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JOINT CONFIGURATION AND DIMENSIONS: bolted end plate connection (unstiffened) Reference clauses:
Resistances for the extended end plate connnection. EN 1993-1-8

Assumption: The design moments in the two beams are equal and opposite.
No axial compression in the beams (NEd = 0).

Column

UC 254 x 254 x 107

Beam 12
UB 533 x 210 x 92

Beam
UB 533 x 210 x 92
670 x 250 x 25 670 x 250 x 25

Column: UC 254 x 254 x 107 in S 275 (EN 10025-2) RESISTANCE OF JOINT

Beams: UB 533 x 210 x 92 in S 275 (EN 10025-2) Bending moment: Mj,Rd = 424 kNm

End plate: 670 x 250 x 25 in S 275 (EN 10025-2) Vertical shear: Vj,Rd = 499 kN

Bolts: M24 non preloaded class 8.8 bolts ISO 4016

ISO 898-1
ISO 7089/7091

Welds: Fillet welds. Assumed weld sized:

sf = 12mm (flange)

sw = 8 mm (web)

Bolt spacings

S=D= 75 mm
C=w= 100 mm

R1 = ex = 50 mm R11 + R2 = p1-2 = 100 mm (spacing row 1-2)

R11 = x = 40 mm
R2 = 60 mm R3 = p2-3 = 90 mm (spacing row 2-3)
R3 = 90 mm

Technical References: Joints in Steel Construction: Moment-Resisting Joints to Eurocode 3 . Publication P398.
The Steel Construction Institute. www.steel-sci.com
The British Constructional Steelwork Association Limited. www.steelconstruction.org
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DIMENSIONS AND SECTION PROPERTIES Reference clauses:

Column From data tables for UC 254 x 254 x 107:

Depth hc = 266,7 mm
Width bc = 258,8 mm
Web thickness twc = 12,8 mm
Flange thickness tfc = 20,5 mm
Root radius rc = 12,7 mm
Depth between fillets dc = 200,3 mm
Area Ac = 13640 mm² = 136,4 cm²

Beams From data tables for UB 533 x 210 x 92:

Depth hb = 533,1 mm
Width bb = 209,3 mm
Web thickness twb = 10,1 mm
Flange thickness tfb = 15,6 mm
Root radius rb = 12,7 mm
Depth between fillets db = 476,5 mm
Area Ab = 11740 mm² = 117,4 cm²

End plates

Depth hp = 670 mm
Width bp = 250 mm
Thickness tp = 25 mm

Bolts

M24 non preloaded class 8.8 bolts

Diameter of bolt shank d= 24 mm
Diameter of hole d0 = 26 mm
Shear area As = 353 mm²
Diameter of washer dw = 44 mm (ISO 7089/7091)

Bolts spacings

Column
End distance (row 1 from column edge) e1 = 1000 mm
Spacing (guage) w= 100 mm
Edge distance ec = 79,4 mm
Spacing row 1-2 p1-2 = 100 mm
Spacing row 2-3 p2-3 = 90 mm

End plate
End distance ex = 50 mm
Spacing (guage) w= 100 mm
Edge distance ep = 75 mm
Spacing row 1 above beam flange x= 40 mm
Spacing row 1-2 p1-2 = 100 mm
Spacing row 2-3 p2-3 = 90 mm

EN 1993-1-8
Figure 6.8
Figure 6.10
Figure 6.13
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MATERIAL STRENGTHS Reference clauses:

Steel strength BS EN 1993-1-1

NA. 2.4
For building the nominal values of the yield strength (fy) and the ultimate strength (fu) for structural steel should be those
obtained from the product standard. Where a range is given, the lowest nominal value should be used.

S 275 (EN 10025-2) EN 10025-2

Table 7
For t ≤ 16 mm fy = ReH = 275 N/mm²

For 16 mm < t ≤ 40 mm fy = ReH = 265 N/mm²

For 3 mm ≤ t ≤ 100 mm fu = ReH = 410 N/mm²

Hence:

Beam yield strength fy,b = 275 N/mm²

Beam ultimate strength fu,b = 410 N/mm²

Column yield strength fy,c = 265 N/mm²

Column ultimate strength fu,c = 410 N/mm²

End plate yield strength fy,p = 265 N/mm²

End plate ultimate strength fu,p = 410 N/mm²

Bolt strength EN 1993-1-8

Table 3.1
Nominal yield strength fyb = 640 N/mm²

Nominal ultimate strength fub = 800 N/mm²

PARTIAL FACTORS FOR RESISTANCE EN 1993-1-1

Structural steel Table 2.1

(see NA)
M0 = 1,00

M1 = 1,00

M2 = 1,10

Parts in connection Table 2.1

(see NA)
M2 = 1,25 (bolts, welds, plates in bearing).
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TENSION ZONE T-STUBS

When prying forces may develop, the design tension resistance (FT,Rd) of a T-stub flange should be taken as the smallest EN 1993-1-18
value for the 3 possible failure models in Table 6.2 (EN 1993-1-8). 6.2.4.1(6)

BOLT ROW 1

Column flange in bending (no backing plate)

Consider bolt row 1 to be acting alone. The key dimensions are shown below.

Determine emin, m and leff for the unstiffed column flange EN 1993-1-18
6.2.4.1(2)
w  t wc  2  0.8rc
m  mc   0,5 x [100 − 12,8 − 2 x 0,8 x 12,7] = 33,4 mm
2

emin = min[ep; ec] = min(75; 79,4] = 75 mm EN 1993-1-18

Figure 6.8
For Mode 1, leff,1 is the lesser of leff,cn and leff,cp
Table 6.6
leff,cp = 2πm = 2 x 3,14 x 33,4 = 210 mm

leff,nc = 4m + 1.25ec = 4 x 33,4 + 1,25 x 79,4 = 233 mm

leff,1 = min[leff,cn; leff,cp] = min[233; 210] = 210 mm

For failure Mode 2, leff,2 = leff,nc STEP 1

Therefore leff,2 = leff,nc = 233 mm

Mode 1 resistance

For Mode 1, without backing plates, using Method 2:

FT,1,Rd 
 8n  2ew  Mpl,1,Rd EN 1993-1-18
2mn  e w  m  n  Table 6.2

where:

m = mc = 33,4 mm

n = min[emin; 1.25m] = min[75; (1.25 x 33,4)] = min[75; 41,8] = 41,8 mm

(cont'd)
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0.25 leff ,1 t 2fc fy,c

Mpl,1,Rd   [0,25 x 210 x (20,5)² x 265]/1,00 = 5847 x 10³ Nmm = 5,85 kNm
 M0

Diameter of the washer (for M24 non preloaded class 8.8 bolts):

dw = 44 mm

ew = dw/4 = (44)/4 = 11 mm

Therefore,

FT,1,Rd 
 8n  2ew  Mpl,1,Rd  [(8 x 41,8 − 2 x 11) x 5847 x 10³]/{10³ x [2 x 33,4 x 41,8 − 11 x (33,4 + 41,8)]} = 928,1 kN
2mn  e w  m  n 

Mode 2 resistance

For Mode 2
2Mpl,2,Rd  n Ft,Rd
FT,2,Rd   [2 x (6487 x 10³) + 41,8 x 406,7 x 10³)/(33,4 + 41,8) = 398,4 kN EN 1993-1-18
mn Table 6.2

where:

0,25 leff ,2 t 2fc fy,c

Mpl,2,Rd   [0,25 x 233 x (20,5)² x 265]/1 = 6487 x 10³ Nmm = 6,49 kNm
 M0

∑Ft,Rd is the total value of Ft,Rd for all the bolts in the row, where:

k 2 fub A s 0.9fub A s (0,9 x 800 x 353)/1,25 = 203,3 x 10³ N = 203,3 kN (for a single bolt) EN 1993-1-18
Ft,Rd   
M2  M2 Table 3.4

For 2 bolts in the row ∑Ft,Rd = 2 x 203,3 x 10³ = 406,7 x 10³ N = 406,7 kN

Mode 3 resistance (bolt failure)

FT,3,Rd = ∑Ft,Rd = 406,7 kN EN 1993-1-18

Table 6.2

Resistance of column flange in bending

Ft,fc,Rd = min[FT,1,Rd; FT,2,Rd; FT,3,Rd] = min[928,1; 398,4; 406,7] = 398,4 kN EN 1993-1-18

6.2.4.1(6)

Column web in transverse tension

The design resistance of an unstiffened column web to transverse tension is determined from: EN 1993-1-18
6.2.6.3(1)

beff,t,wc t wc fy,wc
Ft,wc,Rd  Eq. (6.15)
 M0

where ω is a reduction factor that allows for the interaction with shear in the column web panel.
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Trasformation parameter β = 0,0 [-] Reduction factor: 0 ≤ β ≤ 0.5 → ω = 1,00 EN 1993-1-8

Table 5.4
Table 6.3
Here, as min[FT,1,Rd; FT,2,Rd] = [928,1; 398,4] = 398,4 kN

with:

leff,1 = 210 mm

leff,2 = 233 mm

for a bolted connection the effective width of the column web in tension is considered to be:

beff,t,wc = 233 mm.

fy,wc = fy,c = 265 N/mm²

ω= 1,00 [-]

Thus,

Ft,wc,Rd = [(1,00 x 233 x 12,8 x 265)/1,00]/10³ = 790,4 kN

End plate in bending STEP 1

Bolt row 1 is outside the tension flange of the beam. The key dimensions for the T-stub are shown below EN 1993-1-8
Figure 6.10

The values of mx, ex, and e for the T-stub are:

e = ep = 75 mm

ex = 50 mm

mx = x − 0.8sf = 40 − 0,8 x 12 = 30,4 mm

For Mode 1, leff,1 is the lesser of leff,nc and leff,cp EN 1993-1-8

Table 6.6
leff,cp = min[2πmx; πmx + w; πmx + 2e] = min[(2π x 30,4); (π x 30,4 + 100); (π x 30,4 + 2 x 75)] = min[191; 196; 246] = 191 mm

leff,nc = min[4mx + 1.25ex; e + 2mx + 0.625ex; 0.5bp; 0.5w + 2mx + 0.625ex] = EN 1993-1-8
Table 6.6
min[(4 x 30,4 + 1.25 x 50); (75 + 2 x 30,4 + 0.625 x 50); (0.5 x 250); (0.5 x 100 + 2 x 30,4 + 0.625 x 50)] =

leff,nc = min[184; 167; 125; 142] = 125 mm

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leff,1 = min[leff,nc; leff,cp] = min[125; 191] = 125 mm

For Mode 2, leff,2 = leff,nc = 125 mm

Mode 1 resistance

For Mode 1 failure, using Method 2: EN 1993-1-8

Table 6.2

FT,1,Rd 
 8n  2ew  Mpl,1,Rd
2mn  e w  m  n 

where:

n = emin = min[ex; 1.25mx] = min[50; 1.25 x 30,4] = 38,3 mm

m = mx = 30,4 mm Sheet 6

ew = 11,0 mm Sheet 5

fy = fy,p = 265 N/mm²

t = tp = 25 mm

0.25 leff,1 t p2 fy,p

Mpl,1,Rd   (0.25 x 125 x 25² x 265)/1 = 5.176 x 10³ = Nmm = 5,2 kNm
 M0

FT,1,Rd 
 8n  2ew  Mpl,1,Rd  (8 x 38,3 − 2 x 11,0) x 5.176 x 10³/{10³ x [2 x 30,4 x 38,3 − 11,0 x (30,4 + 38,3]} = 936 kN
2mn  e w  m  n 

Mode 2 resistance
EN 1993-1-8
2Mpl,2,Rd  n Ft,Rd Table 6.2
FT,2,Rd 
mn

where:

0.25 leff ,2 t p2 fy,p

Mpl,2,Rd   (0.25 x 125 x 25² x 265)/1 = 5.176 x 10³ = Nmm = 5,2 kNm
 M0

leff,2 = 125 mm

∑Ft,Rd = 407 x 10³ N = 407 kN Sheet 5

Therefore, FT,2,Rd = (2 x 5.176 x 10³ + 38,3 x 407 x 10³)/{10³ x (30,4 + 38,3)} = 377 kN

