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2020 - Sept25 - ME 004A

This document describes isentropic and polytropic processes. For an isentropic process (PVk=C): - Temperature, pressure, and volume change while entropy remains constant. - The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature can be determined. - Non-flow work and other thermodynamic properties can be calculated. For a polytropic process (PVn=C): - The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature are similar but depend on the polytropic exponent n. - Non-flow work and other thermodynamic properties can be calculated in a similar manner as for isentropic processes.

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Daniel Manivough
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370 views

2020 - Sept25 - ME 004A

This document describes isentropic and polytropic processes. For an isentropic process (PVk=C): - Temperature, pressure, and volume change while entropy remains constant. - The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature can be determined. - Non-flow work and other thermodynamic properties can be calculated. For a polytropic process (PVn=C): - The relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature are similar but depend on the polytropic exponent n. - Non-flow work and other thermodynamic properties can be calculated in a similar manner as for isentropic processes.

Uploaded by

Daniel Manivough
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Adiabatic System

 Reversible (Isentropic Process)


 Irreversible
Isentropic Process is a Constant Entropy
Process.
In this case, the pressure, volume, and
temperature are changing.
Condition:
𝑃𝑉 𝑘 = 𝐶

IV. Isentropic Process (PVk=C)

1. Relation between volume, pressure


and temperature
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑘 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑘
𝑉1 𝑇2 𝑃2
=
𝑉2 𝑇1 𝑃1
𝑉1 𝑘−1 𝑇2
[ ] =
𝑉2 𝑇1
𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑘−1
=[ ]
𝑇1 𝑉2

𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑇1
=
𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑇2
1 1
𝑘[ ] [𝑘−1][ ]
𝑇1 𝑘 𝑃1 𝑘
[ ] =[ ]
𝑇2 𝑃2
𝑘−1
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑘
=[ ]
𝑇2 𝑃2
𝑘−1
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑘
=[ ]
𝑇1 𝑃1
2. Non-flow Work
𝑉2
𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 =
1−𝑘
𝑉1

𝑃𝑉 𝑘 = 𝐶
𝐶
𝑃= 𝑘
𝑉
𝑉2
𝑑𝑉
𝑊𝑁𝐹 =𝐶∫ 𝑘
𝑉
𝑉1
𝑉2

𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝐶 ∫ 𝑉 −𝑘 𝑑𝑉
𝑉1

𝑣 𝑛+1
𝑛+1
𝑉 −𝑘+1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝐶[ ] 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑉1 𝑡𝑜 𝑉2
−𝑘 + 1
𝑉2 −𝑘+1 𝑉1 −𝑘+1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝐶[ − ]
−𝑘 + 1 −𝑘 + 1
𝑉2 −𝑘+1 − 𝑉1 −𝑘+1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝐶[ ]
−𝑘 + 1
𝑃𝑉 𝑘 = 𝐶
−𝑘+1 −𝑘+1
𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑃𝑉 𝑘 [ ]
−𝑘 + 1
[𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑘 ][𝑉2 −𝑘+1 ] − [𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑘 ][𝑉1 −𝑘+1 ]
𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
−𝑘 + 1
𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
1−𝑘

3. Change in Internal Energy


∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑇
4. Change in Enthalpy
∆ℎ = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
5. Heat
𝑄=0
6. Change in Entropy, s = C, s1 = s2
∆𝑠 = 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 0
7. Work Steady Flow
𝑄 = ∆𝑃𝐸 + ∆𝐾𝐸 + ∆ℎ + 𝑊𝑆𝐹
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = −∆ℎ = −[ℎ2 − ℎ1 ] = ℎ1 − ℎ2

EXAMPLE:
Helium (k = 1.666) is compressed
isentropically from 745 kPaa, 5.1 m3/min,
5°C to 1765 kPaa. Find the following:
1. Final volume flow rate in m3/min.
2. Final temperature in °C.
3. Work non-flow in kJ/min and Hp.

Given:
k = 1.666
P1 = 745 kPaa
Ṿ1 = 5.1 m3/min
T1 = 5°C
P2 = 1765 kPaa

Required:
1. Ṿ2 = ? m3/min
2. T2 = ? °C
3. WNF = ? kJ/min and Hp
Solution:
(1) Solving for Ṿ2:
Using the relationship of Pressure and
Volume in isentropic process:
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑘 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑘
We may apply the volume flow rate in
place of the volume:
𝑃1 Ṿ1 𝑘 = 𝑃2 Ṿ2 𝑘
Thus, solving for Ṿ2:
𝑃1 Ṿ1 𝑘
= Ṿ2 𝑘
𝑃2
1
𝑘 𝑘
𝑃1 Ṿ1
Ṿ2 = [ ]
𝑃2
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔:
1
𝑃1 𝑘
Ṿ2 = [ ] [Ṿ1 ]
𝑃2

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑃1 = 745 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑃2 = 1765 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑚3
Ṿ1 = 5.1
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑘 = 1.666
1
𝑃1 𝑘
Ṿ2 = [ ] [Ṿ1 ]
𝑃2
1
745 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 1.666 𝑚3
Ṿ2 = [ ] [5.1 ]
1765 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝒎𝟑
Ṿ𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟒 (𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑾𝑬𝑹)
𝒎𝒊𝒏

(2) Let’s compute for T2:


The relationship of Pressure and
Temperature in isentropic process is:
𝑘−1
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑘
=[ ]
𝑇1 𝑃1

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒:
𝑘−1
𝑃2 𝑘
𝑇2 = [𝑇1 ] [ ]
𝑃1

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑇1 = 5°𝐶 + 273 = 278 𝐾 (𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒)
𝑃1 = 745 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑃2 = 1765 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑘 = 1.666
𝑘−1
𝑃2 𝑘
𝑇2 = [𝑇1 ] [ ]
𝑃1
1.666−1
1765 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 1.666
𝑇2 = [278 𝐾 ] [ ]
745 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑇2 = 392.4553316 𝐾

But the required unit is °C:


𝑇2 = 392.4553316 𝐾 − 273
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝟔℃ (𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑾𝑬𝑹)

(3) Determine WNF:


𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
1−𝑘

Applying volume flow rate:


𝑃2 Ṿ2 − 𝑃1 Ṿ1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
1−𝑘

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑃1 = 745 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑃2 = 1765 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑚3
Ṿ1 = 5.1
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚3
Ṿ2 = 3.04
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑘 = 1.666
𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3
[1765 2 ] [3.04 ] − [745 2 ] [5.1 ]
𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
1 − 1.666
𝒌𝑱
𝑾𝑵𝑭 = −𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 (𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑾𝑬𝑹)
𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝑘𝐽 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝐻𝑝
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = −2351.50 [ ][ ]
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 0.746 𝑘𝐽
𝑠
𝑾𝑵𝑭 = −𝟓𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 𝑯𝒑 (𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑾𝑬𝑹)
Polytropic process is described with the
condition PVn=C.

V. Polytropic Process (PVn=C)


1. Relationship between volume,
pressure and temperature
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑛 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑛

𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑛−1
=[ ]
𝑇1 𝑉2

𝑛−1
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑛
=[ ]
𝑇1 𝑃1
2. Non-flow Work
2
𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 =
1−𝑛
1
3. Change in Internal Energy
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑇
4. Change in Enthalpy
∆ℎ = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
5. Heat
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑛 ∆𝑇
𝑘−𝑛
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑛 = 𝐶𝑣 [ ]
1−𝑛

6. Change in Entropy
𝑇2
∆𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶𝑛 𝑙𝑛
𝑇1
7. Work Steady Flow
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 𝑄 − ∆ℎ

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