius is halved and the wire is made to
(c) Interference (d) Resonance vibrate under one-ninth of the tension, then the
40 When a wave is reflected normally from a rigid fundamental frequency will become
boundary, the reflected wave suffers a phase change (a) 400 Hz (b) 600 Hz
of (assuming no absorption) (c) 300 Hz (d) 200 Hz
(a) π / 2 (b) π / 4 47 A string is stretched between fixed points separated
(c) π (d) 2π by 75 cm. It is observed to have resonant frequencies
41 Two strings AB and BC having mass densities µ 1 and of 420 Hz and 315 Hz. There are no other resonant
frequencies between these two. The lowest resonant
µ 2 are tied at B and are stretched between A and C. frequency for this string is CBSE AIPMT 2015
A wave pulse is generated at end A and progresses (a) 155 Hz (b) 205 Hz
towards junction B. It is given that (µ 2 > µ 1 ) . (c) 10.5 Hz (d) 105 Hz
⇒
48 A string 2.0 m long and fixed at its ends is driven by a
A String 1 B String 2 C 240 Hz vibrator. The string vibrates in its third
(mass density = µ1) (mass density = µ2) harmonic mode. The speed of the wave and its
If the magnitude of velocity of the reflected wave and fundamental frequency is JEE Main 2019
transmitted wave are v r and v t respectively, then the (a) 180 m/s, 80 Hz (b) 320 m/s, 80 Hz
correct relation is (c) 320 m/s, 120 Hz (d) 180 m/s, 120 Hz
(a) vr > vt 49 A wire of length L and mass per unit length
(b) vr < vt . × 10 −3 kgm −1 is put under tension of 540 N. Two
60
(c) vr > v t and vt = 0 consecutive frequencies that it resonates at are :
(d) None of the above 420 Hz and 490 Hz. Then, L in metres is
42 Let a wave y( x, t ) = a sin ( kx − ωt ) is reflected from JEE Main 2020
an open boundary and then the incident and reflected (a) 8.1 m (b) 2.1 m (c) 5.1 m (d) 1.1 m
waves overlap. Then the amplitude of resultant 50 A person blows into an open end of a long pipe. As a
wave is result, a high pressure pulse of air travels down the
(a) 2a cos kx (b) 2a sin kx pipe. When this pulse reaches the other end of the
 kx pipe,
(c) 2a sin   (d) a sin kx
 2 (a) a high pressure pulse starts travelling up the pipe, if the
other end of the pipe is open
43 At nodes in stationary waves, change in (b) a low pressure pulse starts travelling up the pipe, if the
(a) pressure is maximum other end of the pipe is open
(b) pressure is minimum (c) a low pressure pulse starts travelling down the pipe, if
(c) displacement is maximum the other end of the pipe is closed
(d) density is minimum (d) None of the above
44 A stationary wave equation is given as 51 An air column, closed at one end and open at the
y = 20 sin 20x cos 1000 t. What will be the speed of other, resonates with a tuning fork when the smallest
stationary wave? JIPMER 2019 length of the column is 50 cm. The next larger length
(a) 20 m/s (b) 50 m/s of the column resonating with the same tuning fork is
(c) 2 cm/s (d) Cannot be defined NEET 2016
45 A string is clamped at both the ends and it is vibrating (a) 100 cm (b) 150 cm (c) 200 cm (d) 66.7 cm
in its 4th harmonic. The equation of the stationary 52 The two nearest harmonics of a tube closed at one end
wave is Y = 03 . x )cos(200πt ). The length of
. sin(0157 and open at other end are 220 Hz and 260 Hz. What is
the string is (All quantities are in SI units) the fundamental frequency of the system? NEET 2017
JEE Main 2019 (a) 10 Hz (b) 20 Hz
(a) 60 m (b) 40 m (c) 80 m (d) 20 m (c) 30 Hz (d) 40 Hz
53 A pipe of length 85 cm is closed from one end. Find the 61 The systems such as strings and air columns undergo
number of possible natural oscillations of air column in forced oscillation. If the external frequency of
the pipe whose frequencies lie below 1250 Hz. The oscillation for forced oscillation is close to one of the
velocity of sound in air is 340 ms −1 . natural frequencies, then the system is said to be in
AIIMS 2018, JEE Main 2014 (a) resonance
(a) 12 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 4 (b) fundamental mode of oscillation
54 If the speed of sound in air is 330 m/s, then find the (c) simple harmonic motion
number of tones present in an open organ pipe of (d) Both (a) and (b)
length 1 m whose frequency is ≤1000 Hz. AIIMS 2019 62 When two harmonic sound waves of close (but not
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 6 equal) frequencies are heard at the same time, we
55 An open tube is in resonance with string. If tube is hear
dipped in water, so that 75% of length of tube is (a) a sound of similar frequency
inside water, then the ratio of the frequency ν 0 of (b) a sound of frequency which is the average of two close
frequencies
tube to string is
(c) audibly distinct waxing and waning of the intensity of
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 / 3 (d) 3 / 2
the sound with a frequency equal to the difference in
56 A tuning fork with frequency 800 Hz produces the two close frequencies
resonance in a resonance column tube with upper end (d) All of the above
open and lower end closed by water surface. 63 If frequencies are (ν −1) and (ν +1), then find the
Successive resonance are observed at lengths value of beats. JIPMER 2019
9.75 cm, 31.25 cm and 52.75 cm. The speed of sound (a) 2 (b) 1
in air is NEET (Odisha) 2019 (c) 3 (d) 4
(a) 500 m/s (b) 156 m/s
64 Two sitar strings A and B playing the note ‘Dha’ are
(c) 344 m/s (d) 172 m/s
slightly out of tune and produce beats of frequency
57 An organ pipe open on both ends in the nth harmonic 5 Hz. The tension of the string B is slightly increased
is in resonance with a source of 1000 Hz. The length and the beat frequency is found to decrease to 3 Hz.
of pipe is 16.6 cm and speed of sound in air is The original frequency of B , if the frequency of A is
332 m/s, then find the value of n. JIPMER 2018 427 Hz, is
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4 (a) 422 Hz (b) 420 Hz
58 An pipe 30 cm long is open at both ends. The speed (c) 424 Hz (d) 419 Hz
of sound in air is 330 ms − 1 . Which harmonic mode of 65 A source of unknown frequency gives 4 beats/s when
the pipe resonates at 1.1 kHz source? sounded with a source of known frequency 250 Hz.
(a) First harmonic (b) Third harmonic The second harmonic of the source of unknown
(c) Second harmonic (d) Fifth harmonic frequency gives 5 beats/s when sounded with a source
59 The fundamental frequency in an open organ pipe is of frequency 513 Hz. The unknown frequency is
NEET 2013
equal to the third harmonic of a closed organ pipe. If
(a) 254 Hz (b) 246 Hz
the length of the closed organ pipe is 20 cm, the
(c) 240 Hz (d) 260 Hz
length of the open organ pipe is NEET 2018
(a) 12.5 cm (b) 8 cm (c) 13.3 cm (d) 16 cm 66 When two tuning forks (fork 1 and fork 2) are
sounded simultaneously, 4 beats/s are heard. Now,
60 A tuning fork is used to produce resonance in a glass some tape is attached on the prong of the fork 2.
tube. The length of the air column in this tube can be When the tuning forks are sounded again, 6 beats/s
adjusted by a variable piston. At room temperature of are heard. If frequency of fork 1 is 200 Hz, then what
27° C, two successive resonances are produced at was the original frequency of fork 2?
20 cm and 73 cm of column length. If the frequency (a) 200 Hz
of the tuning fork is 320 Hz, the velocity of sound in (b) 202 Hz
air at 27° C is NEET 2018 (c) 196 Hz
(a) 350 ms −1 (b) 339 ms −1 (c) 330 ms −1 (d) 300 ms −1 (d) 204 Hz
TOPIC 5 ~ Doppler Effect
67 Doppler effect is a wave phenomenon, which holds (a) 3500 Hz (b) 4000 Hz
for (c) 5000 Hz (d) 3000 Hz
(a) sound waves only 72 A stationary observer receives sound from two
(b) electromagnetic waves only identical tuning forks, one of which approaches and
(c) light waves only the other one recedes with the same speed (much less
(d) All of the above than the speed of sound). The observer hears
68 A siren emitting sound of frequency 500 Hz is fitted 2 beats/s. The oscillation frequency of each tuning
on a car moving towards a vertical wall at a speed of fork is ν 0 = 1400 Hz and the velocity of sound in air is
36 kmh −1 . A stationary person is standing on the 350 m/s. The speed of each tuning fork is close to
JEE Main 2020
road behind the car listens the siren sound. The
1 1
apparent frequency of the wave coming directly from (a) m/s (b) m/s
the siren to the person is (consider speed of sound 8 2
1
= 340 ms − 1 ) AIIMS 2019 (c) 1 m/s (d) m/s
4
(a) 480 Hz (b) 486 Hz (c) 400 Hz (d) 350 Hz
73 Two cars moving in opposite directions approach
69 A source of sound S is moving with a velocity of 50 m/s each other with speed of 22 m/s and 16.5 m/s,
towards a stationary observer. The observer measures respectively. The driver of the first car blows a horn
the frequency of the source as 1000 Hz. What will be having a frequency 400 Hz, then the frequency heard
the apparent frequency of the source when it is moving by the driver of the second car is [velocity of sound is
away from the observer after crossing him? (Take, 340 m/s] NEET 2017, JEE Main 2019
velocity of sound in air is 350 m/s) JEE Main 2019
(a) 350 Hz (b) 361 Hz (c) 411 Hz (d) 448 Hz
(a) 807 Hz (b) 1143 Hz
(c) 750 Hz (d) 857 Hz 74 A source of sound S emitting waves of frequency
100 Hz and an observer O are located at some
70 A siren emitting a sound of frequency 800 Hz moves distance from each other. The source is moving with a
away from an observer towards a cliff at a speed of speed of 19.4 ms −1 at an angle of 60° with the source
15 ms −1 . Then, the frequency of sound that the observer line as shown in the figure. The observer is
observer hears in the echo reflected from the cliff is at rest. The apparent frequency observed by the
(take, velocity of sound in air = 300 ms −1 ) NEET 2016 observer (velocity of sound in air is 330 ms −1 ), is
(a) 800 Hz (b) 838 Hz vs
(c) 885 Hz (d) 765 Hz
71 A rocket is moving at a speed of 220 ms −1 towards a
stationary target, emits a sound of frequency 1000 Hz. 60°
Some of the sound reaching the target gets reflected S O
back to the rocket as an echo. The frequency of the CBSE AIPMT 2015
echo as detected by the rocket is (a) 100 Hz (b) 103 Hz
(take, velocity of sound = 330 ms −1 ) (c) 106 Hz (d) 97 Hz
 SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS
I. Assertion and Reason Reason Harmonic waves of nearly equal frequencies
Direction (Q. Nos. 75-81) In the following questions, a interfere to give rise to beat having beat frequency,
statement of Assertion is followed by a corresponding ν beat = | ν 1 − ν 2 | .
statement of Reason. Of the following statements, choose 81 Assertion To hear different beats, difference of the
the correct one. frequencies of two sources should be less than 10.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason More the number of beats more is the
Reason is the correct explanation of confusion. AIIMS 2018
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
Reason is not the correct explanation of
II. Statement Based Questions
Assertion. 82 A pebble is dropped in a pond of still water to disturb