Mode 3 resistance (bolt failure)

FT,3,Rd = ∑Ft,Rd = 407 kN

Resistance of end plate in bending

EN 1993-1-8
Ft,ep,Rd = min[FT,1,Rd; FT,2,Rd; FT,3,Rd] = min[936; 377; 407] = 377 kN 6.2.4.1(6)

Beam web in tension

As bolt row 1 is in the extension of the end plate, the resistance of the beam web in tension is not applicable tothis bolt row.
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SUMMARY: RESISTANCE OF T-STUB FOR BOLT ROW 1

Resistance of bolt row 1 is the smallest value of:

Column flange in bending Ft,fc,Rd = 398 kN

Column web in tension: Ft,wc,Rd = 790 kN

End plate in bending: Ft,ep,Rd = 377 kN

Therefore, the resistance of bolt row 1 is:

Ft1,Rd = min[Ft,fc,Rd; Ft,wc,Rd; Ft,ep,Rd] = min[398; 790; 377] = 377 kN

BOLT ROW 2

Firstly, consider row 2 alone.

Column flange in bending

STEP 1
The resistance of the column flange in bending is as calculated for bolt row 1 (Mode 2):

Ft,fc,Rd = 398 kN
Sheet 5

Column web in transverse tension

STEP 1B
The column web resistance to transverse tension will also be as calculated for bolt row 1.

Therefore:

Ft,wc,Rd = 790 kN
Sheet 6

End plate in bending

STEP 1
Bolt row 2 is the first bolt row below the beam flange, considered as "first bolt-row below tension flange of beam" in Table 6.6. The
key dimensions for the T-stub are as shown for the column flange T-stub for row 1 and as shown below (in elevation) for row 2. Sheet 4

w  t wb  2  0.8s w
m  mp   (100 − 10,1 − 2 x 0.8 x 8)/2 = 38,6 mm
2
e = ep = 75 mm

m2 = R2 − tfb − 0.8sf = 60 − 15,6 − (0.8 x 12) = 34,8 mm

α is obtained from Figure 6.11 (reproduced in EN 1993-1-8, Appendix G as Figure G.1)

m m2
Parameters required to determine α: 1  and 2 
me me
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λ1 = 38,6/(38,6 + 75) = 0,34

λ2 = 34,8/(38,6 + 75) = 0,31

Thus, by interpolation (see EN 1993-1-8, Figure 6.11),  = 7,3 [-] EN 1993-1-8

Figure 6.11

Table 6.6

leff,cp = 2πm = 2 x π x 38,6 = 242 mm

leff,nc = m = 7,3 x 38,6 = 283 mm

leff,2 = leff,nc = 283 mm

leff,1 = min[leff,cp; leff,nc] = min[242; 283] = 242 mm

EN 1993-1-8
Mode 1 resistance Table 6.2

For Mode 1, using Method 2:

FT,1,Rd 
 8n  2ew  Mpl,1,Rd
2mn  e w  m  n 

where: SHEET 4

n = min[emin; 1.25m] = min[75; (1.25 x 38,6)] = 48,2 mm SHEETS 5/2/3

ew = 11,0 mm

tp = 25 mm

fy,p = 265 N/mm²

0.25 leff,1 t p2 fy,p

Mpl,1,Rd   (0,25 x 242 x 25² x 265)/1,00 = 10,0 x 10³ x 10³ Nmm
 M0
EN 1993-1-8
Table 6.2
FT,1,Rd 
 8n  2ew  Mpl,1,Rd  [(8 x 48,2 − 2 x 11,0) x 10³]/[(2 x 38,6 x 48,2) − 11,0 x (38,6 + 48,2)] = 1.320 kN
2mn  e w  m  n  SHEET 5

Mode 2 resistance

2Mpl,2,Rd  n Ft,Rd
FT,Rd 
mn
Ft,Rd = 203 kN

0.25 leff ,2 t p2 fy,p

Mpl,2,Rd   (0,25 x 283 x 25² x 265)/1,00 = 11,7 x 10³ x 10³ Nmm
 M0

∑Ft,Rd = 2 x 203 = 407 kN

2Mpl,2,Rd  n Ft,Rd
FT,2,Rd   (2 x 11,7 x 10³ + 48,2 x 407)/(38,6 + 48,2) = 496 kN
mn

Mode 3 resistance (bolt failure)

FT,3,Rd = ∑Ft,Rd = 407 kN

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Resistance of end plate in bending

Ft,ep,Rd = min[FT,1,Rd; FT,2,Rd; FT,3,Rd] = [1.320; 496; 407] = 407 kN EN 1993-1-8

6.2.4.1(6)

Beam web in tension STEP 1B

The design tension resistance of the web is determined from: EN 1993-1-8

6.2.6.8(1)
beff,t,wb t wb fy,b
Ft,wb,Rd  Eq. (6.22)
M0

where:
EN 1993-1-8
beff,t,wb = min[leff,1; leff,2] = 242 mm (conservatively, consider the smallest leff from earlier calculations). 6.2.6.8(2)

twb = 10,1 mm SHEET 2

ω = 1,00 [-] SHEET 6

Therefore:

beff,t,wb t wb fy,b
Ft,wb,Rd   [(1,00 x 242 x 10,1 x 275)/1,00]/10³ = 673 kN
 M0

The above resitances for row 2 all consider the resistance of the row acting alone. However, on the column side, the resistance
may be limited by the resistance of the group of rows 1 and 2. That group resistance is now considered.

ROWS 1 AND 2 COMBINED

Column flange in bending

ec = 79,4 mm SHEET 2
mc = 33,4 mm SHEET 4
p2-3 = 100 mm SHEET 2
e1 = 1000 mm SHEET 3

For bolt row 1 combined with row 2 in the column flange, both rows are considered as ''end bolt row'' in Table 6.4.

