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48 views64 pagesF3A N5 Geometry PDF
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aylinkucukkaya09Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Unit 5
GEOMETRY UNIT 5
PART I
Basic FACTS
F3-Geometry-Pagel DEFINITIONS (Part I)
Vertices & Angles
The intersection of two lines creates a vertex and an angle. The angle is usually measured in
degrees (°) which is a measure of turn between two lines,
Classification Of Angles
‘Acute angle: Anangle which is less than 90°.
Right angle: Anangle which is exactly 90°.
Obtuse angle: An angle which is greater than 90° and less than 180°,
Straight angle: An angle which is exactly 180°,
Reflex angle: Anangle which is greater than 180° and less than 360°.
Complete angle, full angle, full turn, or whole revolution: An angle which is exactly 360°.
Complementary angles: Angles which add up to 90°.
‘Supplementary angles: Angles which add up to 180°,
Prog
ALine
A line has infinite length.
Line Segment: A part of a line which connects two points and therefore can be measured.
Parallel lines: Two or more lines that are always the same distance apart and never
intersect, no matter how far they are extended in either direction, These are denoted:
Perpendicular lines: Two lines that intersect at a 90° angle, the lines form four angles,
each of which measures 90°.
‘Me C, Lautier F3-Geometry-Page2 RECALLING THE FUNDAMENTAL GEOMETRIC FACTS
INTRODUCTORY FACTS
Fact 1:
Fact 2:
‘Me C, Lautier F3-Geometry-Page3 FACTS RELATED TO PARALLEL LINES
Fact 4:
Fact 5:
Fact 6:
‘Me C, Lautier F3-Geometry-Page4 FACTS RELATED TO TRIANGLES
Fact 7:
Fact 8:
Fact 9:
‘Mr C. Lautier
F3-Geometry-Page5 FACT RELATED TO QUADRILATERALS
Fact 10:
Further Remarks (if applicable)
‘Me C, Lautier F3-Geometry-Page6 A - Miscellaneous Geot xercise (Revision Im):
WITHOUT using the property that “Angles on a straight line add up to 180° work out the
values of t, u, v, w, x, y, and z. Give reasons.
Diagram is NOT drawn to scale.
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page7 Some of the questions and / or diagrams in this section (Circle Theorems) have been cited or adopted from the STP books,
‘namely: STP7 book (which was being used during the last scholastic year) and the STP8 book (being used this scholastic year).
Reference: STP Mathematics by L Bostock, § Chandler, A Shepherd, E Smith & | Bettson
UNIT 5
PART II
CIRCLE THEOREMS
Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page8 DEFINITIONS (Part II)
Mathematics Terminology
Fact: A statement which is known or proven to be true.
Theorem: A statement which can be proven to be true.
Lemma: A true statement (or fact) which is usually used for proving other true statements.
In other words, a lemma is a less central theorem, but which is still important and helpful in
the proof of other results.
Glossary related to le Theorems
Circumference of a circle: The perimeter of a circle: which is the distance around the
contour (the boundary) of a circle.
Are of a circle: A curved part of the circumference of a circle.
Sector of a circle: An area or region of a circle which is bound by two radii meeting at
both ends of an arc of the same circle.
Chord of a circle: A line segment joining any two points on the circumference of the
circle. A chord which passes through the centre of ce
the circle is called a diameter. oe
ss are
Segment of a circle: A region which is formed
by a chord ina circle with the corresponding arc of
S
the circle, Y
ty
ee
2
:8/ sector
Subtend: An angle is subtended by an arc, or | mye
chord when its two rays (arms) pass through the
endpoints of that arc or chord. %
radius
Cyclic Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral is cyclic if
all of its four vertices lie on the circumference of
a circle. y
‘Supplementary angles: Angles which add up to 180°.
‘Me C, Lautier F3-Geometry-Page9 Lemma 1:
Lemma 3:
‘Mr C. Lautier
IMPORTANT LEMMAS
Equal Radii
A triangle formed by two equal radii and a chord is an isosceles triangle.
The line of symmetry (symmetry axis) of an isosceles triangle bisects the
base of the isosceles triangle at right angles.
F3-Geometry-Pagel0 Exercise B1 - Consider the following diagram:
a)
b)
)
d)
e)
f)
ANGLE SUBTENDED BY AN ARC
Cc
A part of a circle is calledan ARC .
A line segment joining two points on the
circumference of a circle is called a CHORD .
Example: AC and BC are chords.
A B We say that ACB is the angle subtended
by minor arc AB.
