Assignment

Of
Metrology and Quality Assurance

Submitted To:- Submitted By:-

Mr. Shailesh Pandey Karanveer Singh
Faculty of Design & Innovation GU-2017-2027
Q.1: Design the general type GO and NO-GO gauge for components
having 35 H7 f8 fit according to ISO philosophy.

Given:
i (micron) =0.45(D) 1/3+0.001 D
Upper deviation of ‘f’ shaft=-5.5D0.41
IT7 = 16i
IT8 = 25i
Wear allowance 10% of gauge tolerance.
Ans. Fit = 35 H7 f8

Basic size = 35 mm

D1 = 30

D2 = 50D = (30 x 50)1/2

D = (1500)1/2

D = 38.72mm

i = 0.45(D)1/3 + (0.001x23.24)

= (0.45x2.85) + 0.02324

= 1.28 + 0.02324

= 1.30 microns

= 0.0013 mm

IT7 = 16i
= 16x0.0013

= 0.0208 mm

IT8 = 25i

= 25x0.0013

= 0.0326 mm

Fundamental Deviation = 5.5 D0.41

= 5.5x4.47
 = 24.62 microns

=0.02462 mm

For Hole:-

Gauge Tolerance = 10% of Work Tolerance

= 0.1 x 0.0208

= 0.00208 mm

GO type Plug Gauge:

Upper Limit = 35+ 0.00208

= 35.00208mm

Lower Limit = 35 mm

No Go Type Plug Gauge:

Upper Limit = 35 + 0.0208 + 0.00208

= 35.02288 mm

Lower Limit = 35 + 0.0208

= 35.0208 mm

For Shaft:

Gauge Tolerance = 10 % Work Tolerance

= 0.1 x 0.0326
 = 0.00326mm

Go Type Ring Gauge:

Upper Limit = 35 - 0.0246

= 34.9753 mm

Lower Limit = 35 - 0.0246 - 0.00326

= 34.9721 mm

No Go Type Ring Gauge:

Upper Limit = 35- 0.0246 - 0.0326

= 34.9428 mm

Lower Limit = 35 - 0.0246 - 0.0326 - 0.00326

= 34.9395 mm

Q.2: The jaws of Vernier calliper touch the inner wall of calorimeter
without any undue pressure. The position of zero Vernier scale on main
scale reads 3.46 cm the 6th of Vernier scale division is coinciding with any
main scale division, least count of calliper is 0.01cm find actual internal
diameter of calorimeter when it observed that the Vernier scale has a zero
error of 0.05 .
Ans.:- Main Scale Reading = 3.46 cm

Vernier Scale Division = 6th

Least Count = 0.01 cm

Zero Error = 0.05

Actual Internal Diameter = MSD + (VSD x LC) – Error

= 3.46 + (6 x 0.01) - (0.05)

= 3.46 + 0.06 - 0.05

= 3.47 cm

Q.3 Define comparator and its types and also explain principle
and working of sigma comparator with neat sketch.

Ans. In Metrology, The Comparator is a Precision Instrument, which is used

to compare the dimensions of the given component with the actual working
standard.
Classification Of Comparators

1. Mechanical Comparators
 Dial Indicator
 Read Type Mechanical Comparator
 Johansson Mikrokator
 Sigma Comparator
2. Electrical and electronics Comparators
3. Electro-Mech. Comparators
4. Optical Comparators
5. Mechanical-Optical Comparators
6. Pneumatics Comparators
7. Fluid Displacement Comparators
8. Multi-check Comparators
 Electric Multi-check Comparator
 Air Multi-check Comparators
 Combination of Air-Electric
9. Automatic gauging machines
10.Projection Comparators

Sigma Comparator

Sigma Comparator is one of the Types of Mechanical comparators.

Principle and operation of Comparator
The comparator (which will have a dial indicator) will be used along with the
gauge blocks. Gauge blocks are also known as Slip Gauge.

Components in Sigma comparator

 The Plunger
 Knife Edge
 Moving Block
 Cross strip hinge
 Y-shaped arm
 Driving Drum
 Slit diaphragm
 a pointer
 a Scale

Construction and working of Sigma comparator

1. The Plunger will hold the contact with the workpiece, and it is positioned
in place with the help of slit diaphragms.
2. The plunger will have a notch at its centre.
3. A knife Edge is attached to the plunger to magnify the linear movement of
the plunger and which is connected to the Cross strip with the help of
moving the block.
4. The Y-shaped metallic arm is connected to the cross strip to Driving drum.
This arm rotated and make the drum to rotate and hence the pointer will
move on the scale.
5. The first step of magnification take place at the knife edge and cross strip
and the second step of magnification is done at the drum diameter and the
pointer length.

Advantages of Sigma Comparator

1. If any shock loads forced on the plunger those will not affect the inside
equipment, due to the knife edge will be dis-engage after some extent of
movement.
2. Constant measuring pressure can be achieved by using the magnetic
plunger in sigma comparator.

Disadvantages of Sigma Comparator

1. Due to more number of moving parts, there will be wear in moving parts.
2. Less sensible due to friction in moving parts
Q .4 Define and distinguish between the following characteristics of
measuring instruments: Accuracy, precision, resolution, and sensitivity.

Ans.:- 1. Accuracy: Accuracy indicates the closeness of the measured value

with the actual or true value and is expressed in the term of maximum error
(=measured value – true value) as a percentage of full scale reading.

But the true value is always difficult to get. We use standard calibrated
instruments in the laboratory for measuring true value if variable is there.

2. Precision : Precision indicates the repeatability or reproducibility of an

instrument (but does not indicate accuracy).

If an instrument is used to measure the same input, but at different

instants, spread over whole day, successive measurements may vary randomly.
The random fluctuations of reading is often due to random variations of several
other factors which have not been taken into account while measuring the
variable. A precision instrument indicates that the successive reading would be
very close or in other words, the standard deviation of the set of measurements
would be very small.

Precision = Measured Range/ Standard Deviation

The difference between precision and accuracy needs to be understood

carefully. Precision means repeatability of successive readings, but it does not
ensure accuracy. Successive readings may be closer to each other but far from
true value. On the other hand, an accurate instrument has to be precise also,
since successive readings must be close to the true value.

3. Resolution : In some instruments, the output increases, in discrete steps, for

continuous increase in the input. It may be because of the finite graduations in
the meter scale or the instrument has a digital display. As a result the indication
changes discretely.

Resolution = (∆I / Imax. – Imin.) X 100

Dynamic Range = Measurement Range / Resolution

4.Senstivity : It can be defined as the ratio of the incremental output and the
incremental input. While defining the sensitivity, we assume that the Input-
Output characteristic of the instrument is approximately linear in that range.