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. the water surface.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. I. The disturbance produced does not remain
75 Assertion The light emitted by stars, which are confined to one place but propagates outward
along a circle.
hundreds of light years away, reaches us through
interstellar space even though the interstellar space is II. If a cork piece is put on the disturbed surface, it
practically a vacuum. moves along with the disturbance in the same
direction.
Reason Light is an electromagnetic wave and do not
necessarily require a medium for propagation, so it III. The water mass does not flow outward with the
circles formed but rather a moving disturbance is
can even travel in vacuum.
created.
76 Assertion Transverse waves are possible in solids Which of the given statement(s) is/are correct for the
and strings (under tension) but not in fluids. above situation?
Reason Solids and strings have non-zero shear (a) Both I and III (b) Both II and III
modulus, but fluids have approximately zero shear (c) Both I and II (d) I, II and III
modulus.
83 I. Waves are patterns of disturbance which move without
77 Assertion Longitudinal waves can be propagated the actual physical transfer or flow of matter as a whole.
through solids and fluids both. II. Waves cannot transport energy.
Reason Solids as well as fluids have non-zero bulk III. The pattern of disturbance in the form of waves carries
modulus, i.e. they can sustain compressive stress. information that propagates from one point to another.
78 Assertion Speed of sound is more in liquids and IV. All our communications essentially depend on
solids than gases. transmission of signals through waves.
Reason Liquids and solids have higher densities than Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct
gases. about waves?
79 Assertion The amplitude A(φ ) of the resultant of the (a) Both I and III (b) Only IV
two light travelling waves given by equations (c) I, II and III (d) I, III and IV
y1 ( x, t ) = A sin ( kx − ωt ) and 84 I. A steel bar possesses both bulk and shear elastic
y2 ( x, t ) = A sin ( kx − ωt + φ ) moduli.
decreases as φ increases from 0 to π . II. A steel bar can propagate both longitudinal as well as
Reason The amplitude of the resultant of the two transverse waves having different speeds.
above mentioned waves is given by III. Air can propagate both longitudinal and transverse
A (φ ) = 2 A cos (φ / 2). wave.
80 Assertion Superposition of two harmonic waves, one Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
of frequency 11 Hz and the other of frequency 9 Hz (a) Both I and III (b) Both II and III
(c) Both I and II (d) I, II and III
give rise to beats of frequency 2 Hz.
85 A wave is incident obliquely on the boundary between IV. The fundamental mode or the first harmonic is
v
two different media. given by ν 0 = .
I. The incident and the refracted waves obey 4L
Snell’s law of refraction. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
II. The incident and the reflected waves obey the (a) Both I and II (b) Both II and III
usual laws of reflection. (c) I, II and III (d) I, II, III and IV
III. The incident wave only gets reflected but not refracted. 89 I. In a closed organ pipe, longitudinal standing waves
Which of the following statements is/are incorrect? can be formed.
(a) Only I (b) Both II and III II. In a closed organ pipe (closed at one end), only odd
(c) Only II (d) Only III harmonics are present.
86 I. In a standing wave, the disturbance produced is confined III. The harmonics which are present in a pipe, open at
to the region where it is produced. both ends are odd harmonics only.
II. In a standing wave, all the particles cross their Which of the following statements related to organ
mean position together. pipe is/are correct?
III. In a standing wave, energy is transmitted from one region (a) Only I (b) Both II and III
of space to other. (c) Both I and II (d) I, II and III
IV. All the particles are oscillating with same amplitude. 90 Two harmonic waves of slightly different
Which of the given statement(s) is/are correct about the frequency interfere to form beats given by
standing wave? equation
(a) Both I and II (b) Both II and IV S = [2a cos ω b t ]cos ω a t
(c) Only III (d) I, II, III and IV If the above equation is represented as
87 A standing wave is formed on a string fixed at both the S = A ( t ) cos ω a t, then which of the given
ends. The individual wave, i.e. incident wave and statement(s) is/are correct?
reflected wave are y1 ( x, t ) = a sin ( kx − ωt ) and I. The resultant wave is oscillating with the average
y2 ( x, t ) = a sin ( kx + ω t ), respectively. The two waves angular frequencyω a .
have same wavelength λ. II. The amplitude is largest when the term cos ω b t
I. The position of nodes is given as x = nλ ,where n = 0, 1, 2, takes its limit + 1 or − 1.
3, … . (a) Only I (b) Both I and II
(c) Only II (d) Neither I nor II
II. The position of anti-nodes is given by the equation,
91 Which of the following statement(s) is/are
 1 λ
x =  n +  ,where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … . incorrect for mechanical waves?
 2 2 (a) These waves require a medium for propagation, they
III. The distance between any two consecutive anti-nodes is cannot propagate through vacuum.
λ / 2. (b) They involve oscillations of constituent particles.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are incorrect (c) They depend on the elastic properties of the
about the standing wave? medium.
(a) Only I (b) Both I and II (d) They have the same speed in all the media.
(c) Both II and III (d) I, II and III 92 A collection of springs connected to one another is
88 A standing wave is generated on a stretched string of fixed at one end is as shown in figure below. If the
length L fixed at both the ends. Taking one end of the other end A is pulled suddenly and released, then
string at x = 0, the boundary conditions are that x = 0 and which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
x = L are positions of nodes.
A
I. For x = L to be the node, the length Lis related to λ by I II III
nλ
relation given as L = , where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … . (a) The disturbance generating at end A will propagate
2
to the other end but each spring will only executes
II. The possible wavelengths of the stationary waves are small oscillations about its equilibrium position.
2L
given by λ = ,where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … . (b) Since, the spring II is connected to the I, it will also
n be stretched or compressed and so on.
III. The natural frequencies or the normal modes of oscillation (c) Springs I and III will displace from its equilibrium
nv
of the system are given by ν = ,where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … . position while spring II will execute small
2L oscillations about its equilibrium position.
(consider vas the wave velocity). (d) Both (a) and (b)
 93 The wave produced on the surface of water are of two match the Column I (characteristics of wave) with
types; capillary waves and gravity waves. Which of Column II (respective value) and select the correct
the following statement is incorrect about them? answer from the codes given below.
(a) Capillary waves are ripples of fairly short wavelength
Column I Column II
(few centimeter).
(b) Gravity waves have wavelength typically ranging A. Wave number of the wave 1. 0.0785 SI units
from several meter to several hundered B. Wavelength of the wave 2. 0.48 SI units
meters. C. Frequency of the wave 3. 0.005 SI units
(c) The restoring force in gravity waves is surface D. Displacement y of the wave 4. 80 SI units
tension while in capillary waves is the pull of at a distance x = 30 cm and
gravity. time t = 20 s
(d) The particle motion in water waves involves both
motion up & down and back & forth. A B C D
(a) 4 1 2 3
94 If a propagating wave meets a boundary which is not
(b) 2 1 3 4
completely rigid or is an interface between two (c) 1 4 3 2
different elastic media, then which of the statement(s) (d) 3 1 2 4
is/are correct?
(a) A part of the incident wave is reflected and a part is 98 Match the Column I (condition) with Column II
transmitted into the second medium. (name of process) and select the correct answer from
(b) The incident wave is completely reflected from the the codes given below.
boundary.
(c) Only a part of the wave is reflected and the remaining Column II
Column I
part disappears.
(d) None of the above A. Constructive interference of two waves 1 Beats
of same frequency and amplitude .
95 A standing wave is generated on a string. Which of B. Destructive interference of two waves 2 Nodes
the following statement(s) is/are correct for the of same frequency and amplitude .
stationary waves? C. Interference of two waves of nearly 3 Anti-nodes
(a) The amplitude of stationary wave varies from same frequency and equal amplitude. .
point-to-point but each element of the string
A B C A B C
oscillates with the same angular frequency ω or time
period. (a) 1 2 3 (b) 2 3 1
(b) The string as a whole vibrates in phase with differing (c) 3 2 1 (d) 2 1 3
amplitudes at different points. 99 If the incident travelling wave is given by
(c) The wave pattern in neither moving to the right nor to y( x, t ) = a sin ( kx − ωt ), then match the Column I
the left. (condition) with Column II (equation of
(d) All of the above displacement) and select the correct answer from the
96 The air column in a pipe open at both ends is codes given below.
oscillating with certain frequency. Which of the given
Column I Column II
statement (s) is/are correct for the open air column at
both ends? A. Reflected wave from rigid 1. a sin (kx − ωt )
boundary
(a) Each end of the pipe acts as an anti-node.
(b) An air column open at both ends generates all B. Reflected wave from open 2. − a sin (kx − ωt )
boundary
harmonics.
(c) Each end of the pipe is a node. C. The resultant displacement at 3. 2a sin (kx − ωt )
the rigid boundary
(d) Both (a) and (b)
D. The resultant displacement at 4. 0
the open boundary
III. Matching Type A B C D
97 A wave travelling along a string is described by (a) 2 1 4 3
y ( x, t ) = 0005
. sin (80x − 3t ) (b) 1 2 3 4
in which the numerical constants are in SI units. (c) 2 1 3 4
(d) 1 2 4 3
With reference to the above equation of wave motion,
100 Column I has figures showing different modes of 102 Column I lists the figure for odd harmonic of air
oscillation of the system (a string tied at both the column and Column II names the corresponding
ends) and Column II has name of the corresponding harmonics. Match the Column I with Column II and
modes. Match the Column I with Column II and select the correct answer from the codes given
select the correct answer from the codes given below. below.
Column I Column II Column I Column II
A A A A A
Fundamental
A. 1. A. 1. Third harmonic
N N N N mode
A A A A A