Minor are AB
What arc does angle DBC stand on?
What are does angle BDC stand on?
What arc subtends angle DBA?
What arc subtends angle ACB?
Name the two angles at the circumference standing on arc AB.
Name the two angles at the circumference standing on arc BC.
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Pagell a)
b)
¢)
d)
e)
f)
Consider the di
What arc does angle BCE stand on? D
What are does angle CAD stand on?
What arc subtends angle CAE?
What arc subtends angle DAB?
What angles stand on:
@ are AB (i) are BC
What angles stand on:
@ arc AE Gi) are CE
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Pagel2 ‘Theorem 1
Augles subtended by the same are (or chord)
on ca the came segment are equal.
Examples - Find the value of the angles denoted by letters, giving reasons:
1) =
5 x= 42°
(4s in same segment are equal)
2)
y = 33° and z= 33°
(4s in same segment are equal )
‘Me C, Lautier F3-Geometry-Pagel3 a
Cm © ao"
ID
he oe \) Theorem It
The angle subtended by an are at the centre ts twice
the angle it rubtends at the circumference.
Examples - Find the value of the angles denoted by letters, giving reasons:
1) La
w=102°+2
w=51°
LIS (Lat centre = 2x Zat circumf.)
2)
x \/ v=77°x2
v = 154°
QI (4 at centre = 2 x “at circumf.)
Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Pagel6 F3-Geometry-Pagel7 F3-Geometry-Pagel8 ‘Theorem I
The angle in a semicirele is a right angle.
Remark: We note that the diameter of the circle is the hypotenuse of the right-angled
triangle being formed. Hence, the side facing the right angle is the diameter of the circle.
Example - Find the value of the missing angle:
r= 90°
(ina semicircle is a right angle)
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Pagel9 7 <<) ° (ff >
SE F3-Geometry-Page21 ‘Theorem 1V
Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral
ane supplementary.
EN
u = 180° — 98°
u = 82°
(Opp. Zs of cyclic quad.add up to 180°)
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page22 F3-Geometry-Page24 Theorem V
The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral
<2 equal to the ofposite interior angle.
Note: The exterior angle is formed when one side of the cyclic quadrilateral is produced.
Example - Find the value of the missing angle:
~ t = 87°
1 (Ext. 4 of cyclic quad.= Opp. Int. 7)
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page25 i
D.
F3-Geometry-Page26 QD
| Q) |
-
i
iW & 5 °
(i
(
>
aS
2
F3-Geometry-Page28 )
F3-Geometry-Page29 ASW
F3-Geometry-Page30 © © ;
£
i Some of the questions and / or diagrams in this section (Polygons) have been cited or adopted from the STP books,
‘namely: STP? book (which was being used during the last scholastic year) and the STPS book (being used this scholastic year).
Reference: STP Mathematics by Bostock, § Chandler, A Shepherd, E Smith & | Bettison
UNIT 5
PART II
PoLYGons
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page33, THE THREE-SIDED POLYGON (TRIANGLE)
Polygons are closed, flat (two-dimensional) shapes, made up of three or more straight sides
The least number of sides a polygon can have is three.
Three-sided polygons are called triangles. We can classify triangles in various groups
according to their properties. The sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180°.
Types of Triangles
Equilateral triangle 3 equal sides
3 equal angles
Isosceles triangle 2 equal sides
PZ 2 equal angles
Scalene triangle No equal sides
No equal angles
Right-angled
triangle One right angle
Obtuse-angled
triangle
Acute-angled
triangle
‘Mr C. Lautier
ae
ZX
One of the angles is
greater than 90°
All angles are less
than 90°
F3-Geometry-Page34 THE EXTERIOR ANGLE OF A TRIANGLE
An exterior angle is formed by producing (extending)
one of the sides of a polygon. Two angles together on
Exterior Angle
150",
a straight line ore called adjacent angles. Interior Angle f°
Ext. Z of A Theorem
Exterior angle of triangle
d=a+b
Consider the following example:
x = 180- 47- 26 (2s ina A add up to 180°)
x = 107°
AA\__q
47 + 26 (Ext. Z of A = Sum of Opp. Int. Zs)
y = 73°
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page35 THE FOUR-SIDED POLYGON (QUADRILATERAL)
‘Ary quadrilateral can be split into two triangles. Each of the
triangles have an interior angle sum of 180°. All the angles of the
triangles are distributed across the interior angles of the
quadrilateral. Angles in a quadrilateral add up to 360%
‘The QUADRILATERAL Family Map
r=
Trapezium
Isosceles Rectangle Rhombus
= eS
LI
Square
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page36 CONVEX & CONCAVE POLYGONS
A polygon can be convex or concave. A polygon is a
convex polygon if each of its interior angles is less
than 180°. A concave polygon has at least one interior
‘Convex Concave
angle which is greater than 180°.