For bolt row 1:

leff,nc = min[(2m + 0.625e + 0.5p); (e 1 + 0.5p)] = min[(2 x 33,4 + 0.625 x 79,4 + 0.5 x 100); (1000 + 0.5 x 100)] = 167 mm

leff,cp = min[(πm + p); (2e 1 + p)] = min[(π x 33,4 + 100); (2 x 1000 + 100)] = 205 mm

The effective lenghts for bolt row 2, as a bottom row of a group, are the same as for row 1:

∑leff,nc = 2 x 167 = 333 mm

∑leff,cp = 2 x 205 = 410 mm

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The effective lengths for the group of bolts is:

EN 1993-1-8
Mode 1 Table 6.4

∑leff,1 = min[∑leff,nc; ∑leff,cp] = min[333; 410] = 333 mm

Mode 2: Table 6.4

∑leff,2 = ∑leff,nc = 333 mm

Mode 1 resistance

FT,1,Rd 
 8n  2ew  Mpl,1,Rd
Table 6.2
2mn  e w  m  n 

where:

m= 33,4 mm SHEET 4

n= 41,8 mm SHEET 4

ew = 11,0 mm SHEET 5

0.25 leff ,1 t 2fc fy,c

Mpl,1,Rd   (0.25 x 333 x 20,5² x 265)/1,00 = 9,27 x 10³ x 10³ Nmm
 M0

FT,1,Rd 
 8n  2ew  Mpl,1,Rd  [(8 x 41,8 − 2 x 11,0) x 9,27 x 10³ x 10³)/{10³ x [2 x 33,4 x 41,8 − 11,0 x (33,4 + 41,8)]} = 1.472 kN
2mn  e w  m  n 

Mode 2 resistance

2Mpl,2,Rd  n Ft,Rd EN 1993-1-8

FT,2,Rd  Table 6.2
mn

where:

Ft,Rd = 203 kN SHEET 5

∑Ft,Rd = 4 x 203 = 813 kN

0.25 leff ,2 t 2fc fy,c

Mpl,2,Rd   (0.25 x 333 x 20,5² x 265)/1,00 = 9,27 x 10³ x 10³ Nmm
 M0

2Mpl,2,Rd  n Ft,Rd
FT,2,Rd   (2 x 9,27 x 10³ + 41,8 x 813)/(33,4 + 41,8) = 698 kN
mn

Mode 3 resistance (bolt failure)

EN 1993-1-8
FT,3,Rd = ∑Ft,Rd = 4 x 203 = 813 kN Table 6.2

Resistance of column flange in bending

EN 1993-1-8
Ft,fc,Rd = min[FT,1,Rd; FT,2,Rd; FT,3,Rd] = min[1.472; 698; 813] = 698 kN 6.2.4.1(6)

Column web in transverse tension STEP 1B

beff,t,wc t wc fy,c
The design resistance of an unstiffed column web in transverse tension is: Ft,wc,Rd 
M0 EN 1993-1-8
where beff,t,wc is the equivalente T-stub representing the column flange from Sec. 6.2.6.4 (EN 1993-1-8). Conservatively use the 6.2.6.3(3)
lesser of the values of effective lengths for Mode 1 and Mode 2: SHEET 10
(cont'd)
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beff,t,wc = ∑leff,2 = 333 mm

with twc = 12,8 mm; fy,c = 265 N/mm²

The equation to use to calculate ω depends on β. As before, β = 0,0 and therefore ω = 1,00: SHEET 6

beff,t,wc t wc fy,c
Ft,wc,Rd   (1,00 x 333 x 12,8 x 265/1,00)/10³ = 1.130 kN
 M0

End plate in bending

There is no group mode for the end plate.

SUMMARY: RESISTANCE OF BOLT ROWS 1 AND 2 COMBINED

Resistance of bolt row 1 and 2 combined, on the column side, is the smaller value of:

Column flange in bending: Ft,fc,Rd = 698 kN

Column web in tension: Ft,wc,Rd = 1.130 kN

Therefore, the resistance of bolts 1 and 2 combined is: Ft,1-2,Rd = 698 kN

The resistance of bolt row 2 on the column side is therefore limited to:

Ft2,c,Rd = Ft,1-2,Rd − Ft1,Rd = (698 − 377) = 321 kN SHEET 8

SUMMARY: RESISTANCE OF BOLT ROW 2

Resistance of bolt row 2 is the smallest value of:

Column flange in bending: Ft,fc,Rd = 398 kN SHEET 8

Column web in tension: Ft,wc,Rd = 790 kN SHEETS 6/8

Beam web in tesnion: Ft,wb,Rd = 673 kN SHEET 10

End plate in bending: Ft,ep,Rd = 407 kN SHEET 10

Column side, as part of a group (see above): Ft2,c,Rd = 321 kN

Therefore, the resistance of bolt row 2 is: Ft,2,Rd = 321 kN

BOLT ROW 3
First, consider row 3 alone.

Column flange in bending STEP 1

The column flange in bending resistance is the same as bolt rows 1 and 2 therefore:
Ft,fc,Rd = 398 kN
Column web in transverse tension STEP 1B

The column web resistance to transverse tension is as calculated for bolt rows 1 and 2.

Therefore: Ft,wc,Rd = 790 kN SHEET 6

End plate in bending STEP 1

Bolt row 3 is the second bolt row below the beam's tension flange, considered as an ''other end bolt-row'' in Table 6.6. The key
dimensions are as noted above for bolt row 2. Determine m, e and leff:

e = ep = 75 mm m = 38,6 mm SHEETS 2/8

leff,cp = 2πm = 2 x π x 38,6 = 242 mm

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leff,nc = 4m + 1.25e = 4 x 38,6 + 1.25 x 75 = 248 mm

leff,1 = min[leff,cp; leff,nc] = min[242; 248] = 242 mm

leff,2 = leff,nc = 248 mm

Mode 1 resistance

For Mode 1, using Method 2:

FT,1,Rd 
 8n  2ew  Mpl,1,Rd EN 1993-1-8
2mn  e w  m  n  Table 6.2

where:

n = 48,2 mm and m = 38,6 (as for row 2) SHEETS 8/9

nw = 11,0 mm SHEET 5

0.25 leff,1t p2 fy,p

Mpl,1,Rd   (0.25 x 242 x 25² x 265)/1,00 = 10,0 x 10³ x 10³ Nmm = 10,0 kNm
 M0

FT,1,Rd 
 8n  2ew  Mpl,1,Rd  [(8 x 48,2 − 2 x 11,0) x 10,0 x 10³]/{[2 x 38,6 x 48,2 − 11,0 x (38,6 + 48,2)]} = 1.320 kN
2mn  e w  m  n 