A A A A A A

B. 2. Second harmonic
B. 2. Fifth harmonic
N N N N N
A A A A A A

C. 3. Sixth harmonic
C. 3. Ninth harmonic
A

A A

D. 4. Fifth harmonic D. 4. Seventh harmonic

N
A A

A B C D A B C D
(a) 4 2 3 1 (b) 4 3 1 2 A B C D
(c) 3 2 1 4 (d) 2 3 1 4 (a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 4 3 2 1
101 Considering the length of the vibrating air column (c) 2 3 4 1
(which is closed at one end) as L, the possible (d) 3 2 1 4
wavelengths of the standing waves as λ, wave
103 Beats are produced by frequencies ν 1 and
velocity as v and the normal nodes or the natural
frequencies of the system as ν. Match the Column I ν 2 (such that ν 1 > ν 2 ). Match the Column I
(characteristics) with Column II (respective value) (characteristic) with Column II (respective formula)
and select the correct answer from the codes given and select the correct answer from the codes given
below. below.

Column I Column II Column I Column II

1
A. ν 1. 2L
; n = 0, 1, 2, 3, L A. Beat frequency 1.
(n + 1/ 2) ν1 − ν2

B. λ 2.  n + 1  v ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3, L B. Duration of time between two 2. ν1 − ν2

  successive maxima or minima
 2  2L
C. ω1 − ω2 3. 2 π (ν1 − ν2 )
C. ν0 (fundamental 3. v
mode) 4L
A B C
D. Longest wavelength 4. 4L
(a) 1 2 3
A B C D A B C D (b) 2 1 3
(a) 2 1 3 4 (b) 4 2 3 1 (c) 3 2 1
(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 2 3 1 4 (d) 3 1 2
 NCERT & NCERT Exemplar
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

NCERT
104 A string of mass 2.5 kg is under tension of 200 N. 110 For the travelling harmonic wave
The length of the stretched string is 20 m. If the y ( x, t ) = 2 cos 2π (10t − 00080
. x + 035
. )
transverse jerk is struck at one end of the string, the
where, x and y are in cm and t in second. Calculate
disturbance will reach the other end in
the phase difference between oscillatory motion of
(a) 1s (b) 0.5s
two points separated by a distance of 4 m.
(c) 2s (d) Data given is insufficient
(a) 1.4 π rad (b) 2.8 π rad (c) 4.5 π rad (d) 6.4 π rad
105 A stone dropped from the top of a tower of height
300 m high splashes into the water of a pond near the 111 The displacement of a string is given by
base of the tower. When is the splash heard at the top  2π x 
given that the speed of sound in air is 340 ms −1 ? y ( x , t ) = 006
. sin   cos(120πt )
 3 
(Take, g = 98. ms −2 )
where, x and y are in metre and t in second. The length
(a) 2.5 s (b) 4.3 s (c) 8.7 s (d) 15 s
of the string is 1.5 m and its mass is 3 × 10 −2 kg, then
106 A steel wire has a length of 12 m and a mass of (a) it represents a progressive wave of frequency 60 Hz
. kg. What should be the tension in the wire so that
210 (b) it represents a stationary wave of frequency 60 Hz
speed of a transverse wave on the wire equals the (c) amplitude of this wave is constant
speed of sound in dry air at 20°C = 343 ms −1 ? (d) None of the above
(a) 2 × 104 N (b) 4 × 106 N (c) 6 × 108 N (d) 8 × 1010 N 112 The transverse displacement of a string (clamped at
107 A bat emits ultrasonic sound of frequency 100 kHz in its both ends) is given by
air. If this sound meets a water surface, what is the  2π x 
y ( x, t ) = 006
. sin   cos (120πt ).
wavelength of (i) the reflected sound, (ii) and the  3 
transmitted sound, respectively? Speed of sound in air
= 340 ms −1 and in water = 1486 ms −1 . For all the points on the string between two
−3 −2 consecutive nodes vibration does not have
(a) 3.4 × 10 . × 10
m, 149 m
(a) same frequency (b) same phase
−3 −2
. × 10
(b) 14 m, 3.4 × 10 m (c) same energy (d) different amplitude
(c) 5 × 10−3 m, 15 × 10−2 m 113 A wire stretched between two rigid supports vibrates
(d) 34 × 10−3 m, 15
. × 10−2 m in its fundamental mode with a frequency of 45 Hz.
The mass of the wire is 35. × 10 −2 kg and its linear
108 A hospital uses an ultrasonic scanner to locate tumours
in a tissue. What is the wavelength of sound in the tissue mass density is 4 × 10 −2 kgm −1 . What is the speed of
in which the speed of sound is 1.7 kms −1 ? The operating a transverse wave on the string (in ms −1 )?
frequency of the scanner is 4.2 MHz. (a) 50.75 (b) 218
(a) 2 × 10−2 m (b) 4 × 10−4 m (c) 78.75 (d) 92.75
(c) 5 × 10−5 m (d) 6 × 10−6 m 114 What is the tension in the string in the Q. 113?
(a) 124 N (b) 248 N
109 A transverse harmonic wave on a string is described by (c) 442 N (d) 628 N
 π
y ( x , t ) = 3 sin  36t + 0.018x +  115 A metre-long tube open at one end, with a movable
 4
piston at the other end, shows resonance with a fixed
where x and y are in cm and t is in second. The frequency source (a tuning fork of frequency 340 Hz),
positive direction of x is from left to right. Then, when the tube length is 25.5 cm or 79.3 cm. Estimate
(a) angular frequency of the wave is 7.5 kHz the speed of sound in air at the temperature of the
(b) the speed of the wave is 20 ms −1 experiment. Ignore edge effect.
(c) frequency of the wave is 7.5 Hz (a) 366 ms −1 (b) 333 ms −1
(d) the least distance between two successive crests in the (c) 330 ms −1 (d) 370 ms −1
wave is 2.5 cm
116 Steel rod 100 cm long is clamped at its middle. The 122 A SONAR system fixed in a submarine operates at a
fundamental frequency of longitudinal vibrations of frequency 40 kHz. An enemy submarine moves
the rod is given to be 2.53 kHz. What is the speed of towards the SONAR with a speed of 360 kmh −1 . What
sound in steel? AIIMS 2018 is the frequency of sound reflected by the submarine?
(a) 7.08 kms −1 (b) 25.3 kms −1 Take, the speed of sound in water to be 1450 ms −1 .
−1
(c) 5.06 kms (d) 10.74 kms −1 (a) 20 kHz (b) 35 kHz
(c) 40 kHz (d) 46 kHz
117 A pipe 20 cm long is closed at one end. Which
harmonic mode of the pipe is resonantly excited by a 123 Earthquakes generate sound waves inside the earth.
430 Hz source? Will this same source be in resonance Unlike a gas, the earth can experience both transverse
with the pipe, if both ends are open? (Speed of sound S and longitudinal P sound waves. Typically, the
= 340 ms −1 ) speed of S wave is about 4 kms −1 and that of P wave
is 8 kms −1 . A seismograph records P and S waves
(a) Fundamental mode, yes (b) Fundamental mode, no
from an earthquake. The first P wave arrives 4 min
(c) Second harmonic, yes (d) Second harmonic, no
before the first S wave. Assuming the waves travel in
118 Two sitar strings A and B playing the note ‘Ga’ are straight line, at what distance does the earthquake
slightly out of tune and produce beats of frequency occur?
6 Hz. The tension in the string A is slightly reduced (a) 1620 km (b) 1720 km
and the beat frequency is found to reduce to 3 Hz. If (c) 1820 km (d) 1920 km
the original frequency of A is 324 Hz, what is the
124 A bat is flitting about in a cave, navigating via
frequency of B?
ultrasonic beeps. Assume that the sound emission
(a) 200 Hz (b) 318 Hz
frequency of the bat is 40 kHz. During one fast
(c) 300 Hz (d) 330 Hz
swoop directly toward a flat wall surface, the bat is
119 A train, standing at the outer signal of a railway moving at 0.03 times the speed of sound in air. What
station blows a whistle of frequency 400 Hz in still frequency does the bat hear reflected off the wall?
air. What is the frequency of the whistle for a (a) 24 kHz (b) 35 kHz
platform observer when the train approaches the (c) 42 kHz (d) 50 kHz
platform with a speed of 10 ms −1 ? The speed of
sound in still air can be taken as 340 ms −1 . NCERT Exemplar
(a) 312 Hz (b) 412 Hz
(b) 512 Hz (d) 670 Hz 125 Water waves produced by a motorboat sailing in
water are
120 A train, standing in a station yard, blows a whistle of (a) neither longitudinal nor transverse
frequency 400 Hz in still air. The wind starts blowing (b) both longitudinal and transverse
in the direction from the yard to the station with a (c) only longitudinal
speed of 10 ms −1 . Given that the speed of sound in (d) only transverse
still air is 340 ms −1 , then 126 Sound waves of wavelength λ travelling in a medium
(a) the frequency of sound as heard by an observer with a speed of v ms −1 enter into another medium
standing on the platform is 400 Hz where its speed in 2v ms −1 . Wavelength of sound
(b) the speed of sound for the observer standing on the
waves in the second medium is
platform is 340 ms −1 λ
(c) the frequency of sound as heard by the observer (a) λ (b) (c) 2λ (d) 4λ
2
standing on the platform will increase
(d) the frequency of sound as heard by the observer 127 Speed of sound wave in air
standing on the platform will decrease (a) is independent of temperature
(b) increases with pressure
121 A travelling harmonic wave on a string is described by (c) increases with increase in humidity
 π
y = 75
. sin  00050
. x + 12t +  . What are the (d) decreases with increase in humidity
 4
128 Change in temperature of the medium changes
displacement and velocity of oscillation of a point at (a) frequency of sound waves
x =1cm, and t =1s? (b) amplitude of sound waves
(a) 12 cm, 75 cms −1 (b) 10 cm, 50 cms −1 (c) wavelength of sound waves
(c) 5 cm, 90 cms −1 (d) 2 cm, 88 cms −1 (d) loudness of sound waves
129 With propagation of longitudinal waves through a  x
(c) yr = 0.4 sin 2π  t + 
medium, the quantity transmitted is  2
(a) matter (b) energy  x
(d) yr = − 0.4 sin 2π  t − 
(c) energy and matter  2
(d) energy, matter and momentum
132 A train whistling at constant frequency is moving
130 A sound wave is passing through air column in the towards a station at a constant speed v. The train goes
form of compression and rarefaction. In
past a stationary observer on the station. The frequency n
consecutive compressions and rarefaction,
of the sound as heard by the observer is plotted as
(a) density remains constant
a function of time t (figure). Identify the expected
(b) Boyle’s law is obeyed
curve.
(c) bulk modulus of air oscillates
(d) there is no transfer of heat n n

131 Equation of a plane progressive wave is given by

(a) (b)
 x
. sin 2π  t −
yi = 06  .On reflection from a denser
 2
t t
medium, its amplitude becomes (2/ 3) of the
n n
amplitude of the incident wave. The equation of the
reflected wave is (c) (d)
 x
(a) yr = 0.6 sin 2π  t + 
 2
t
 x t
(b) yr = − 0.4 sin 2π  t + 
 2

Answers
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1 (a) 2 (d) 3 (a) 4 (d) 5 (c) 6 (c) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9 (a) 10 (a)
11 (c) 12 (b) 13 (a) 14 (a) 15 (c) 16 (a) 17 (c) 18 (a) 19 (a) 20 (c)
21 (b) 22 (a) 23 (a) 24 (b) 25 (c) 26 (a) 27 (b) 28 (c) 29 (a) 30 (c)
31 (b) 32 (d) 33 (a) 34 (a) 35 (c) 36 (d) 37 (d) 38 (a) 39 (b) 40 (c)
41 (a) 42 (b) 43 (a) 44 (d) 45 (c) 46 (c) 47 (d) 48 (b) 49 (b) 50 (b)
51 (b) 52 (b) 53 (c) 54 (d) 55 (b) 56 (c) 57 (c) 58 (c) 59 (c) 60 (b)
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71 (c) 72 (d) 73 (d) 74 (b)