CLASSIFYING POLYGONS
A polygon is:
> aclosed;
> two-dimensional shape:
> . xterior B
> bounded by straight lines. or
Whilst the least number of sides a polygon can have is three, there is no limit on the maximum
number of sides that a polygon can have. Polygons are named according to the number of sides
they have. Let us have a look at the first few polygons:
=I fo \
3 sides Asides
Triangle Quadrilateral
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page37 mOO
5 sides 6 sides 7 sides
Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon
or Septagon
B sides 9 sides 10 sides
Octagon Nonagon Decagon
or Enneagon
This is not a polygon because it is not a closed shape.
A semicircle is not a polygon as it is rot entirely
composed of straight sides.
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page38 REGULAR POLYGONS
A regular polygon is a polygon which has:
> All sides equal:
> Allangles equal.
REGULAR FIVE-SIDED POLYGON
(REGULAR PENTAGON) REGULAR SIX-SIDED POLYGON
(REGULAR HEXAGON)
SEBUL ART RESID A regular triangle is called an
POLYGON
A regular quadrilateral is called a
REGULAR FOUR-SIDED
POLYGON
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page39 THE SUM OF INTERIOR ANGLES OF A POLYGON
Ea ee ee Peers
cry
Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page40 THE SUM OF THE INTERIOR ANGLES OF A POLYGON
Ingereral, for a polygon with n sides, we have that:
Sum of Interior Angles = (n- 2) x 180°
Moreover, if the polygon is REGULAR, we have that:
(n-2) x 180°
One Interior Angle = a
THE SUM OF THE EXTERIOR ANGLES OF A POLYGON
In general, for a polygon with 1 sides, we have that:
Sum of Exterior Angles = 360°
Furthermore, if the polygon is REGULAR, we have that:
360°
One Exterior Angle =
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page4t :1_- Answer the following questions related to ons:
1... Find the sum of the interior angles of a decagon.
b. Find the size of one of the interior angles of a regular decagon.
c, _ Find the size of the exterior angle of the regular decagon by using 2 different methods,
2... What is the sum of the exterior angles of a heptagon (septagon)?
b. Correct to two decimal places, find the size of one exterior angle of a regular heptagon.
c. Find the size of the interior angle of a regular heptagon, correct to one decimal place.
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page42 fis
a.
‘Mr C. Lautier
Answer +!
‘olllor
ues:
ns related to pol
Name the shape with the following number of sides:
6 sides
4 sides
18 sides
Work out the sum of the interior angles of a polygon with:
6 sides
4 sides
18 sides
b.
f.
4
b.
f.
&
5 sides
7 sides
9 sides
5 sides
7 sides
9 sides
«
9.
k.
«
9.
k.
10 sides
12 sides
15 sides
10 sides
12 sides
15 sides
jons:
da
h
d
he
23 sides
501 sides
r sides
23 sides
501 sides
r sides
F3-Geometry-Page43 3. Find the value of angle x in:
Ww
AG
oa
(s
3
es
TR
8]
bh a?
F3-Geometry-Page44 4. Find the size of each interior angle of a regular:
. pentagon b. hexagon . octagon
dd. decagon fe. 20-sided polygon £. dedecagon
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page45 5. How many sides has a regular polygon if each interior angle is:
«, 150 degrees? b. 162 degrees?
6. Ineach case find the size of the angle marked p.
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page46 ‘Me C, Lautier F3-Geometry-Page47 F3-Geometry-Page48
‘Mr C. Lautier 7. Find the value of x:
a.
8.a, The exterior angles of a hexagon are x°, 2x°, 2x°, 3x°, 3x° and 4x°.
Find the value of x.
‘Me C, Lautier F3-Geometry-Page49 8.b, Find the number of sides of a polygon if each exterior angle is:
i = ii, 45°
|. Find one exterior angle of a regular polygon with:
o. 10sides b. Bsides c 12sides
4. sides e 15 sides f. 18 sides
9. 9sides h. 16 sides i. 20sides
‘Mr C. Lautier F3-Geometry-Page50 10. Find the value of x:
*p& © TR
Loa
(Ss
LD
S d.