Mode 2 resistance

2Mpl,2,Rd  n Ft,Rd
FT,2,Rd 
mn

0.25 leff,2 t p2 fy,p

Mpl,2,Rd 
 M0

tp = 25 mm Ft,Rd = 203 kN ∑Ft,Rd = 2 x 203 = 407 kN

0.25 leff,2 t p2 fy,p

Mpl,2,Rd   (0.25 x 248 x 25² x 265)/1,00 = 10,3 x 10³ x 10³ Nmm = 10,3 kNm
M0

2Mpl,2,Rd  n Ft,Rd
FT,2,Rd   (2 x 10,3 x 10³ + 48,2 x 407)/(38,6 + 48,2) = 463 kN
mn

Mode 3 resistance (bolt failure)

Ft,3,Rd = Σ Ft,Rd = 407 kN

Resistance of end plate in bending EN 1993-1-8

6.2.4.1(6)
Ft,ep,Rd = min[FT,1,Rd; FT,2,Rd; FT,3,Rd] = min[1.320; 463; 407] = 407 kN

Beam web in tension STEP 1B

EN 1993-1-8
beff,t,wb t wb fy,b
FT,wb,Rd  6.2.6.8(1)
M0 Eq. (6.22)

where:

beff,t,wb = leff
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Conservatively, consider minimum leff. Therefore:

beff,t,wb = leff = min[leff,1; leff,2] = min[242; 248] = 242 mm. SHEET 13

twb = 10,1 mm.

beff,t,wb t wb fy,b
Therefore, FT,wb,Rd   [(242 x 10,1 x 275)/10³]/1,0 = 673 kN
 M0

The above resistances for row 3 all consider the resistance of the row acting alone. However, on the column side the resistance
may be limited by the resistance of the group of rows 1, 2, and 3 or by the group of rows 2 and 3. On the beam side, the
resistance may be limited by groups of rows 2 and 3. Those group resistances are now considered.

ROWS 1, 2 AND 3 COMBINED

Column flange in bending STEP 1

Circular and non-circular yield line patterns are:

ROW 1

ROW 2

ROW 3

The effective length for bolt row 1, as part of a group, is the same as that determined as part of the group of rows 1 an 2. Thus:

Row 1: leff,nc = 167 mm SHEET 10

leff,cp = 205 mm

Row 3 is also an "end bolt row", similar to row 1, but the value of bolt spacing p is different.

p = p2-3 = 90 mm

Thus:

leff,nc = 2m + 0.625e + 0.5p = (2 x 33,4) + (0.625 x 79,4) + (0.5 x 90) = 162 mm

leff,cp = πm + p = (π x 33,4) + 90 = 195 mm

For this group, bolt row 2 is an "other inner bolt row". Therefore:

leff,cp = 2p
leff,nc = p

Here, the vertical spacing between bolts above and below row 2 is different, therefore use:
p12 p23 leff,cp = 2p = 2 x 95 = 190 mm leff,nc = p = 95 mm
p   (100/2) + (90/2) = 95 mm
2 2

Therefore, the total effective lengths for this group of rows are:

∑leff,nc = 167 + 95 + 162 = 423 mm

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∑leff,cp = 205 + 190 + 195 = 590 mm

Therefore, assume:

∑leff,2 = ∑leff,1 = 423 mm ( ∑leff,2 = ∑leff,nc = ∑leff,1 ≤ ∑leff,cp) EN 1993-1-8

Table 6.4

Mode 1 resistance

For Mode 1, using Method 2:

FT,1,Rd 
 8n  2ew  Mpl,1,Rd
2mn  e w  m  n 

where:

m = 33,4 mm SHEET 4

n = 41,8 mm SHEET 4

ew = 11,0 mm SHEET 5

0.25  leff ,1 t 2f fy,c

Mpl,1,Rd   (0,25 x 423 x 20,5² x 265)/1,0 = 11,8 x 10³ x 10³ Nmm = 11,8 kNm
 M0

FT,1,Rd 
 8n  2e w  Mpl,1,Rd  [(8 x 41,8 − 2 x 11,0) x 11,8 x 10³]/[(2 x 33,4 x 41,8) − 11,0 x (33,4 + 41,8)] = 1.870 kN
2mn  e w  m  n 

Mode 2 resistance
2Mpl,2,Rd  n  Ft,Rd
FT,2,Rd 
mn
where:

Ft,Rd = 203 kN SHEET 5

∑Ft,Rd = 6 x 203 = 1.220 kN

0,25  leff ,2,Rd t 2f fy,c

Mpl,2,Rd 
M0
Here, as leff,2 = leff,1, Mpl,2,Rd = Mpl,1,Rd:

2Mpl,2,Rd  n  Ft,Rd
FT,2,Rd   (2 x 11,8 x 10³ + 41,8 x 1.220)/(33,4 + 41,8) = 991 kN
mn

Mode 3 resistance (bolt failure)

FT,3,Rd = ∑Ft,Rd = 6 x 203 = 1.220 kN EN 1993-1-8

Table 6.2
Resistance of column flange in bending

Ft,fc,Rd = min[FT,1,Rd; FT,2,Rd; FT,3,Rd] = min[1.870; 991; 1.220] = 991 kN EN 1993-1-8

6.2.4.1(6)

Column web in transverse tension STEP 1B

The design resistance of an unstiffened column web in tranverse tension is: EN 1993-1-8
6.2.6.3(1)
 beff,t,wc t wc fy,c
Ft,wc,Rd  Eq. (6.15)
 M0
where:

beff,t,wc is the effective length of the equivalent T-stub representing the column flange from 6.2.6.4. As the failure is Mode 2 EN 1993-1-8
(see sheet 15) take: 6.2.6.3(3)

beff,t,wc = ∑leff,2 = 423 mm SHEET 15

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The equation to use to calculate  depends on . As before, with  = 0,00 [-] therefore:  = 1,00 [-] SHEET 6

 beff,t,wc t wc fy,c
Ft,wc,Rd   [(1,0 x 423 x 12,8 x 265)/10³]/1,0 = 1.435 kN
M0

Summary: resistance of bolts rows 1, 2 and 3 combined

Resistance of bolt rows 1, 2 and 3 combined, on the column side, is the smaller value of:

column flange in bending: Ft,fc,Rd = 991 kN

column web in tension: Ft,wc,Rd = 1.435 kN

Therefore, the resistance of bolt row 1, 2 and 3 combined is: F t,1-3,Rd = 991 kN