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85 (d) 86 (a) 87 (a) 88 (c) 89 (c) 90 (b) 91 (d) 92 (d) 93 (c) 94 (a)
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104 (b) 105 (c) 106 (a) 107 (a) 108 (b) 109 (b) 110 (d) 111 (b) 112 (c) 113 (c)
114 (b) 115 (a) 116 (c) 117 (b) 118 (b) 119 (b) 120 (a) 121 (d) 122 (d) 123 (d)
124 (c) 125 (b) 126 (c) 127 (c) 128 (c) 129 (b) 130 (d) 131 (b) 132 (d)
 Master The NCERT > PHYSICS (Vol-I )

Hints & Explanations

1 (a) In a mobile phone, initially sound waves are For a left travelling wave, general equation for its
converted into an electric current signal which in turn motion is
generate electromagnetic waves (radio waves). y = A sin ( kx + ωt ) + B cos ( kx + ωt ) …(ii)
2 (d) Light waves, radiowaves, X-rays, are all = a sin ( kx + ωt + φ )
electromagnetic waves which do not necessarily require
a medium for their propagation. where, a = A 2 + B 2 and φ = tan −1 ( B / A )
While seismic waves are mechanical waves and hence From comparing both Eqs. (i) and (ii), we can say Eq.
require a material medium for their propagation. (i) represents Eq. (ii), where x = 0
4 (d) The wave generated from up and down jerk given to
Also, we get A = 5 and B = 5 3
the string or by up and down motion of the piston at the
end of the pipe will be transverse or longitudinal waves, ∴Amplitude, a = 52 + ( 5 3 )2 = 25 + 75 = 100 = 10
respectively.
These transverse and longitudinal waves are also called 9 (a) A wave or oscillation is made up of a crest and a
progressive waves, as they travel from one part of the trough. The crest is the point of maximum positive
medium to another. displacement and the trough is the point of maximum
negative displacement. So, in the given figure, notice the
5 (c) In a water wave, it is the disturbance that moves, not
position of X w.r.t. time.
water as a whole.
At t = 0, the crest X is at a displacement of one quarter
However, a stream constitutes motion of water as a of wave from origin. With time it progresses along
whole. + X -axis and at t = 4s, it is displaced by a full wave or
Likewise a wind (motion of air as a whole) should not oscillation i.e. one crest and one trough. Thus, only one
be confused with a sound wave which is a propagation wave crosses the origin in 4s.
of distrurbance (in pressure density) in air, without the
10 (a) The wave equation is y ( x , t ) = a sin ( kx − ω t + φ )
motion of air medium as a whole.
is a sine function. Since, the sine function varies
6 (c) For mathematical description of a travelling wave,
between −1and +1, so the displacement y ( x, t ) varies
we need a function of both position x and time t.
between a and −a.
Such a function at every instant should give the shape of The range of possible values of y( x, t ) is
the wave at that instant.
− a ≤ y ( x, t )≤ a
Also, at every given location, it should describe the
 2π 
motion of the constituent of the medium. 11 (c) Given, wave equation, y = 10 sin  t + α
 45 
7 (c) Given, displacement of an elastic wave,
 2π 
y = 3sin ωt + 4 cos ωt where, quantity  t + α represents the total phase of
 45 
Assume, 3 = acos φ …(i) the wave.
4 = asin φ …(ii) At t = 0, y = 5 cm, then from the above equation, we
Squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get can write 5 = 10 sin α
a 2 cos 2 φ + a 2 sin 2 φ = 32 + 4 2 1 π
sin α = ⇒ α =
2 6
⇒ a 2 (cos 2 φ + sin 2 φ ) = 25
If t = 7.5 s = (15 / 2 ) s, then
a 2 ⋅ 1 = 25 ⇒ a = 5 2π 15 π π π π
[Q sin 2 A + cos 2 A = 1] total phase = × + = + =
45 2 6 3 6 2
Hence, y = 5cos φ sin ωt + 5sin φ cos ωt 12 (b) Taking φ = 0 in the given equation, the displacement
= 5 (cos φ sin ωt + sin φ cos ωt ) = 5sin(ωt + φ ) at t = 0 becomes
[using the trigonometric identity, y′ ( x, 0 ) = a sin kx = a sin ( kx + 2nπ )
sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B ] (Q sine function repeats its value after
Comparing the above equation with the general equation every 2π change in angle)
y = A sin (ωt + φ ), we get resultant amplitude = 5 cm  2n π 
= a sin k  x + 
8 (d) Given, equation for simple wave motion is  k 
2nπ
y = 5 (sin 4 πt + 3 cos 4 πt ) ⇒ The displacement at points x and x + are the
k
= [ 5 sin 4 πt + 5 3 cos 4 πt ] …(i) same, where n = 1, 2, 3, ... .
13 (a) Given, wave equation 2π 1
= 660π or = 330
  x t 1  T T
y( x, t ) = 4 sin π  − +   …(i) 1
  9 5 6  or ν = = 330 Hz
T
The general equation of a wave is
 1
y( x, t ) = a sin ( kx − ω t + φ ) 19 (a) Given, a = 1 m, λ = 2π m and ν =   Hz
 π
Comparing Eq. (i) with general equation, we get
As, y = a sin ( kx − ωt )
k = ( π / 9 ) rad cm−1
 2π 1  2π 
So, the angular wave number or propagation constant of = sin  × x − 2π × t  Q k = and ω = 2πν
 2π π  λ 
π
the given wave is rad cm −1 . = sin ( x − 2t )
9
14 (a) Given, wave equation 21 (b) The given wave equation,
y( x, t ) = a sin (10πx + 11πt + π / 3 ) ...(i) y = 10−6 sin (100 t + 20x + π / 4 ) …(i)
Comparing Eq. (i) with the general equation of wave On comparing Eq. (i) with standard wave equation
y = A sin ( kx + ωt + φ ) , we get y = a sin (ωt + kx + φ ), we get
k = 10π
ω = 100 rad s −1 , k = 20 rad m −1 , φ = π / 4
We know that,
ω 100
2π ⇒ Wave velocity, v = = = 5 ms −1
Wavelength of the wave, λ = k 20
k
2π 22 (a) The given wave equation is
⇒ λ= = 0.2 unit  t x
10π y = 0.2sin 2π  −
15 (c) Given, wave equation  0.01 0.3
y( x, t ) = 0.07 sin(12πx − 300πt )  2πt 2πx
= 0.2 sin  −
Comparing the above equation with general equation  0.01 0.3 
y( x, t ) = a sin ( kx − ωt ), we get   2πx 2πt  
= 0.2 sin π +  − 
a = 0.07 m, k = 12π m−1   0.3 0.01 
2π 2π 1  2πx 2πt 
and ω = 300π rads −1 ⇒ λ = = = m = 0.2 sin  − + π …(i)
k 12π 6  0.3 0.01 
16 (a) Given, wave equation, Comparing Eq. (i) with standard wave equation
y = 2 cos 2π ( 330t − x ) y = a sin ( kx − ωt + φ ), we get
It can be expressed as 2π 2π
ω= rad s −1 , k = rad m −1 and φ = π
y = 2 cos ( 2π × 330 t − 2πx ) 0.01 0.3
ω 2π / 0.01 0.3
On comparing Eq. (i) with ⇒ Wave velocity, v = = = = 30 ms −1
y = A cos (ωt − kx + φ ), we get k 2π / 0.3 0.01
ω = 2π × 330 24 (b) Transverse wave speed over a string is given by
2π  1  v = T /µ … (i)
⇒ Period, T = 2π / ω = = s
2π × 330  330
where, T = tension in string
17 (c) Let the time taken by a particle of the wave to and µ = mass per unit length of string.
complete one full oscillation is T.
Here, when velocity is v, then
⇒ T = 4 × (time to travel from maximum displacement
to zero by a particle) tension, T1 = 2.06 × 104 N
⇒ T = 4 × 0.14 s = 0.56 s v
Let when velocity is , then
1 1 100 2
Frequency, ν = = =
T 0.56 56 tension is T, hence from Eq. (i), we get
= 1.79 Hz v T
= 1
18 (a) Given, wave equation y = 15 cos ( 660 πt − 0.02πx ) v T
On comparing with general equation of progressive wave, 2
 2π 2π  T 2.06 × 104
y ( x, t ) = a cos (ωt − kx ) = a cos  t − x , we get ⇒ T= 1 = or T = 515. × 103 N
T λ  4 4
25 (c) Given, wave equation, y = 0.002 cos ( 300t − 15x ) Y
29 (a) The speed of wave in a bar, v =
ρ
Mass density, µ = 01
. kg/m
Comparing the given wave equation with where, Y = Young’s modulus of the material of the bar
and ρ = mass density.
y = a cos(ωt − kx ), we have
So, the ratio of the speed of longitudinal waves in the
ω = 300 rad s −1 , k = 15 rad m −1
solid bars is
∴ Velocity of wave, v1 Y1 ρ2
ω 300 =
v= = = 20 m/s v2 Y2 ρ1
k 15
Wave speed in string is also given by Since, solid bars are made up of the materials with same
density, i.e. ρ1 = ρ2
T
v= …(i) v1 Y1  Y1 
µ ⇒ = = 4=2 given, Y = 4
where, T = tension in the string
v2 Y2  2 
and µ = mass per unit length of string. 30 (c) Speed of sound in different media as mentioned in
Substituting the values in Eq. (i), we get the question at constant temperature is given as
T T vsolid = 6420ms –1
20 = ⇒ 400 = (aluminium)
01
. 01. vliquid = 1482 ms −1 , vair = 343 ms −1
⇒ T = 40 N (water)
∴ Correct order is vsolid > vliquid > vair .
26 (a) Given, radius of wire A = 2 (radius of wire B) (aluminium) (water)
i.e. rA = 2rB
31 (b) We know that, 1 mol of any gas occupies 22.4 L at
Also, tension TB = TA
standard temperature and pressure (STP), therefore
Mass of string A, mA = volume × density density of air at STP is
= ( πrA2 ) × l A × ρ A …(i) Mass of one mole of air
ρ0 =
and mB = ( πrB2 ) lB × ρB …(ii) Volume of one mole of air at STP
29.0 × 10−3
Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get = = 1.29 kg m −3
mA rA2 l A 22.4 × 10−3
∴ = 2 (Qρ A = ρB )
mB rB lB . × 105 Nm−2 .
Also, at STP, pressure of air is 101
mA / l A rA2 So, according to Newton’s formula for the speed of
⇒ = 2 …(iii) sound in medium, we get speed of sound in air at STP as
mB / lB rB 1/ 2
m p 101
. × 105 
Since, linear mass density, µ = v= =  = 279.81 ms −1
l 2
ρ0  129
. 
µ A mA / l A  rA 
⇒ = =  ~ 280 ms −1
=
µB mB / lB  rB 
[using Eq. (iii)] 32 (d) The speed of sound in a gas does not depend upon
T pressure of the gas, till temperature remains constant,
We know, speed of transverse wave, v =
µ i.e. speed remains the same whatever be the pressure.
vA µB r 1 Therefore, graph given in option (d) is correct.
⇒ = = B = (Q rA = 2rB )
vB µA rA 2 33 (a) The Laplace correction shows that the pressure
variations in the propagation of sound waves are so fast
28 (c) Speed of sound waves in a fluid is given by that there is a short time for the heat flow to maintain
B constant temperature.
v= , where B is bulk modulus and ρ is So, these variations are adiabatic not isothermal in
ρ
nature.
density of the medium.
35 (c) Due to the principle of superposition, the
1
Clearly, v∝ (Q for any fluid, B = constant) displacement due to two pulses will exactly cancel out
ρ each other, i.e. at t = 2 s, resultant displacement is zero.
and v∝ B (Q for medium, ρ = constant) 37 (d) Consider the two waves of equal amplitude A and
equal frequency travelling in the same direction as
Hence, speed of sound wave depends on inversely
follows
square root of density and directly on square root of
bulk modulus of the medium. y1 ( x, t ) = A sin ( kx − ωt )
y2 ( x, t ) = A sin( kx − ω t + φ )
 So, by applying the principle of superposition of wave 43 (a) In stationary waves, change in pressure and density
the resultant wave is given as are maximum at nodes while displacement is minimum
y( x, t ) = A sin ( kx − ω t ) + A sin ( kx − ω t + φ ) (zero).
  ( kx − ωt ) + ( kx − ωt + φ )  φ 44 (d) In stationary waves, the positions of nodes and
= A 2 sin   cos  anti-nodes do not change with time. Hence, speed of
  2  2
stationary wave cannot be defined.
φ  φ
= 2 A cos sin  kx − ωt +  45 (c) Given equation of stationary wave is
2  2
Y = 0.3 sin ( 0157
. x ) cos ( 200πt )
φ
∴ The resultant amplitude = 2 A cos Comparing it with general equation of stationary wave,
2 i.e. Y = a sin kxcosωt , we get
Since, the given cosine function will vary from 0 to π  2π 
k =   = 0157.
and hence, magnitude of wave varies between 0 to 2A. λ
38 (a) Amplitude of the resultant of the two waves of same 2π  1 
amplitude and equal frequency when they travel in the ⇒ λ= = 4π 2 Q ≈ 0157
.  …(i)
same direction in a medium having phase difference of φ .
0157  2π 
 φ 2π 1
is given as A ( φ ) = 2 A cos   and ω = 200 π = ⇒T = s
 2 T 20
Given, φ = 120° As the possible wavelength associated with nth
 120°  harmonic of a vibrating string, i.e. fixed at both ends is
⇒ A ( φ ) = 2 A cos   = 2 Acos 60°
 2  given as
2l λ
or A (φ ) = 2A ×
1
=A λ= or l = n  
2 n  2

