Chapter 1

The Psychology Of Tourism

A. Motivation for Travel
Several studies in tourist motivations have listed various reasons why people travel.
Some are the motivations listed in travel literature are:
1. Escape 11. Convincing oneself of one’s achievement
2. Relaxation 12. Showing one’s importance to others
3. Relief of tension 13. Status and prestige
4. Sunlust 14. Self-discovery
5. Physical 15. Cultural
6. Health 16. Education
7. Family togetherness 17. Proffesional/ Business
8. Interpersonal relations 18. Wanderlust
9. Roots or ethnic 19. Interest in foreign areas
10. Maintaining social contacts 20. Scenery
Four classes of Basic Travel Motivators:
1. Physical motivators- motivators directly connected with health (physical rest,
sports participation, beach recreation, entertainment)
2. Cultural motivators- desires to know about the culture (such as music, arts,
folklore, dances, religion, etc.) of the other country.
3. Interpersonal motivators- to meet other people (visit friends or relatives)
4. Status and prestige- concern ego needs and personal development (trips related to
business, conventions, study, and pursuit of hobbies and education.
B. Travel as a Means to Satisfy a Need and Want- travel as a vehicle to satisfy one’s
needs and wants. Tourist do not go on vacations just to relax and fun, to experience
another culture or to educate themselves.
C. Relationship of Needs, Wants, and Motives- it is the duty of people involved in
marketing to convert need into wants by making the individual aware of his need
deficiencies. Motivation occurs when an individual wants to satisfy a need. To enable a
person to be motivated to satisfy a need, an objective or goal must be present.
Push/Pull Model- internal factors or personal needs “push” people to travel, while
external forces or attractions “pull” them to certain destination. Push factors are the
intangible desires (need to escape, self-discovery, rest and relaxation, prestige, challenge
and adventure). Pull factors are the external travel stimulators (scenic beauty, historical
areas, cultural events, and sporting events)
Maslow’s Theory of Motivation and Travel Motivation- hierarchy of needs as
determinants of behavior (proposed by Abraham Maslow a famous psychologist)
1. Psychological Needs- hunger, thirst, rest, activity (food, drinks, rest, shelter)
2. Safety Needs- safety and security, freedom from fear and anxiety (protection
against physical or mental danger)
 3. Social Needs- love, affection, giving and receiving (love, belongingness,
acceptance)
4. Self-esteem- self-respect and esteem from others (self-confidence, recognition)
5. Self-Actualization- personal fulfillment (realizing one’s potential)

(Maslow’s Hierachy of Needs)