The resistance of bolt row 3 on the column side is therefore limited to:

Ft3,c,Rd = (Ft,1-3,Rd − Ft,1-2,Rd) = (991 − 698) = 293 kN

ROWS 2 AND 3 COMBINED

Column side-flange in bending

Following the same process as for row 1, 2 and 3 combined,

∑leff,cp = 2πm + 2p = 2 x π x 33,4 + 2 x 90 = 390 mm

∑leff,nc = 4m + 1.25e + p = 4 x 33,4 + 1,25 x 79,4 + 90 = 323 mm

Therefore,

∑leff,2 = ∑leff,1 = 323 mm

Mode 1 resistance

EN 1993-1-8
0,25  leff ,1 t 2f fy,c
Mpl,1,Rd   (0,25 x 323 x 20,5² x 265)/1,0 = 9,0 x 10³ x 10³ Nmm = 9,0 kNm Table 6.2
 M0

FT,1,Rd 
 8n  2e w  Mpl,1,Rd  [(8 x 41,8 − 2 x 11,0) x 9,0 x 10³]/[(2 x 33,4 x 41,8) − 11,0 x (33,4 + 41,8)] = 1.428 kN
2mn  e w  m  n 

Mode 2 resistance

Here, as leff,2 = leff,1, Mpl,2,Rd = Mpl,1,Rd:

EN 1993-1-8
2Mpl,2,Rd  n  Ft,Rd
FT,2,Rd   (2 x 9,0 x 10³ + 41,8 x 4 x 203)/(33,4 + 41,8) = 691 kN Table 6.2
mn

Mode 3 resistance (bolt failure)

EN 1993-1-8
FT,3,Rd = ∑Ft,Rd = (6 x 203) = 1.220 kN Table 6.2

Column web in transverse tension EN 1993-1-8

6.2.6.3(1)
beff,t,wc = 323 mm Eq. (6.15)

The equation to use to calculate  depends on . As before, with  = 0,00 [-] therefore:  = 1,00 [-] SHEET 6

 beff,t,wc t wc fy,c
Ft,wc,Rd   [(1,0 x 323 x 12,8 x 265)/10³]/1,0 = 1.096 kN
M0
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Beam side-end plate in bending

On the beam side, row 1 is not part of a group but the resistance of row 3 may be limited by the resistance of rows 2 and 3 as a
group. Determine the effective lengths for rows 2 and 3 combined:
Row 2 is a "first bolt-row below tension flange of beam" in Table 6.6.

leff,cp = πm + p

Here: p = p2-3 = 90 mm n = 48,2 m = 38,6 (as for row 2 alone)

leff,cp = πm + p = (π x 38,6) + 90 = 211 mm STEP 1 A

Obtain a from Figure 6.11 - EN 1993-1-8 (or Annex G ) using (see sheet 9): λ1 = 0,3395 λ2 = 0,30647

From Figure 6.11  = 7,3 [-]

leff,nc = 0.5p + m − (2m + 0.625e) = 0,5 x 90 + 7,3 x 38,6 − [2 x 38,6 + (0.625 x 75)] = 204 mm

Row 3 is an "other end bolt-row" in Table 6.6

leff,cp = πm + p = (π x 38,6) + 90 = 211 mm STEP 1 A

leff,nc = 2m + 0.625e + 0.5p = (2 x 38,6) + (0.625 x 75) + (0.5 x 90) = 169 mm

Therefore, the total effective lengths for this group of rows are:

∑leff,nc = 204 + 169 = 373 mm

∑leff,cp = 211 + 211 = 422 mm

Hence,

∑leff,2 = ∑leff,1 = 373 mm

Mode 1 resistance (rows 2 + 3)

For Mode 1 failure, using Method 2: EN 1993-1-8

Table 6.2

FT,1,Rd 
 8n  2ew  Mpl,1,Rd
2mn  e w  m  n 

where:

n = 48,2 mm SHEET 9

ew = 11,0 mm SHEET 5

0.25 leff,1 t p2 fy,p

Mpl,1,Rd   0.25 x 373 x 25² x 265/1,0 = 15,4 x 10³ x 10³ Nmm = 15,4 kNm
 M0

m = 38,6 mm SHEET 8

FT,1,Rd 
 8n  2e w  Mpl,1,Rd  [(8 x 48,2 − 2 x 11,0) x 15,4 x 10³]/[2 x 38,6 x 48,2 − 11,0 x (38,6 + 48,2)] = 2.034 kN
2mn  e w  m  n 
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Mode 2 resistance (rows 2 + 3)

2Mpl,2,Rd  n  Ft,Rd
FT,2,Rd 
mn

where:

Ft,Rd = 203 kN

∑Ft,Rd = 4 x 203 = 813 kN

0.25 leff,2 t 2f fy,p

Mpl,2,Rd 
 M0

Here, as leff,2 = leff,1:

Mpl,2,Rd = Mpl,1,Rd = 15,4 kNm

2Mpl,2,Rd  n  Ft,Rd
FT,2,Rd   (2 x 15,4 x 10³ + 48,2 x 813)/(38,6 + 48,2) = 808 kN
mn

Mode 3 resistance (bolt failure) (rows 2 + 3)

FT,3,Rd = ∑Ft,Rd = 4 x 203 = 813 kN

Resistance of end plate in bending

Ft,ep,Rd = min[FT,1,Rd; FT,2,Rd; FT,3,Rd] = min[2.034; 808; 813] = 808 kN EN 1993-1-8

6.2.4.1(6)

Beam web in tension

This verification is not applicable as the beam flange (stiffner) is within the tension length. (*)

Summary: resistance of bolt rows 2 and 3 combined

Resistance of bolt rows 2 and 3 combined, on the beam side, is:

End plate in bending: Ft,ep,Rd = 808 kN

Therefore(*), on the beam side: Ft,2-3,Rd = Ft,ep,Rd = 808 kN

The resistance of bolt row 3 on the beam side is therefore limited to:

Ft3,b,Rd = Ft2-3,Rd − Ft2,Rd = (808 − 321) = 487 kN SHEET 12

Resistance of bolts rows 2 and 3 combined, on the column side, is:

Column flange in bending: Ft,fc,Rd = 691 kN SHEET 16

Column web in tension: Ft,wc,Rd = 1.096 kN Therefore, on the column side: F t2-3,Rd = 691 kN SHEET 16

The resistance of bolt row 3 on the column side is therefore limited to:

Ft3,b,Rd = Ft2-3,Rd − Ft2,Rd = (691 − 321) = 370 kN

Summary: resistance of bolt row 3

Resistance of bolt row 3 is the smallest value of:

Column flange in bending: Ft,fc,Rd = 398 kN SHEET 5/12
Column web in tension: Ft,wc,Rd = 790 kN SHEET 6/12
Beam web in tension: Ft,wb,Rd = 673 kN SHEET 14
End plate in bending: Ft,ep,Rd = 407 kN SHEET 10

(cont'd)
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(cont'd)

Column side, as part of a group with 2 & 1: Ft3,c,Rd = 293 kN SHEET 16

Column side, as part of a group with 2: Ft3,c,Rd = 370 kN SHEET 18
Beam side, as part of a group with 2: Ft3,b,Rd = 487 kN SHEET 18

Therefore, the resistance of bolt row 3 is: Ft3,Rd = 293 kN.

SUMMARY OF TENSION RESISTANCES

The above derivation of effective resistances of the tension rows may be summarized in tabular form, as shown below.

Resistances of rows Ftr,Rd [kN]

Column Column End Beam MIN Effect.

flange web plate web resist.

ROW 1, alone 398 790 377 N/A 377 377 ROW 1

(min)
ROW 2, alone 398 790 407 673 398
ROW 2 + 1 698 1130 N/A N/A 698
ROW2 (effect.) (698 − 398) 300 ROW 2
(min)
ROW 3, alone 398 790 407 673 398
ROW 3 + 2 + 1 991 1435 N/A N/A 991
ROW 3 (effect. a) (991 − 698) 293
ROW 3 + 2 691 1096 808 N/A 691
ROW 3 (effect. b) (691 − 321) 370

293 ROW 3
(min)

COMPRESSION ZONE T-STUBS

Column web in transverse compression STEP 2

The design resistance of an unstiffed column web in transverse compression is determined from:

EN 1993-1-8
 k wc beff,c,wc t wc fy,wc
Fc,wc,Rd  (crushing resistance) 6.2.6,2(1)
 M0 Eq. (6.9)

but:

 k b t f   
Fc,wc,Rd   wc eff,c,wc wc y,wc  M0   (buckling resistance)
 M0   M1 

For a bolted end plate:

EN 1993-1-8
beff,c,wc = tfb + 2ap√2 + 5 (tfc + s) + sp = tfb + 2sf + 5 (tfc + s) + sp Eq. (6.11)

For rolled I and H column section s = rc. Thus: s = r c = 12,7 mm SHEET 2

sp is the length obtained by dispersion at 45° through the end plate:

0.5sp = 25 mm SHEET2
tp = 25 mm "
Beam flange hp = 670 mm (End-plate depth)

sf = 12 mm "

tfc = 20,5 mm "

tfb = 15,6 mm "
End-plate
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sp = 2tp = 2 x 25 = 50 mm

Verify that the depth of the end plate (hp) is sufficient to allow the dispersion of the force. Minimum hp required is:

hp ≥ ex + x + hb + sf + tp = (50 + 40 + 533,1 + 12 + 25) = 660,1 mm

hp = 670 mm SHEET 2

As 670 mm ≥ 660,1, the depth of the end plate is sufficient. [Satisfactory]

Therefore:

beff,c,wc = tfb + 2ap√2 + 5 (tfc + s) + sp = tfb + 2sf + 5 (tfc + s) + sp = 15,6 + 2 x 12 + 5 x (20,5 + 12,7) + 50 = 255,6 mm.

ρ is the reduction factor for plate buckling

EN 1993-1-8
If p  0.72    1.0 Eq. (6.13a)

EN 1993-1-8
p  0.2
If p  0.72   Eq. (6.13b)
 
2
p
p is the plate slenderness:

EN 1993-1-8
beff ,c,wc dwc fy,wc
 p  0.932  0.932 x √ {(255,6 x 200,3 x 265)/(210 x 10³ + 12,8²)} = 0,59 [-] Eq. (6.13c)
2
Et wc

As 0,59 mm ≤ 0.72 Eq. (6.13a) gives:

 1,00 [-]

 is determined from Table 6.3 based on  (see sheet ).

The equation to use to calculate  depends on . As before, with  = 0,00 [-] therefore:  = 1,00 [-] SHEET 6

EN 1993-1-8
kwc is a reduction factor that takes account of compression in the column web. Note to
Here, it is assumed that kwc = 1,00 [-] 6.2.6.2(2)

 k wc beff,c,wc t wc fy,wc
Fc,wc,Rd   (1,00 x 1,00 x 255,6 x 12,8 x 265/1,0)/10³ = 867 kN
 M0

  k wc beff,c,wc t wc fy,wc  M0 

    867 x (1,00/1,00) x 1,00 = 867 kN
 M0   M1 

Therefore:

Fc,wc,Rd = 867 kN (crushing resistance governs).

Beam flange and web in compression

The resultant of the design resistance of a beam flange and adjacent compression zone of the web is determined using: EN 1993-1-8
6.2.6.7(1)
Mc,Rd
Fc,fb,Rd  Eq. (6.21)
h  t fb

where:

Mc,Rd is the design resistance of the beam

At this stage, assume that the design shear force in the beam does not reduce M c,Rd.