40 (c) When a wave is incident normally on a rigid Now, according to question, string is fixed from both
boundary, then assuming there is no absorption of ends and oscillates in 4th harmonic, so
energy by the boundary, the reflected wave has the same λ
4   = l ⇒ 2λ = l
shape as the incident wave but it suffers a phase change  2
of π or 180º on reflection.
or l = 2 × 4 π 2 = 8π 2 [using Eq. (i)]
This is because the boundary is rigid and the disturbance
must have zero displacement at all times at the Now, π ≈ 10 ⇒ l ≈ 80 m
2

boundary.
46 (d) Possible frequencies of waves in a wire is given as
41 (a) Since, there is a change in the medium at B such that
nv
the end point (boundary) at B is neither completely fixed νn =
nor completely free to move. So, when a wave pulse is 2l
v
generated at the end A and progresses towards junction Fundamental frequency, ν 0 = …(i)
B, a part of the wave is reflected with velocity vr and a 2L
(Q n = 1)
part of the wave is transmitted with velocity vt .
Since, ( µ 2 > µ 1 ), i.e. wave is produced on the lighter
T T  m
Wave velocity, v = = …(ii) Qµ = 
string and moves towards the heavier string. µ ( m/ L )  L
As, the velocity of the wave in a string is given as Q Mass of the string, m = Volume × Density
T
v= is smaller for heavier string (where it is m
= ( πr2 × L ) × ρ ⇒ µ = = πr2ρ
µ L
transmitted) and larger for the lighter string (where it is On substituting the value of µ in Eq. (ii), we get
reflected).
T 1 T
Hence, vr > vt . ⇒ v= =
πr2ρ r πρ
42 (b) We have, incident wave, y1 = a sin ( kx − ωt )
Substituting the value of v in Eq. (i), we get
So the reflected wave, y2 = a sin ( kx + ωt )
1 T ν L r T
From principle of superposition, ν0 = ⇒ 01 = 2 × 2 1
The standing wave equation is obtained as 2rL πρ ν 02 L1 r1 T2
y ( x, t ) = y1 + y2 = a [sin( kx − ωt ) + sin ( kx + ωt )] 600 2 1 T
⇒ = × × =3
= 2a sin kx cos ωt …(i) ν 02 1 2 T/9
On comparing Eq. (i) with y ( x, t ) = A ( x ) cos ωt , we get 600
Amplitude, A ( x ) = 2a sin kx ∴ ν 02 = = 200 Hz
3
47 (d) Given L = 75 cm, ν1 = 420 Hz and ν 2 = 315 Hz 52 (b) Frequency of nth harmonic in a tube closed at one
As, two consecutive resonant frequencies for a string end tube and open at other end is
fixed at both ends will be ( 2n + 1) v
⇒ ν= ,
nv ( n + 1)v 4L
ν1 = and ν 2 =
2L 2L where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,K .
⇒ ν1 − ν 2 = 420 − 315 Now, given two nearest harmonics that exists in this
( n + 1) v nv v tube are of frequency 220 Hz and 260 Hz.
⇒ − = 105 Hz ⇒ = 105 Hz ( 2n + 1) v
2L 2L 2L ∴ = 220 Hz ...(i)
Thus, lowest resonant frequency of a string is 105 Hz. 4L
Next harmonic occurs at
48 (b) Frequency of vibration of a string in nth harmonic is
given by ( 2n + 3 ) v
= 260 Hz ...(ii)
v 4L
fn = n ⋅ … (i)
2l On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get
where, v = speed of sound and l = length of string. {( 2n + 3 ) − ( 2n + 1)} v
= 260 − 220
Here, f3 = 240 Hz, l = 2 m and n = 3 4L
Substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get  v v
2   = 40 ⇒ = 20 Hz
v 4 × 240  4 L
∴ 240 = 3 × ⇒ v= = 320 ms− 1 4L
2× 2 3 v
∴ Fundamental frequency of the system = = 20 Hz
Also, fundamental frequency is 4L
f f 240
f = n = 3 = = 80 Hz 53 (c) For an organ pipe, closed from one end frequency of
n 3 3 nth harmonic/oscillation is given as
50 (b) At open end, phase of pressure wave changes by ( 2n + 1) v
ν=
180°, so compression returns as rarefaction. At closed 4L
end, there is no phase change. So, compression returns where, n = 0, 1, 2,K
as compression and rarefaction as rarefaction.
Given, v = 340 ms −1 , L = 85 cm = 0.85 m
Hence, for an open pipe blown with high pressure pulse,
low pressure pulse starts travelling up. Similarly, for and ν = 1250 Hz
closed pipe, high pressure pulse starts travelling up and According to question,
down the pipe.
( 2n + 1)v
51 (b) The smallest length of the air column is associated < 1250
4L
with fundamental mode of vibration of the air column
closed at one end and open at the other as shown in the Substituting the given values in the above relation, we get
4 × 0.85
diagram below. ⇒ ( 2n + 1) < 1250 ×
340
( 2n + 1) < 12.5
⇒ 2 n < 11.50
Lmin
n < 5.75
So, n can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5.
Therefore, we have 6 possible number of natural
 1 λ oscillations whose frequencies lie below 1250 Hz.
Q For such an air column, L =  n + 
 2 2 54 (d) Given, speed of sound in air, v = 330 m/s
λ Length of organ pipe, L = 1m and frequency,
⇒ For fundamental mode n = 0, Lmin =
4 ν = 1000 Hz
λ For an open organ pipe,
50 cm = [given, Lmin = 50 cm]
4 v
Fundamental frequency, ν1 =
⇒ λ = 200 cm …(i) 2L
The next larger length of the air column is 330
= = 165 Hz
λ λ λ + 2λ 3λ 2×1
L= + = =
4 2 4 4 ∴ Number of tones present in the open organ pipe
3
= × 200 = 150 cm ν 1000
[from Eq. (i)] = = = 6.06 −
~6
4 ν1 165
55 (b) When open tube is dipped in water, it becomes a tube ⇒ λ = 2 ( L2 − L1 )
closed at one end as shown below,  v
⇒ v = 2ν( L2 − L1 ) …(iii) Q λ = 
 ν

