We v.f oklJ Ltke !

o Jetern~'1-e h
I V1 lldVttnce io e)1 sure the
I
overcJl
ervo r J V1 rpr o /(, i' J, vJ 1·5
tl. Vt,,_ 0 LesJ t~n
So ""'-e sreci fie J error .

A-t eo..L f i'M<:'. s--4 e f , ;'Mtt .3 ;Vie. tli d

we i,-l'-\,ve CtY1 -- n-tii ord£?r ~ethoJ.'
-

J{ {;+1) :: yf+; ) +hc/ {f;) yf f) t h)-f O{h n+:

W ,- C f V-o J J l{ C~

W1+1 =- W; + hfi f,-, w:,~)

S.c.{f\?0 >e i'k.d \-\le hqve C(,vto"tker Me.-f-h,,J
w; t ½ l C ,J
O i Y' 'fl C d ;- "I e r
1,1 0 {h "-I)
0 Vo (

y{i ~+I ) '° y[~) + h $ {+ ,) -Y[ ./:), h) +0 { h .,-1g)

We_ Q.~5vl~t:,

W;~ - y f +;) ;; C;; ' tlte'!

y(+ ;+, ) - \/ U;)

l t- ·i yr-1-) ,h)
-() /\,, { I )
1
JJ c :t1 11
:: h - '
 ,\ti
I I

y! +/:~ .(~;_;
I I
h; 4
I
l +.-,vi.~~) J
I I I I - -
I I I I ~

I I

-y11ii / - 0~+J I
I I I

-1 Y1

/\-

6) ~-~, {h I=
+-
c o wd ;n i'1 / {f) ttj)
A-
c,'11
~{\ltCe i0e- Lef 1- 0tt~J- s/Jc

0 { h" ) & f c,. 55 e,,."' pf , ?"'/ We 1<,u 5 +

h~ Ve, i hd d 0
M,' "'"-" f -ic;!' M ,'11 +
9h 1 J >; Jc ,~-> W,'H ,_LJ; /~
 £ ivi Ce

We o.:re.' Lis ;~J eur hi) kev o r- Je_r i,..,e fh J

O

i o c.. ff fo Ki 'M J--e the. e Yf'9 r 1' v1 fhe

Le.. s -f -L~ s, -fe f o...f 0 ar L.D(,Jer or-Jer

0-e tl~d .'
we defi~ne :
I
!W,-t,
I'\...

(2__ =- -i;;- -W;+1 ) /

rs

rJ olJ ,' f We c blct'I Jc?

t 0

-q h I
tkeh
Y1
-
t-t I l qh) -
('-
/'v k (q h) :;;-
- -
Y1
9- h
tJ
?--
,c
J"
i-1

h k.
,c,--
/'1 (k h ) '1 I'\.... 9.,, (L
- -
A,

__,,

I hL,(5 1;o ke.e}? f he locJ e Y'Y--v V

Le >.5 tt~vi f_ I v,'e re qu ,•re, I

9 11; ---- I '

ct)
__,

-7
f)

- f_
Y)
95
f I I 11]:ll-J I

£. ti _
I

9 JC 11
I
{ -
- - ' --=--

- - t -w;+11

+~
I

f.S U.5 ed _flJ, e .s avfe {;h.,e error t v1

Q. _ 4 f~ or-kt [2_ k-_ ~e-f~ J : - 0

\N,+1 ::: W; -+ 2--s

2t b .
1
1
-f
Li f
--
0

2:5'" hJ
*
--L-

3 -

+ Zl5 7-
~10'-t k1i - f kJ~
wke ~e_ : --
 k3= k t ( I--; + 3! h / w;
\
-+ ] !-<,
J i-- I
-f 5' k '- )
' ] •2..

\t{rt•
11_ I
/2~
--f \,J
I ; r.
Cl\./' I
-t l j J 24, I 7 'le>
+-- ·- ----.-
'6
/ -
I I
I v<.1
4-IS 7
I ' I

'
It , Zt3J
t

l
~-t t H· l I I I I I Hj I I I t I '] I I !.! I I I I I I I I
I

tk q -+,_+--y -
-
11, - I "J - C ,;, L(_ k_-i:-J e J h&<, f e J I - l?i_H) O '1

1·+.s =-~~Cc--- z i k s Lef S 1k : ll.5 e ~

-- - I- J - i t ( - 6-{-C Ce f 1-eJ -/ C{ l i- hi_ cJ-yor ,'fi,,-, V\

pro ce e _c1_s_- ,-----0r --i-- ,• s t:e J -e-E. t e J _1 )M. ~- J_rf.-e: c1 ,,

- - -- r- -
a ncJ -+ t~ s1--e -- ~?e-~±c 1- -'----J~-t-
- - I- I - I I _2. l I

I f -_-_- -p_-/ [ -Ek ~ ~---1 -- -J:c. -{ ~t} n, -_-

- _ _ I-? _ u. s e J __ t 9 _ -.,.,,_.o J ;__{ f -- _t k t ;l<--e 5 t-ef -
- --- - - - - - - I- - -- - - - - -
-- - JI L 1 - ,- So -+k _s +f f ,]" ~+e hf-ie d