Therefore:
Mc,Rd b t h  t  f /  f
Fc,fb,Rd   1.3 b fb b fb y,b M0  1.3 y,b bb t fb (approximated, conservative)
hb  t fb hb  t fb  M0
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fy,b
Fc,fb,Rd 1.3 bb t fb  1,3 x (275/1,0) x 209,3 x 15,6 = 1.167 x 10³ N = 1.167 kN
 M0

Summary: resistance of compression zone

Column web in transverse compression: Fc,wc,Rd = 867 kN

Beam flange and web in compression: Fc,fb,Rd = 1.167 kN

Compression resistance:

Fc,Rd = min[Fc,wc,Rd; Fc,fb,Rd] = min[867; 1.167] = 867 kN

Resistance of column web panel in shear STEP 3

The plastic shear resistance of an unstiffened web is given by:

EN 1993-1-8
0,9fy,wc A vc 6.2.6.7(1)
Vwp,Rd  Eq. (6.7)
 M0 3

The resistance is not evaluated here, since there is no design shear in the web because the moments for the beams are equal
and opposite.

MOMENT RESISTANCE

EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE OF BOLTS ROWS STEP 4

The resistances of each of the three bolt rows in the tension zone are: SHEET 19

Ft1,Rd = 377 kN (for ROW 1)

Ft2,Rd = 300 kN (for ROW 2)

Ft3,Rd = 293 kN (for ROW 3)

The UK NA states that the effective resistances should be reduced when either the resistance of one of the higher rows exceeds UK NA
1.9Ft,Rd

(here: 1.9 F t,Rd = 1,9 x 203 = 386 kN ≥ 377 mm) (no reduction is necessary according to UK NA). SHEET 5

or (no reduction is also necessary): Note

d fub d fub
tp  or t fc 
1.9 fy,p 1.9 fy,c
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In this case, the limiting thickness are respectively: UK NA

tp ≤ 21,9 mm with tp = 25 mm (reduction is necessary).

tfc ≤ 21,9 mm with tfc = 20,5 mm (no reduction is necessary).

(No reduction is applied according to UK NA: a plastic distribution can be assumed).

Reduction factors:

h2/hx = 0,823 [-] (for ROW 2)

h3/hx = 0,664 [-] (for ROW 3)

= 565,3 mm SHEET 1

h2 = hx − (R11 + R2) = 465,3 mm "

h3 = h2 − R3 = 375,3 mm "

NOTE - UK NA statements: no reduction applied.

The effective resistances of each of the three bolt rows in the tension zone are:

Ft1,Rd = 377 kN (for ROW 1)

Ft2,Rd = 300 kN (for ROW 2)

Ft3,Rd = 293 kN (for ROW 3)

EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES

The sum of the tensile forces, together with any axial compression in the beam, cannot exceed the resistance of the compression
zone. Similarly, the design shear cannot exceed the shear resistance of the column web panel; thisi is not relevant in thi case as the
moments in the identical beams are equal and opposite.

For horizontal equilibrium:

∑Ftr,Rd + NEd = Fc,Rd

In this case there is no axial compression/tension in the beam (NEd = 0)

Therefore, for equilibrium of forces:

∑Ftr,Rd = Fc,Rd

Effective resistances to achieve equilibrium:

Ft1,Rd = 377 kN +

Ft2,Rd = 300 kN +

565 Ft3,Rd = 190 kN =

465 375

Fc,Rd = 867 kN
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Reduction do Tension Row Force NOTE

The tension forces in the bolts rows and the compression force at bottom flange level must be in equilibrium with any axial force in
the beam. The forces cannot exceed the compression resistance of the joint, nor, where applicable, the shear resistance of the
web panel. When the sum of the effective design tension resistances ∑Fti,Rd exceeds (Fc,Rd − NEd), an allocation of reduced bot
forces must be determined that satisfies equilibrium. To achieve a set of bolt row forces that is in equilibrium, the effective tension
resistances should be reduced from the values calculated in step 4, starting with the bottom row and working up progressively,
until equilibrium is achieved.

This allocation achieves the maximum value of moment resistance that can be realised.

MOMENT RESISTANCE OF JOINT

The moment resistance of the beam to column joint (M j,Rd) may be determined using: EN 1993-1-8
6.2.7.2(1)
Mj,Rd   hr Ftr,Rd Eq. (6.25)
r

Taking the centre of compression to be at the mid-thickness of the compression flange of the beam:

hr1 = 565 mm hr2 = 465 mm hr3 = 375 mm

Thus, the moment resistance of the beam to column joint is:

Mj,Rd   hr Ftr,Rd  hr1 Ft1,Rd  hr 2 Ft2,Rd  hr 3 Ft3,Rd 

r

= (565 x 377 + 465 x 300 + 375 x 190)/10³ = 424 kNm.

VERTICAL SHEAR RESISTANCE

Resistance of bolt group

The shear resistance of a non-preloaded M24 class 8.8 bolt in single shear is:

Fv,Rd = 136 kN.

Fb,Rd = 259 kN (end bolts in 20,5 mm ply, bearing resistance).

Hence 135,6 kN governs: FRd = min[Fv,Rd; Fb,Rd] = min[136; 259] = 136 kN

The shear resistance of the upper rows may be taken conservatively as 28% of the shear resistance without tension (this assumes STEP 5
that these bolts are fully utilized in tension) and thus the shear resistance of all 4 rows is:

Vj,Rd = (2 + 6 x 0.28) x 136 = 3.68 x 136 = 499 kN.

WELD DESIGN
The simple approach requires that the welds to the tension flange and the web should be full strength and the weld to the
compression flange is of nominal size only, assuming that it has been prepared with a sawn cut end.

BEAM TENSION FLANGE WELDS

A full strength weld is provided by symmetrical fillet welds with a total throat thickness at least equal to the flange thickness.

Required throat size: tfb/2 = 15,6/2 = 7,8 mm.

Weld throat provided: af = 12/√2 = 8,5 mm, which is adequate.

BEAM COMPRESSION FLANGE WELDS

Provide a nominal fillet weld either side of the beam flange. An 8 mm leg length fillet weld will be satisfactory.

BEAM TENSION FLANGE WELDS

For convenience, a full strength weld is provided to the web:

Required throat size: tfw/2 = 10,1/2 = 5,1 mm.

Weld throat provided: ap = 8/√2 = 5,7 mm, which is adequate.