L=0.25l
Open Closed
λ/4 tube
Given, ν = 800 Hz, L1 = 9.75 cm and L2 = 3125 . cm
tube
Substituting the given values in Eq. (iii), we get
l λ/2 ⇒ v = 2 × 800( 3125
. − 9.75 )
= 34400 cm/s = 344 m/s
0.75 l ∴ Speed of sound in air is 344 m/s.
57 (c) Given, ν = 1000 Hz, v = 332 m/s and L = 16.6 cm
= 16.6 × 10−2 m
Fundamental frequency for open tube is v/ 2l. Frequency of nth harmonic in an organ pipe open on
v
Fundamental frequency of string ( ν 0 ) = both ends,
2l nv 2νL
ν= or n =
Fundamental frequency for closed tube, 2L v
v Substituting the given values in the above relation, we
ν 0 (closed tube) =
4L get
2 × 1000 × 16.6 × 10−2
Length available for resonance for closed tube is 0.25 l. n= =1
⇒ L = 0.25 l 332
v v 58 (c) In an open organ pipe, the frequency of its nth
∴ ν 0 (closed tube) = = ×2
4 ( 0.25l ) 2l harmonic is
nv
ν 0 (closed tube) νn = , where n =1, 2, 3, L . …(i)
= 2 × frequency of string ⇒ =2 2L
ν 0 (string)
Given, L = 30 cm = 0.3 m and v = 330 ms −1
56 (c) For vibrating tuning fork over a resonance column Substituting the given values in Eq. (i), we get
tube with upper end open and lower end closed by water
n × 330  n × 330 −1
surface, the first resonance (as shown below) is obtained νn = =  = n 550 s
λ 2 × 0.3  0.6 
at the length, L1 = …(i)
4 Thus, few modes of an open pipe are
A I. For n = 1, fundamental mode
ν1 = 550 × 1 = 550 s −1
l1 l/4 ⇒ ν1 = 550 Hz
II. For n = 2, second harmonic
N ν 2 = 2 ν 0 = 2 × 550 = 1100 Hz = 1.1 kHz
Thus, a source of frequency 1.1 kHz will resonate at
second harmonic.
and for second resonance (as shown below)
59 (c) Fundamental frequency for an open organ pipe is
A given as
v
ν1 =
λ/4 2L
where, L is the length of the open organ pipe.
N
Third harmonic for a closed organ pipe is given as
3v
l2 ν′ =
4 L′
λ/2
where, L′ is the length of closed organ pipe.
According to the question,
ν1 = ν ′
v 3v 2
= ⇒ L = L′
λ λ 3λ 2L 4 L′ 3
L2 = + = …(ii) Given, L′ = 20 cm
4 2 4
2 40
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ L = × 20 cm = cm = 13.3 cm
3λ λ λ 3 3
L2 − L1 = − = ∴ Length of the open organ pipe is 13.3 cm.
4 4 2
 λ Here, the observer, (i.e. the person) is at rest with
60 (b) For first resonance, L1 =
4 respect to the car and the source (i.e., the car with the
3λ siren) is moving away from the observer.
For second resonance, L2 = ∴ The apparent frequency heard by the person is
4
3λ λ v
∴ L2 − L1 = − or λ = 2 ( L2 − L1 ) …(i) ν′ = ν
4 4 v + vs
As, velocity of sound wave is given as where, v is the speed of sound = 340 ms −1 and ν is the
v = νλ frequency of sound emitted by the siren, i.e. 500 Hz.
where, ν is the frequency. Substituting the given values in the above relation, we
get
⇒ v = ν[ 2 ( L2 − L1 )] …(ii) [ from Eq. (i)]
340
Given, ν = 320 Hz, L2 = 73 cm = 0.73 m ν′ = × 500 Hz
and L1 = 20 cm = 0.20 m 340 + 10
Substituting the given values in Eq. (ii), we get = 485.7 ≅ 486 Hz
⇒ v = 2[ 320(0.73 − 0.20)] = 2 × 320 × 0.53 ∴ The apparent frequency of the wave coming directly
from the siren to the person is 486 Hz.
= 339.2ms −1 − ~ 339 ms −1
69 (c) Initially,
63 (a) For frequencies ν1 = ν − 1 and ν 2 = ν + 1.
Beats = difference of frequencies vs=50 ms–1
= ν 2 − ν1 = ( ν + 1) − ( ν − 1) fobserved = 1000Hz
= ν + 1 − ν + 1= 2 Sound source Stationary observer
64 (a) Increase in the tension of a string increases its After sometime,
frequency. If the original frequency of B ( ν B ) were
greater than that of A ( ν A ), further increase in ν B vs = 50 ms–1
should have resulted in an increase in the beat
frequency. But the beat frequency is found to decrease.
Stationary observer
This shows that ν B < ν A .
Since, ν A − ν B = 5 Hz and ν A = 427 Hz, When source is moving towards stationary observer,
we get ν B = 422 Hz. frequency observed is more than source frequency due to
Doppler’s effect, it is given by
65 (a) Given, known frequency is 250 Hz and unknown
frequency gives 4 beats/s, so there are two possible  v 
fobserved = f  
cases as shown  v − vs 
Second harmonics
where, f = source frequency,
5b
(250+4) 254 508 eat
s
fo = observed frequency = 1000 Hz,
250 513 v = speed of sound in air = 350 ms−1
(250 – 4) 246 ats
492 2 1 be and vs = speed of source = 50 ms−1 .
f ( v − vs ) 1000( 350 − 50 ) 6000
Hence, unknown frequency is 254 Hz. So, f = obs = = Hz
v 350 7
66 (c) The frequency of fork 2 = frequency of fork 1
When source moves away from stationary observer,
± beat frequency observed frequency will be lower due to Doppler’s
= 200 ± 4 = 196 or 204 Hz. effect and it is given by
Since, on attaching the tape on the prong of fork 2, its  v  6000 × 350
frequency decreases, but now the number of beats per f0 = f  =
 v + vs  7 × ( 350 + 50 )
second is 6, i.e. the frequency difference now increases. It
is possible only when before attaching the tape, the 6000 × 350
= = 750 Hz
frequency of fork 2 is less than the frequency of tuning fork 7 × 400
1. Hence, the original frequency of fork 2 was 196 Hz.
70 (b) According to question, situation can be drawn as
67 (d) Doppler effect is a wave phenomenon. It not only follows
holds for sound waves but also for electromagnetic
waves. As light wave is an electromagnetic wave, so this
effect applies to it equally.
68 (b)Given, the speed of the car is Cliff
5 15 ms−1
vs = 36 km h −1 = 36 × = 10 ms −1 source
18
Observer
 Frequency of sound that the observer hear in the echo 74 (b) Here, source is moving with a speed of
reflected from the cliff is given by 19.4 ms −1 at an angle 60° with source-observer line as
 v  shown in figure.
ν′ =   ν
 v − vs  vs sin 60°
vs
where, ν = original frequency of source, v = velocity of
sound and vs = velocity of source.
Given, ν = 800 Hz, vs = 15 ms −1 and v = 300 ms −1 .
 330  60°
So, ν′ =   800 Doppler
 330 − 15 S vs cos 60° line
= 838.09 =~ 838 Hz
The apparent frequency heard by observer
∴ The frequency of the sound that the observer heard in  v 
the echo reflected from the cliff is 838 Hz. νo = νs  
 v − vs cos 60° 
71 (c) Given, speed of the rocket, i.e. source ν s = 220 ms −1
 330 
Frequency emitted by the source, ν = 1000 Hz = 100  
 330 − 19 .4 × (1/ 2 )
Speed of sound, v = 330 ms −1
 330   330 
As the source (i.e. rocket) is moving towards the = 100   = 100  320.3
stationary target, therefore the frequency of sound  330 − 9.7  
detected by the target is = 103.03 Hz −~ 103 Hz
ν v
ν′ = o 75 (a) Light is an electromagnetic wave and can travel in
v − vs vacuum as well, i.e. it does not necessarily require a
1000 × 330 1000 × 330 medium to propagate.
= = = 3000 Hz
330 − 220 110 So, the light emitted by star, which are hundreds of
Now the target is the source (as it is the source of echo) light years away reaches us through interstellar space
and the rocket’s is the observer who intercepts the echo of even though the intersteller space is practically a
frequency ν′. Hence, the frequency of the echo detected vacuum.
by the rocket is Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and
ν ′ ( v + v0 ) 3000( 330 + 220 ) Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
ν ′′ = =
v 330 76 (a) In transverse waves, the particle motion is normal
= 5000 Hz to the direction of propagation of the wave. Therefore,
as the wave propagates each element of the medium
∴ The frequency of echo detected by the rocket is
undergoes a shearing strain. Transverse waves, can
5000 Hz.
therefore, be propagated in those media, which can
73 (d) The given situation can be drawn as follows sustain shearing stress.
vs = 22 m/s Since, solids and strings have shear modulus and hence
vo =16.5 m/s they can sustain shearing stress. So, transverse waves
can be generated in them.
Source Observer However, fluids have approximately zero shear
modulus. Thus, they cannot sustain shearing stress
where, frequency of the horn blown by the first car, and get deformed, i.e. they do not have shape of their
ν o = 400 Hz own and hence no transverse wave is possible in fluids.
Speed of observer in the second car, Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
vo = 16.5 m/s
77 (a) In longitudinal waves, the constituents of the
Speed of source,
medium oscillate about their mean position along the
vs = speed of first car = 22 m/s direction of wave propagation. This means, it involve
Frequency heard by the driver in the second car, compressive stress (pressure).
 v + vo  Since, solids as well as fluids have bulk modulus, i.e.
νa = νo   they can sustain compressive stress. So, longitudinal
 v − vs  waves can be propagated through solids and fluids
Substituting the given values, we get both.
 340 + 16.5 ~ 448 Hz Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and
ν a = 400   = 448.42 = Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
 340 − 22 
 B 83 (d) Statements I, III and IV are correct but II is incorrect
78 (b) Speed of sound in a medium is given as v = …(i)
ρ and it can be corrected as,
where, B is the bulk modulus and ρ is the density of the Waves can transport energy from one point to another.
medium. 84 (c) A steel bar possesses both bulk and shear elastic
Since, solids and liquids are much more difficult to moduli, thus can propagate longitudinal as well as
compress than gases, so they have much higher values transverse waves.
of bulk modulus. Since, these waves propagating in the bar are due to the
Also, generally solids and liquids have higher mass different moduli of elasticily. Thus, the speed of
densities (ρ) than gases. longitudinal and transverse waves in the bar would be
But corresponding increase in both the modulus B of different.
solids and liquids is much higher. So, in accordance to Morever, air can propagate only longitudinal waves, e.g.
Eq. (i), we can say that sound waves travel faster in sound waves.
solids and liquids. So, statements I and II are correct but III is incorrect.
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason 85 (d) Statements I and II are correct but III is incorrect and
is not the correct explanation of Assertion. it can be corrected as,
79 (a) From the principle of superposition of waves, When a wave is incident obliquely on the boundary