TOURIST MOTIVATIONS
A. The need for escape or change
According to Russ Johnston, a marketer research director, everyone is searching for
change. Travel can provide diversity. It removes a person from familiar surroundings nto
something that is new and exciting.
B. Travel for health
Development in the field of medicine has influenced travel for centuries, giving rise to
the concept of health tourism.
C. Sports
People demand activity and excitement during their leisure hours to relieve them from the
boredom of their work. ( hiking, surfing, scuba diving, mountaineering, skiing and other
activity games such basketball, valleyball and etc.)
D. Social Contact
Travel grows out of the social nature of people. Human beings are social animals. They
need to contact and communication with others. They feel comfortable in a tour group.
E. Status and Prestige
Ego and enhancement. Travel to a poor country can provide a traveler with a feeling of
superiority. Mingling with the wealthy and social elite.
F. Travel for Education
Search for knowledge and truth is inherent in every individual. Travel offers an
opportunity to satisfy the urge learn.
G. Personal Values
The notion of personal values in an important travel motivator. Urged to travel to satisfy
personal values ( spiritual experience, patriotism, wholesomeness)
H. Cultural Experience
Experiencing how other people live, and fostering international understanding are some
of the reasons to satisfy curiosity about other cultures, lifestyles and places.
I. Shopping and Bargain Hunting
The joys derived from buying certain goods may be the major reason for travel.
J. Professional and Business Motives
People trabel for professional and business motives. Conferences and conventions about
education, commerce, and industry increase annually.
K. Search for Natural Beauty
Travel can satisfy one’s search for beauty in the environment and in the scenery. ( sunset,
trees, mountains, waterfalls, flowers, beaches, valley, bays, rivers, and lakes )
Classification of Travelers Based on Purpose of Travel- the travelers and the pleasure/
personal travelers.
A. Business travelers- base on travel purposes
Regular Business Traveler- business travelerswill continueeven if the price of the travel
increase.
Business Travlers Attending Meetings, Conventions, Congresses- regular fomalized
meeting of associations or body or a meeting sponsored by an association or body on a regular or
ad hoc basis.
Imcentives Travels- a special type of business travel. It is given by firms to employees as
a reward for some accomplishments or to encourage employees to achieve more than what is
required.
B. Pleasure/Personal Travelers- this group consists of people dor traveling for vacation or
pleasure.
Resort Travelers- are better educated, have higher household incomes, and ade more
likely to have professional and manegerial positions.
Family Pleasure Travels-this is divided into 3 goups junior family (20-34y/o), midrange
family(35-44y/o), mature family (45 or over). Thi is motivated into 3 objectives to use travel as
an eduvational experience for their children, to do something different and to use travel to bring
the gamily closer together.
The Elderly- persons in the 50 plus age bracket are called active affluent or people with
the money and the desire to travel extensively.
Singles and Couples- this take a vacation to fulfill their psychological, intellectual, and
physical needs by giving them opportunity to rest, relax, escape the routine of pressures of daily
living, enjoy the naturalness of life,and to express total freedom.
Travel Constraints
1. Lack of money- major travel constraint. Less money means less travel.
2. Lack of time- time is another inhibiting factor to tourist travel.
3. Lack of safety and security- in public places, hotels and travel centers cause people to
prefer the remain in the security of their neighborhood at home.
4. Physical disability- the form of bad health or physical handicap may keep people at
home.
5. Family commitments- inhibit travel. Parents with young children find it inconvenient and
expensive to gon on holidays.
6. Lack of interest in travel- this is mainly due to a preference to simply stay at home.
7. Fears of travel- fear of flying is quite common and accounts for many people who insist
on driving to a vacationarea instead of boarding a plane.
Allocentrics- highly adventurous and curious and have strong desire for new and varied
experiences.
Club mediterrance- most popular travel club in Western Europe then spread to northen America
Aesthetics- appreciation of beauty
Self-actualization- personal self-fulfillment
Midcentrics- midrange between allocentrics and psychocentrics.
Psychocentrics- traveler who are not adventurous
 CHAPTER 2
THE SOCIOLOGY OF TOURISM
The social nature of travel- human beings, as social animals, feel comfortable on a tour group.
Camaraderie- develops friendships that last for years.

The social effects of tourism- concerned with the movement and contact between people on
different geographical locations.
Socioeconomic variables in their effect on travel
A. Age- younger people tend to select more avtive recreational activities than older people.
B. Income and social status- persons with uhighersocial status, travel more than those with
lower income ans social status.
C. Education- better educated members of the population have a greater desire to travel.
D. Life stages of the family- the presence of children in the family limits travel. More
leisure time is spent at home.
The rise of new travel patterns
A. Travel clubs-
B. Airline group and arrangements-
C. Special interest tours-
Preferences of the international tourist
A. Relaxation vs. activity-
B. Familiarity vs. novelty-
C. Dependence vs. autonomy-
D. Order vs. disorder-
Types of tourist roles
A. The organized mass tourist-
B. The individual mass tourist-
C. The explorer-
D. The drifter-

Social tourism- a subsidized system of travel through the intervention of the government,
employer, or labor union to avhieve social goals and purposes.
 CHAPTER 3
TOURISM AND CULTURE
The effects of culture on travel
Culture- “set of beliefs, values, attitudes, habits, and form of behavior that are shared by the
society and are transmitted feim generation to generation.” Lack of understanding and inability
to communicate with tho host culture might result in a culture shock for the tourist.
The importance of cultural tourism
Cultural tourism- travel in which people learn about each other’s way of life. Tourism is sn
important means of oppromotingq culture relation in international cooperation.
Cultural factors with tourist appeal- the cultural factirs that appeal greatlyto tourist.
A. Art-
B. Music and dance-
C. Handicraft-
D. Industry and business-
E. Agriculture-
F. Education-
G. Literature and Languange-
H. Science-
I. Government-
J. Religion-
K. Food and drink-
L. History-