BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION BY USING MATLAB

A Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of Requirements for the Award of
the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By

K.Vedha Sai Sri (168A1A04A6)

M.Harish Kumar (168A1A04A9)
Y.Linga Raju (178A5A0404)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

MR.A.BENJAMIN PAUL, M.TECH
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

RISE KRISHNA SAI PRAKASAM GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, VALLURU

(Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada & Approved By AICTE, New
Delhi) NBA AccreditedCertified by ISO 9001:2015
2016- 2020
 RISE KRISHNA SAI PRAKASAM GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS,
VALLURU
(Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada & Approved By AICTE, New
Delhi) NBA AccrediatedCertified by ISO 9001:2015

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

\
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project titled “BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION BY USING MATLAB”is
a bonafide record of work done by K.VEDA SAI SRI (168A1A04A6 ) , M.HARISH
KUMAR(168A1A04A9), Y.LINGARAJU(178A5A0404 ) under my guidance and supervision and is
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics &Communication Engineering by Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada during
the academic year 2016-2020.

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr.A.Benjamin Paul, M.TECH Dr.Ch.Venugopal Reddy, M.E & Ph.D

Associate Professor Professor & HOD
Dept.of.ECE Dept.of.ECE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly we sincerely salute our esteemed institution RISE PRAKASAM GROUPS

OF INSTITUTIONS for giving this golden opportunity for fulfilling our warm dreams of
becoming engineers.

We are extremely thankful to our beloved Chairman, SRI ISKALA CHINNA

RANGAMANNAR garu, who took keen interest and encourage us in every effort
throughout the course.

We are extremely thankful to our beloved Secretary, SRI SIDDHA

HANUMANTHARAO garu, who took keen interest and encouraged us in our effort
throughout course.

We owe our gratitude to our Principal, A.V.BHASKAR RAO garu, for his kind
attention in the valuable guidance to us throughout the course.

We are profoundly thankful to Head of the Department Mr.DR.CH.

VENUGOPALREDDY M.E, PHD, professor & HOD of Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering for his co-operation and encouragement.

We sincerely thank our Guide MR.A.BENJAMIN PAUL, Assoc. professor for his
Guidance and valuable suggestions and support in the completion of the project.

Finally we thank all our faculty members, supporting staff of ECE Department and
friends for their kind co-operation and valuable help for the completion of the project.

Submitted By
K.VEDA SAI SRI (168A1A04A6)
M.HARISH KUMAR (168A1A04A9)
Y.LINGARAJU (178A5A0404)
 RISE KRISHNA SAI PRAKASAM GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS::ONGOLE
(APPROVED BY AICTE-NEW DELHI, AFFILIATED TO JNTUK
KAKINADA)
AN ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

To be a premier institution in technical education by creating

Vision of the Institute professionals of global standards with ethics and social
responsibility for the development of the nation and the mankind.
Impart Outcome Based Education through well qualified and dedicated faculty.
Provide state-of-the-art infrastructure and facilities for application-
oriented research.
Reinforce technical skills with life skills and entrepreneurship skills.
Mission of the
Promote cutting-edge technologies to produce industry-ready
Institute
professionals.
Facilitate interaction with all stakeholders to foster ideas and
innovation.
Inculcate moral values, professional ethics and social responsibility.
To become a center of excellence in Electronics and Communication
Vision of the
Department
Engineering to meet the global, technological and industrial
requirements
Provide modern technical knowledge, professional skills and attitude to
Mission of the meet industry needs.
Department Promote innovations through professional training and development.
Develop a team with professional ethics and social responsibility.

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

Graduates of the program will be able to
Intensive and extensive engineering knowledge and skill to understand,
PEO1: analyze, design and create novel products and solutions in the field of
Core Skills Signal Processing, Communication Systems, Embedded Systems and
VLSI.
PEO2:
Capability to pursue career in industry or higher studies with continuous
Problem Solving and
learning.
Lifelong Learning
PEO3:
Leadership qualities, team spirit, multi-disciplinary approach, character
Entrepreneurship
moulding and lifelong learning for a successful professional career.
Skills

PEO4: Professional and ethical attitude, effective communication skills, and sense
Professionalism of responsibility towards society.

Program Outcomes (POs):

 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and
PO1
an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
PO2 problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences,
and engineering sciences.
Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
PO3 system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for
the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
PO4 methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
PO5 engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
PO6 societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions
PO7 in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
PO8
of the engineering practice.
Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
PO9
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
PO10 community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
PO11 management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
PO12
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs):

A student of the Electronics and Communication Engineering Program will be able to

Design and implementation of complex systems by applying basic concepts in

PSO1 Electronics & Communication Engineering to Electronics, Communications, Signal
Processing, VLSI, Embedded Systems (Core Skills).
Solve complex Electronics and Communication Engineering problems, using hardware
PSO2 and software tools, along with analytical skills to arrive cost effective and appropriate
solutions relevant to the society (Problem-Solving Skills).
Quality in technical subjects for successful higher studies and employment
PSO3
(Professional Career).