the net displacement of two light travelling waves between two different media, a part of incident wave is
y1 ( x, t ) = A sin ( kx − ωt ) reflected and a part is transmitted into the second
medium which is known as refracted wave.
and y2 ( x, t ) = A sin ( kx − ω t + φ ) is
φ  φ 86 (a) Statements I and II are correct but III and IV are
y ( x, t ) = 2 A cos sin  kx − ωt +  incorrect and these can be corrected as,
2  2
φ In a standing wave, the disturbance produced and the
The initial phase angle = energy of one region remains confined to that region
2 only.
The resultant amplitude of the given wave is
Amplitude of all particles is different at different
φ
A ( φ ) = 2 A cos position. It means, it varies from point-to-point.
2
87 (a)
As, from 0 ≤ φ ≤ π, cosine function is decreases.
I. For the given waves, the standing wave is
Thus, resultant amplitude also decreases for 0 ≤ φ ≤ π.
represented by the equation
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion. y( x, t ) = 2a sin kxcos ωt = A ( x )cos ωt
For nodes,
80 (a) The beat frequency due to the interference of two
A (x ) = 0
harmonic waves of nearly equal frequencies is given as
ν beat = | ν1 − ν 2 | ∴ 2a sin kx = 0
Given, ν1 = 11 Hz and ν 2 = 9 Hz ⇒ kx = nπ
⇒ ν beat = | 11 − 9 | = 2 Hz. where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... .
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason 2π
Since, k=
is the correct explanation of Assertion. λ
81 (c) According to the property of persistence of hearing, nπ nπ nλ
∴ x= ⇒x= =
the impression of a sound heard persists on our mind for k ( 2π / λ ) 2
 1
  s. So, in order to hear distinct beats the time where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... .
 10
nλ
interval between the two successive beats should be Thus, the position of nodes is given as x = .
 1 2
greater than   s. Thus, the difference between two
 10 II. For anti-nodes,
frequencies must be less than 10. A ( x ) = maximum
Also, the number of beats per second gives the | sin kx | = 1
difference of frequencies. So, more the number of beats,  1
lesser would be the confusion. ⇒ kx =  n +  π, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... .
 2
Therefore, Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
2π  1 π
82 (a) Statements I and III are correct but II is incorrect Using k = , we get x = n + 
and it can be corrected as, λ  2 k
If a cork piece is put on it, it moves up and down but do  1 λ
not move along with the disturbances in the same x = n +  , where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... .
 2 2
direction.
 III. In case of anti-nodes, 92 (d) When end A is pulled suddenly and released spring I
λ gets disturbed from its equilibrium length.
For n = 0, x1 =
4 Since, the spring II is connected to the I, it will also be
3λ stretched or compressed and so on.
For n = 1, x2 = The disturbance generated at end A will propagate to the
4
other end but each spring will only executes small
∴ Distance between any two successive antinodes oscillations about its equilibrium position.
= x2 − x1 Thus, the statements given in options (a) and (b) are
3λ λ 2λ λ correct and statement given in option (c) is incorrect.
= − = =
4 4 4 2 93 (c) Statement given in option (c) is incorrect and it can
So, statement I is incorrect but II and III are correct. be corrected as,
88 (c) Statements I, II and III are correct but IV is incorrect The restoring force that produces gravity waves is the
and it can be corrected as pull of gravity, which tends to keep the water surface at
For fundamental mode, n = 1 its lowest level. These waves extends to the very bottom
with diminishing amplitude.
nv v
∴ ν0 = = Rest statements are correct.
2L 2L
94 (a) If a boundary is an interface between two different
89 (c) In a closed organ pipe, two waves travelling in elastic media which means that the boundary is not
opposite direction superimpose with each other to completely rigid, then a part of the incident wave is
develop a wave pattern which is standing or stationary. reflected and a part is transmitted into the second
Possible wavelengths of stationary waves in this type of medium.
organ pipe is given as Thus, the statement given in option (a) is correct but rest
4L are incorrect.
λn =
( 2n + 1) 96 (d) In case of air column in a pipe open at both ends,
4L 4L each end acts an as anti-node.
or λ n = 4 L, , ,...
3 5 The frequency of the possible nth harmonics in this pipe
(On putting, n = 0, 1, 2, 3... ) nv
As frequency, ν =
v is given as ν n = , where n = 0, 1, 2, … . . Thus, an air
λ 2L
column open at both ends generates all harmonics.
So, frequencies of nth harmonics can be given as,
v 3v 5v Thus, statements given in options (a) and (b) are correct
νn = , , ,… but option (c) is incorrect.
4L 4L 4L
∴ ν1 : ν 2 : ν 3…= 1 : 3 : 5... 97 (a) Given,wave equation is
So, only odd harmonics are present in case of closed y ( x , t ) = 0.005sin ( 80x − 3 t ) …(i)
organ pipe. A. The standard wave equation for a right travelling
However, in case of open organ pipe, wave is given by
nv y( x, t ) = a sin ( kx − ωt ) …(ii)
frequencies of nth harmonics, ν n =
2L On comparing Eq. (ii) with Eq. (i), we get
Thus, even and odd or all the harmonics are present. Amplitude, a = 0.005 SI units
So, statements I and II are correct but III is incorrect. Wave number, k = 80 SI units,
90 (b) Given resultant wave equation, Angular frequency, ω = 3 SI units
S = [ 2a cos ω b t ] cos ω a t = A ( t ) cos ω a t 2π 2π
B. Wavelength, λ = = = 0.0785 SI units
So, the resultant wave is oscillating with the average k 80
angular velocity ω a . C. Frequency, ν =
1
Here, resulting amplitude, A ( t ) = 2a cos ω b t T
2π 2π
Thus, amplitude is largest when A ( t ) is maximum. As, T= = = 2.09 s
ω 3
i.e. | cos ω b t | = 1 or cos ω b t = ± 1
1
So, all statements are correct. ⇒ ν= = 0.48 SI units
2.09 s
91 (d) Statement given in option (d) is incorrect and it can be D. The displacement y at x = 30 cm and time t = 20 s is
corrected as,
given by
Mechanical waves have different speeds in different y = (0.005) sin (80.0 × 0.3 − 3 × 20)
medium.
= 0.005 sin ( − 36) = 0.005 sin ( − 36 + 12π )
Rest statements are correct.
(Q12π = 2nπ, where n = 6 )
 = 0.005 sin (1.699) = 0.005 sin (97° ) 101 (a) For closed organ pipe (one end closed)
≈ 0.005 or SI unit B. Taking the end of the pipe to be at x = 0, which is
Hence, A → 4, B → 1, C → 2 and D → 3. the node condition. Then, the other end x = L is an
99 (a) Given, incident wave equation, anti-node.
y ( x, t ) = a sin ( kx − ωt )  1 λ
where, L =  n +  ; where, n = 0, 1, 2,L .
A. Reflected wave from a rigid boundary suffers a  2 2
phase change of π radians. So, the possible wavelengths of the waves in this
⇒ yr1 ( x, t ) = a sin ( kx − ω t + π ) pipe is given as
= − a sin ( kx − ωt ) ⇒ λ=
2L
; where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,L …(i)
B. Reflected wave from an open boundary (non-rigid)  1
 n + 
will be in same phase with the incident wave.  2
yr2 ( x, t ) = a sin ( kx − ωt ) A. The normal modes or natural frequencies of the
C. At the rigid boundary, system are
The resultant displacement = y ( x, t ) + yr1 ( x, t ) v  1 v
ν = =  n +  ; where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,L …(ii)
= [ a sin ( kx − ωt )] + [ − a sin ( kx − ωt )] = 0 λ  2 2L
D. At the open boundary, C. For fundamental mode, put n = 0 in Eq. (ii), we get
The resultant displacement = y ( x, t ) + yr2 ( x, t ) v
= a sin ( kx − ωt ) + a sin ( kx − ω t ) ν0 =
4L
= 2a sin ( kx − ωt )
2L
Hence, A → 2, B → 1, C → 4 and D → 3. D. For longest wavelength, ( n = 0 ), λ = = 4L
1
100 (b) For a string tied at both the ends, the fixed end 0+
2
points behave as nodes. Hence, A → 2, B → 1, C → 3 and D → 4.
A. From figure, number of nodes = 6
102 (c) Distance between consecutive
λ A
Distance between consecutive nodes = λ N λ/2
2 anti-nodes =
2 A
 λ  5λ
Length of the string, L = 5   = …(i) Distance between node and anti-node L
N λ/2
 2 2 λ
=
nλ 4 A
λ/4
Also, we know, L = ; n = 1, 2, 3,L …(ii) N
2 A. From figure,
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get λ 5λ
⇒ L= λ + = …(i)
n=5 4 4
Thus, the figure represents fifth harmonic. Since, for an air column closed at one end,
B. Number of nodes = 7  1 λ λ
L =  n +  = ( 2n + 1) …(ii)
λ  2 2 4
⇒ L= 6  …(i)
 2 On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Again, comparing with L = nλ / 2, we get n = 6 ( 2n + 1) = 5 or n = 2
Thus, the figure represents sixth harmonic. So, 5th harmonic occurs.
λ 9λ
C. Number of nodes = 2, B. Similarly, L = 2λ + =
4 4
λ
⇒ L= ⇒ n=1 ( 2n + 1)λ 9λ
2 ⇒ = ⇒ n=4
4 4
Thus, the figure represents first harmonic or
Hence, it represents 9th harmonic.
fundamental mode.
3λ λ 7λ ( 2n + 1) λ 7λ
λ C. L = + = ⇒ = ⇒ n=3
D. Number of nodes = 3 or L = 2   = λ 2 4 4 4 4
 2
Hence, it represents 7th harmonic.
So, n=2 λ λ 3λ ( 2n + 1)λ 3λ
D. L = + = ⇒ = ⇒n = 2
Thus, the figure represents second harmonic. 2 4 4 4 4
Hence, A → 4, B → 3, C → 1 and D → 2. Hence, it represents 3rd harmonic.
Hence, A → 2, B → 3, C → 4 and D → 1.
104 (b) Given, mass, m = 2.5 kg, length of string, l = 20 m . kms −1
108 (b) Given, speed of the sound wave, v = 17
As, µ = mass per unit length . × 103 ms −1
= 17
=
m 2.5 125
= =
.
= 0125
. kgm −1 Operating frequency of the scanner, ν = 4 .2 MHz
l 20 10 = 4 .2 × 106 Hz
Speed of transverse waves in any string, ∴ Wavelength of sound in the tissue,
T 200 v 1.7 × 103
v= = λ= = ≈ 4 × 10−4 m
µ 0125
. ν 4 .2 × 106
As, length of the stretched string, 109 (b) Given equation is
 π
l = v × t ⇒ 20 =
200
×t y ( x , t ) = 3 sin  36 t + 0.018x + 
 4
0125
.
125 25 × 5 Comparing the above equation with the standard
⇒ t = 20 × = 20 × = 0.5 s equation
2 × 10 5
2 × 105
y = a sin(ωt + kx + φ ), we get
105 (c) Height of the tower, h = 300 m ω = 36 rad −1 ⇒ 2πν = 36
Initial velocity, u = 0 36 18
⇒ Frequency, ν = = = 5.7 Hz
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 ms −2 2π π
Speed of sound in air, v = 340 ms −1 2π
k = 0.018 ⇒ = 0.018
Time taken by stone to reach the pond = t1 λ
