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Kidmath - Introduction To Geometry: Notation: We Name Points by Capital Letters. Two Points A and B Determine

1) Geometry is the study of shapes and their properties. Basic shapes include points, lines, rays, line segments, angles, and triangles. 2) There are several fundamental facts about the relationships between these shapes, such as two points determining a unique line, vertical angles being equal, and the sum of angles in a triangle equaling 180 degrees. 3) Special types of triangles like equilateral and isosceles triangles have specific angle properties due to their symmetry or equal side lengths.

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80 views4 pages

Kidmath - Introduction To Geometry: Notation: We Name Points by Capital Letters. Two Points A and B Determine

1) Geometry is the study of shapes and their properties. Basic shapes include points, lines, rays, line segments, angles, and triangles. 2) There are several fundamental facts about the relationships between these shapes, such as two points determining a unique line, vertical angles being equal, and the sum of angles in a triangle equaling 180 degrees. 3) Special types of triangles like equilateral and isosceles triangles have specific angle properties due to their symmetry or equal side lengths.

Uploaded by

James Wigton
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KidMath Sept.

04
Prof. T Parker

KidMath — Introduction to Geometry

Geometry is a game of logic played with shapes. The shapes lie in a plane. They are
constructed from the following basic pieces.
• Point — specifies a location (has no thickness)
• Line — extends infinitely in both directions (also has no thickness)
• Ray — “half-line”. Part of a line; has an endpoint and extends infinitely in one direction.

• Line segment — the part of a line between two points (called the endpoints).

 
Fact 1 : Two points determine a line

Given two different points, there is 1 and only 1 line containing both of them.
 

Notation: We name points by capital letters. Two points A and B determine


←→
• a line AB A B
−−→ −−
→ B A
• rays AB and BA A B
A
• a segment AB B

Length: We measure length in meters, centimeters, millimeters, and kilometers.

1 millimeter 1 mm
1 centimeter 1 cm=10 mm
1 meter 1 m = 100 cm
1 kilometer 1 km = 1000 m.

Because these units are related by factors of 10, all conversions can be made by just shifting the
decimal point!

Exercise 1 Complete the following expressions.


18 cm mm 3.5 m = cm
2.4 km = m 85 mm = cm
860 cm = m 63.2 m = mm
268 mm = cm
Angles: Two rays with the same endpoint separate the plane into two regions

We can distinguish these regions by drawing small arcs, An angle is two such rays with such an
arc. We can name them by naming the arc, or by naming three points in order.

x
Q R
These are pictures of ∠x and ∠P QR.

Angle Terms:

a right angle is half a straight angle (90◦ ).


a straight angle (180◦ )
Small squares mark right angles.

x y x
y

∠x and ∠y are complementary


∠x and ∠y are supplementary
(they add to 90◦ )
(they add to 180◦ )

Opposite sides of crossed lines, such as ∠x and


∠z, are called vertical angles. Notice that
y z
∠x = 180◦ − ∠y
x ∠z = 180◦ − ∠y.

so ∠x = ∠z (both equal to same thing). Thus



Fact 2 : Vertical angles are equal

Angles in a Triangle
Every triangle has 3 vertices and 3 interior angles. It is an amazing fact that if you know the
measurement of two of those angles, you can figure out what the third is.

The shaded triangle has one right angle (its a “right triangle”) and two other angles, ∠x and
∠?. Complete the triangle to a rectangle. In the upper corner, we see two angles, ∠x and ∠y,
that add to 90◦ . But if we cut along the diagonal, we can rotate and slide the unshaded part to
exactly match the shaded part. That shows that ∠? = ∠y.

Conclusion: the two angles ∠x and ∠? in the original triangle add to 90◦ .

 
x
Fact 3
If a triangle contains a right angle, then
y the other two angles add up to 90◦

∠x + ∠y = 90◦  

A triangle of any shape can be divided into two right triangles: slide a plastic triangle with
a right angle along the longest side of the triangle until its edge passes through the opposite
vertex, then draw the line. Then divides ∠y into two parts; call then ∠a and ∠b. Then

x y x a
b

z z

∠x + ∠a = 90◦ (the shaded triangle is a right triangle)


+ ∠b + ∠ z = 90◦ (the unshaded triangle is a right triangle)
∠x + ∠y + ∠z = 180◦ (adding).

Conclusion:

y
 
x
Fact 4
z The angles of any triangle add up to 180◦
 
∠x + ∠y + ∠z = 180◦
Equilateral and Isoceles Triangles
Equilateral – All 3 sides of equal length. If we rotate by 1/3 of a turn, the triangle matches
itself. Thus all 3 angles are equal. Since their sum is 180◦ , each must be 60◦ .

60  
Fact 5
60 60 Each angle in an equilateral triangle is 60◦
 

Isoceles – At least 2 sides of equal length. The third side is called the base, and the angles
along the base are the base angles. If we fold along the line from the middle of the base to the
opposite vertex, the two sides match. Hence the base angles are equal.

 
Fact 6
The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal
Base  
Base

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