RISE KRISHNA SAI PRAKASAM GROUP OF

 INSTITUTIONS::ONGOLE
(APPROVED BY AICTE-NEW DELHI, AFFILIATED TO JNTUK KAKINADA)
AN ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Name of the Course : Project & Seminar Year & Semester : IV Year II
Academic Year : 2019-20 Regulation : R16

Course Outcomes
Course Outcomes(COs)

C426.1 Develop applications in various areas for societal needs

C426.2 Develop skills for analysis and synthesis of practical systems

C426.3 Acquire the use of new tools effectively and creatively.

Work in team to carry out analysis and cost-effective, environmental friendly designs
C426.4
of engineering systems.
Write Technical / Project reports and oral presentation of the work done to an
C426.5
audience.

C426.6 Demonstrate a product developed.

RISE KRISHNA SAI PRAKASAM GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS::ONGOLE

 (APPROVED BY AICTE-NEW DELHI, AFFILIATED TO JNTUK KAKINADA)
NBA AGRIDIATED AN ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Name of the Course : Project & Seminar Year & Semester : IV Year II
Academic Year : 2019-20 Regulation : R16

CO Vs PO Mapping
Course
Outcome PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
s(COs)

C426.1 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3

C426.2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3

C426.3 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3

C426.4 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3

C426.5 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3

C426.6 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3

C426 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3

CO Vs PSO Mapping

Course
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
Outcomes(COs)
C426.1 3 3 2
C426.2 3 3 2
C426.3 3 3 2
C426.4 3 3 2
C426.5 3 3 2
C426.6 3 3 2
C426 3 3 2
 CONTENTS

Page no

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I
DECLARATION II
LIST OF TABLES III
LIST OF FIGURES IV
ABSTRACT V
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1-5
1.1 image processing 1
1.2 fundamental of image processing 1
1.3 Biomedical Image Processing 3
1.4 Neurological Disorders 4
1.5 Brain Tumors 5
CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE SURVEY 6-9
CHAPTER-3: EXISTING METHODS 10-14
3.1 image segmentation 10
3.2 image segmentation techniques 11
3.2.1 Threshold Based segmentation 11
3.2.2 Drawbacks os Thresholding 14
3.2.3 Region Based Segmentation 15
(i) Region Growing Segmentation 15
(ii) Speeded Region Growing 15
3.2.4 Drawbacks 16
3.2.5 Watershed Algoritham 16
 3.2.6 Water Segmentation Methods 16
(i) Distance Transform Method 16
(ii) Gradient Magnitude 17
(iii) Marker Controller Method 17
3.2.7 Drawbacks Of Watershed Algorithm 18
CHAPTER-4: PROPOSED METHOD 19-29
4.1 Clustering 19
4.2 Image Classification 20
4.3 K-Mean Clustering 21
4.4 Initialization Methods 22
4.5 Strengths And Weakness 24
4.6 Fuzzy C-Mean Algorithm 25
4.7 Feature Extraction 26
4.8 Area Calculation 27
CHAPTER-5: RESULTS 30-45
CHAPTER-6: CONCLUSION 46
CHAPTER-7: BIBLIOGRAPHY 47
CHAPTER-8: BIODATA 48
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIG.N DESCRIPTION PAGE No
o
1.1 Basic Block Diagram of Image Processing 4
3.1 Thresholding Based Segmentation Flow 12
3.2 Separation of Image and Histogram of two sides 13
3.3 Difference in the intensity of the two side brain 14
3.4 Flowchart of watershed Algorithm 18
4.1 Different ways of clustering the same set of points 23
4.2 Flowchart for K-mean clustering 24
4.3 Proposed Methodology 27
4.4 Output Image of Thresholding 28
5.1 Original gray level image 30
5.2 Original colormap image 31
5.3 Color space translated image 32
5.4 Image labelled by cluster index 33
5.5 Objects in cluster 1 34
5.6 Objects in cluster 2 35
5.7 Objects in cluster 3 36
5.8 Truly segmented image using k-mean 37
5.9 Original gray level image 38
5.10 Original colormap image 39
5.11 Color space translated image 40
5.12 Image labelled by cluster index 41
5.13 Objects in cluster 1 42
5.14 Objects in cluster 2 43
5.15 Objects in cluster 3 44
5.16 Truly segmented image using FCM 45

LIST OF TABLES
Table No Description Page No
5.1 Comparison between K-mean and FCM 45
 ABSTRACT
This project deals with the implementation of Simple Algorithm for
detection of range and shape of tumor in brain MR images. Tumor is an
uncontrolled growth of tissues in any part of the body. Tumors are of different
types and they have different Characteristics and different treatment. As it is
known, brain tumor is inherently serious and life-threatening because of its
character in the limited space of the intracranial cavity (space formed inside the
skull). Most Research in developed countries show that the number of people
who have brain tumors were died due to the fact of inaccurate detection.
Generally, CT scan or MRI that is directed into intracranial cavity produces a
complete image of brain. This image is visually examined by the physician for
detection & diagnosis of brain tumor. However this method of detection resists
the accurate determination of stage & size of tumor. To avoid that, this project
uses computer aided method for segmentation (detection) of brain tumor based
on the combination of two algorithms. This method allows the segmentation of
tumor tissue with accuracy and reproducibility comparable to manual
segmentation. In addition, it also reduces the time for analysis. At the end of the
process the tumor is extracted from the MR image and its exact position and the
shape also determined. The stage of the tumor is displayed based on the amount
of area calculated from the cluster.
.