2πν ω
Using equation of motion, h = ut + gt12
1 ⇒ = 0.018 ⇒ = 0.018 (Q νλ = v )
2 νλ v
36 18
1 300 × 2 ⇒ = 0.018 =
⇒ 300 = 0 + × 9.8 t12 ⇒ t1 = = 7. 82 s v 1000
2 9.8
⇒ v = 2000 cms −1 = 20 ms −1
Time taken by the sound to reach the top of the tower,
h 300 So, speed of the wave is 20 ms −1 .
t2 = = = 0.88 s
v 340 2π
As, = 0.018
∴ Total time, t = t1 + t 2 = 7.82 + 0.88 = 8.7 s λ
2π 2000 π
So, the splash is heard at the top after 8.7 s. ⇒ λ= cm = cm
106 (a) Given, speed of the transverse wave in wire, 0.018 18
20 π
v = speed of sound in dry air at 20°C = 343 ms −1 = m = 3.48 m
18
Mass of steel wire, m = 2.10 kg, length, l = 12 m
Hence, least distance between two successive crests is
Tension required, T = ?
λ = 3.48 m.
m 210.
Mass density, µ = = = 0175
. kgm−1 110 (d) Given wave equation,
l 12
y( x, t ) = 2 cos 2π (10t − 0.0080x + 0.35 )
T
Speed of transverse wave in wire, v = = 2 cos ( 20πt − 0.016πx + 0.70π )
µ
On comparing with standard equation
⇒ T = v2µ = ( 343 )2 × 0.175 = 20588. 575N y( x, t ) = a cos(ω t − kx + φ )
or T ≈ 2.06 × 104 N −~ 2 × 104 N We get, k = 0.016π rad cm −1 , a = 2 cm, ω = 20π rad
107 (a) Given, ν = 100 kHz = 105 Hz, s −1
2π
va = 340 ms −1 , vw = 1486 ms −1 Phase difference, ∆φ = ∆x
λ
Frequency of both, the reflected and transmitted sound (where, ∆x = path difference)
remains unchanged. Now, ∆x = 4 m = 400 cm
2π
(i) Wavelength of reflected sound, Phase difference, ∆φ = ∆x = k∆x
v 340 λ
λ a = a = 5 = 3.4 × 10−3 m = 0.016π × 400 = 6.4 π rad
ν 10
111 (b) Given equation is
(ii) Wavelength of transmitted sound,
 2πx
v 1486 y ( x, t ) = 0.06sin   cos(120πt )
λw = w = . × 10−2 m
= 149  3 
ν 105
 Comparing with a standard equation of stationary wave T
114 (b)As, v= ⇒ T = v2 (µ ) = ( 78.75 )2 × 4 × 10−2
y ( x , t ) = a sin ( kx ) cos(ωt ) µ
Clearly, we can conclude that the given equation
= 248.06 N −
~ 248 N
belongs to stationary wave.
Also, we get ω = 120π 115 (a) For a tube open at one end, the possible wavelengths
of the stationary waves are given as
⇒ 2πν = 120 π
2L  1 λ
Frequency, ν = 60 Hz λ= or L =  n + 
2π 2π ( n + 1/ 2 )  2 2
k= = λ
3 λ So, for first resonance, l1 =
⇒ λ = Wavelength = 3m 4
Speed, v = νλ 3λ
For second resonance, l2 =
= 60 × 3 = 180 ms −1 4
Since in stationary wave, all particles of the medium 3λ λ λ
⇒ l2 − l1 = − = or λ = 2( l2 − l1 )
execute SHM with varying amplitude. So, amplitude of 4 4 2
this wave is not a constant. Given, length at which first resonance occurs,
112 (c) Given equation is l1 = 25.5 cm
 2π  Length at which second resonance occur, l2 = 79.3 cm
y ( x, t ) = 0.06sin  x cos(120πt ) Frequency, ν = 340 Hz
 3 
Comparing with standard equation of stationary wave ∴ Wavelength, λ = 2 ( l2 − l1 )
y ( x , t ) = a sin( kx ) cos(ω t ) = 2(79.3 − 25.5) = 2 × 53.8
We can conclude that, it represents a stationary wave. = 107.6 cm = 107.6 × 10−2 m
In this wave, Using, v = νλ
 2π  ∴ Speed of sound in air, v = 340 × 107.6 × 10−2
The amplitude is 0.06 sin  x . Thus, in this wave
 3 
= 365.84 ms −1 −
~ 366 ms −1
pattern the amplitude varies from point-to-point, but
each element of the string oscillates with the same 116 (c) As the rod is clamped at the middle, hence there will be
frequency ω or time period. node at the middle and anti-nodes at the two open ends.
There is no phase difference between oscillations of So, for the fundamental mode of vibration
different elements of wave. λ = 2L = 2 × 100 = 200 cm = 2 m
Since the amplitude is different at different points. Thus, Frequency, ν = 2.53 kHz = 2530 Hz
the energy of the elements of the string oscillate with
∴ Speed of sound, v = νλ = 2530 × 2 = 5060 ms −1
varying energy.
= 5.06 km s −1
113 (c) Given, ν = 45 Hz, m = 3.5 × 10−2 kg
117 (b) Given, length of the pipe, L = 20 cm = 0.20 m,
m
Given, µ = = 4 × 10−2 kg m −1 Speed of sound, v = 340 ms −1
l
m 3.5 × 10−2 Frequency of fundamental mode in the pipe closed at
∴ l= = = 0.875 m one end is
µ 4 × 10−2 v 340
ν= = = 425 Hz
For a stretched string, in fundamental mode of vibration 4 L 4 × 0.20
as shown below Hence, the fundamental mode of this pipe may be
λ
= l or λ = 2l reasonably excited by a source of frequency
2 430 Hz.
A
Frequency of fundamental mode in pipe open at both ends
N N
is
v 340
ν′ = = = 850 Hz
2L 2 × 0.20
λ/2
l Hence, the same source of frequency 430 Hz will not be
in resonance with pipe open at both ends.
As, speed of transverse wave on the string , 118 (b) Given, frequency of A,
v = νλ = v( 2l ) …(i)
ν A = 324 Hz
Substituting the given values in the above equation, we
Now, frequency of B,
get
ν B = ν A ± beat frequency = 324 ± 6
v = 45 × 2 × 0.875 = 78.75 ms −1
or ν B = 330 or 318 Hz
 Now, if tension in the string is slightly reduced, its Speed of sound in water, v = 1450 ms −1
frequency will also reduce from 324 Hz. Apparent frequency received by the submarine,
Now, if ν B = 330 Hz and ν A reduces, then beat  v + ve 
frequency should increase which is not the case but if ν′ =   ν
 v 
ν B = 318 Hz and ν A decreases the beat frequency
should decrease, which is the case and hence,  1450 + 100
=  × 40 × 10
3
ν B = 318 Hz.  1450 
119 (b) Given, frequency of the whistle, ν = 400 Hz = 42.76 × 103 Hz
−1
Speed of the train, vT = 10 ms
Now, the reflected waves from the submarines have a
Speed of sound, v = 340 ms −1 different frequency as
The apparent frequency ν′ of the whistle when the train  v 
approaches the platform, ν ′′ =   ν′
 v − ve 
 v   340 
ν′ =   ν=   × 400  1450 
 v − vT   340 − 10 ⇒ ν ′′ =   × 42.76 × 10
3
 1450 − 100
. Hz −
= 41212 ~ 412 Hz
= 45.93 × 103 Hz = 45.93 kHz −
~ 46 kHz
120 (a) Given, ν 0 = 400 Hz, v = 340 ms −1
123 (d) Given, speed of P-wave, vP = 8 kms −1 ,
and speed of wind, vw = 10 ms −1
Speed of S-wave, vS = 4 kms −1 ,
As both source and observer are stationary,
hence frequency observed will be same as natural Time taken by P-wave to reach the recorder = t P
frequency, ν 0 = 400 Hz. and time taken by S -wave to reach the recorder = t S .
The speed of sound, v = v + vw Now, both waves travel same distance from centre to
= 340 + 10 = 350 ms −1 detector, therefore
There will be no effect on frequency,because there is no ⇒ vP t P = vS t S
relative motion between source and observer. ⇒ 8 × tP = 4 × tS
So, only option (a) is correct. or 2t P = t S …(i)
Now, t S − t P = 4 min (given)
121 (d) Given y = 7.5 sin ( 0.0050x + 12t + π / 4 ) ...(i)
or 2 t P − t P = 4 min [from Eq. (i)]
  12  
= 7.5sin 0.0050  t + x + π / 4 ⇒ t P = 4 min = 240 s
  0.0050   Hence, the distance between detector and centre of the
At x = 1cm and t = 1s, displacement is earthquake, D = t P vP = t S vS
y = 7.5sin( 0.0050 × 1 + 12 × 1 + π / 4 ) = 240 s × 8 × 103 ms −1
= 7.5sin (12.79)
= 1920 × 103 m = 1920 km
= 7.5 × 0.2222 = 167
. cm ≈ 2 cm
Velocity of oscillation of the particle is 124 (c) Given, original frequency emitted by the bat,
dy d ν = 40 kHz
u= = [ 7.5sin( 0.0050x + 12t + π / 4 )] Speed of the bat, vb = 0.03 v
dt dt
= 7.5 × 12 cos ( 0.0050x + 12t + π / 4 ) where, v = speed of sound in air.
 π The apparent frequency received at the bat wall surface,
= 90 cos  0.0050x + 12t +   v   
 4 ν′ = 
v 40
ν=  × 40 = kHz
At x = 1cm and t = 1s,  v − vb   v − 0.03v 0.97
u = 90cos ( 0.0050 × 1 + 12 × 1 + π / 4 ) This frequency will be reflected by the stationary flat
= 90 cos (12.79 ) = 90 × 0.9751 = 87.76 cm s −1 . wall surface towards the bat. Bat receives apparent
~ 88 cms −1
− frequency of the reflected frequency as ν ′′, where
 v + vb   v + 0.03v 40
122 (d) Given, SONAR frequency, ν′ ′ =   ν′ =   ×
 v   v  0.97
ν s = 40 kHz = 40 × 103 Hz
1.03 × 40
Speed of enemy submarine, = = 42.47 kHz − ~ 42 kHz
0.97
5
ve = 360 kmh −1 = 360 × ms −1 = 100 ms −1 126 (c) Given, v ′ = 2v
18
 −1 5 −1  Let the frequency of the sound waves in the first
Q1 kmh = ms 
 18  medium is ν and in the second medium is ν.′
 Since, frequency remains same in both the medium, 130 (d) Due to compression and rarefaction, density of the
so ν = ν′ medium (air) changes. At compressed regions, density is
v v′ maximum and at rarefactions, density is minimum.
⇒ = (Q v = νλ )
λ λ′ As density is changing, so Boyle's law is not
obeyed.
 v′ 
⇒ λ′ =   λ Bulk modulus remains same.
 v
The time of compression and rarefaction is too small,
where, λ & λ ′ are wavelengths and v & v′ are the speeds i.e., we can assume adiabatic process and hence no
of sound waves in first & second medium, respectively. transfer of heat.
 2v
So, λ ′ =   λ = 2λ 131 (b) Given, equation of incident wave,
 v
 x
∴ Wavelength of the sound waves in the second yi = 0.6sin 2π  t − 
 2
medium is 2λ.
 x 
127 (c) We know that, from Laplace correction formula, Equation of reflected wave, yr = Ar sin 2π  t + + π
 2 
γp
speed of sound in air is given by v = [Q at denser medium, phase changes by π]
ρ The positive sign is due to reversal of direction of
For air, γ and p are constants. propagation,
1 Amplitude of reflected wave,
∴ v ∝ , where ρ is density of air.
ρ 2
A r = × Ai
3
v2 ρ2
⇒ = 2
v1 ρ1 = × 0.6 = 0.4 units
3
where, ρ1 is density of dry air and ρ2 is density of moist  x
air. ∴ yr = − 0.4 sin 2π  t + 
 2
v
As, ρ2 < ρ1 = 2 > 1 ⇒ v2 > v1 [Qsin( π + θ ) = − sin θ]
v1
132 (d) Let the original frequency of the source is no .
Hence, speed of sound wave in air increases with
increase in humidity. and the speed of sound wave in the medium is v.
However, speed of sound v in a medium (air) is directly As observer is stationary,
proportional to square root of the temperature. Also, v  v 
does not depend upon the pressure of air, till apparent frequency, na =   no
 v − vs 
temperature remains constant.
[when train is approaching]
128 (c) Speed of sound wave in a medium,
⇒ na > n o
v∝ T …(i) When the train is moving away from the observer, then
where, T is temperature of the medium.  v 
Clearly, when temperature changes speed also changes. apparent frequency, na =   no
 v + vs 
As, v = νλ
where, ν is frequency and λ is wavelength. ⇒ na < n o
If frequency ν remains fixed, so Hence, the expected curve is correctly depicted in
option (d).
⇒ v ∝ λ or λ ∝v
⇒ λ∝ T [Q from Eq. (i)]