If _ < z
lke. s +ef - -is Dt.-C c_eff e J .
/ lt e >te 'X +__-t -; V'1.C s -f- e f 1 -:s - - ; }t c re 4- .s1 e J
t O q h - -
- - -
In et' the( C°'-.5e / {) /s l: tk f -l-e J
Very ,~ Pl ½
I I
I

f~r- 'O lA.V'

1
ts -4- _I 9h lAi-i~sJ
.....--, I
I !----..+--:-
 + I I I I 7 1 . I I I

Co I-if i v~)
+ -

- - - _.....,__~ -
lI l I

- w kv, _C 01,,t p c...v ;"() vt-i~ ;j c_,1 ~ 7'11_"'J '{-

t,k.,~ y-e__, _ Q)''e ?e.ver~ CS>~5 -,r JerJ\~DY1..f_

--r
I

e y--r_o V-_ I
0

t 0 c o (A!' SC _r' 11'-t )"' b r f "c''- "/- 1

bI,{, T - S--0 _ ,:s the.. C< i,-,,,o U·I-\ f f c. ""'.f ,,.'t.,;/:.-o,i~ t>

13. - ~ -c h_,~~c(~ -rr1Jr 4-

1

- - p ~-- '" -:1 ,-- - - I

e T: ~T \JJ te.___qu__J°r'e, 0-~- _tz> -

~CC , _ct JC\.L_ j\) r-- V_ e {\CA._~ f Le_ ; - i's - 't be_+ter
I
O I _J _, - .

io -- l,tft Ci. s ;WI f Lr-11: -.-~ } f-k-., J lv; i-Vi

I

._$ 'r-'J JJ,e- r- $ ter f ,1e I Or "- '1-,_,., r-e.

CoM-pL/cJ-eJ 011-y iv-; il-i +e~~b>r i'{erd.•0/,ff
-~ - I ·1 I
-T1i, -- ~;.s --r Co1,vt v-1,l t j;o y -~ xee K ~Jl_ -I..

- f etY-f of -_ c,=>-;,,fLc. fi'1j - q11 ,·fe'f ~.~ YJ- -c::,-:{ c.._

r1v. -ye =:rz1,lt f i:L_. e-+l-t J rs : ~--c;-c:,Js ,y -r_

O

(;~le_r : -;-~ .s ;.,J k ~ [ U- J: to~; -fll< -::- ev;;}_ii, J r 1 ~ o '1_s

{ h. e re \-:.S - - - - - - -'--JI. - - ,
- __- _v-. te, Lc.JC-, g kt p be -t vJe e11 +I.e. 1tt4.~ 1, (
0 111

0 f
\M.et~gJ
ev"-L\Ac);o"5 -v-.e_oui'i-e.
-
J . . J .- i t.e. 'orde r "'-f i-he

e V 4. [tA
 ,JLVf-' -
th set n ;;.- v • -
Step 9 If 8 0.1 en . > 4 then set h 4h =
else 1f 8 - else set h -- 8h . (Calcu late new h.)

th - hmax.
Step 10 If h > hmax then se .-

Step 11 If t b then _set Fi:~ b tien set h b - t =

else 1f t + .f h < hmin then
e1se 1
set FLAG= 0;
OUTPUT ('minimum h exceeded')
(Procedure completed unsucces ~;..·
S;ul!y.)
Step 12 (The procedure is complete.)
STOP.

Use the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method with a tolerance TOL = I~-s, a maxunums~p .

hmax = 0.25, and a minimum step size hmin =
O.Ol to approximate the solution 1/~'
initial-value problem
y' = y _ t 2 + 1, 0 ::: t ::: 2, y(O) = 0.5,
and compare the results with the exact solution y(t) = (t + 1) 2 - 0.5e1•
Solution We will work through the first step of the calculations and then apply Algorithr
5.3 to determine the remaining results. The initial condition gives to= 0 and w0 =~5. y
determine w 1 using h = 0.25, the maximum allowable stepsize, we compute

k1 = hf (to, wo) = 0.25 (0.5 - 02 + 1) = 0.375;

k2 = hf (10 + ih, wo + ik,) = 0.25 ( i0,25, 0.5 + i0.375) = 0.3974609;
k3 = hf (to+ ~h, wo + 2_k1 + J_k2 )
8 32 32

= 0.25 ( 0.09375, 0.5 + :2 0.375 + :2 0.3974609) = 0.4095383;

12 h,wo+-ki--k
k4=hf ( to+- 1932 7200 + 7296
-k )
13 2
2197 2197 2197 3

= o.25 (o.2307692, o.5 + 1932 0.375 - 7200 o 3974609 + 7296 o.4095383)

2197 2197 . 2197
= 0.4584971;
ks= hf (to+ h, wo + 439 k1 - 8k2 + 3680 k 845 )
216 513 3
- 4104 k4 ,
- ,.J,
= o.25 ( 0 25 439 84-' 0_tl'
. '0.5 + 216 0.375 - 8(0.3974609) + 3680 0.4095383 - 4104
513
= 0.4658452·'
 I 8
k(, = hf ( to+ 2h, w 0 - -ki + 2k 2 _ 3544 k
11 k)1859
27 2565 3 + 4104 k4
40 5 -

8 .
= o.25 ( o. 125 , 0. 5 - -0.375
27 + 2(0.3974609) - 3544 O4095383
2565 .
1859 11 )
+ 4104 0.4584971 - 40 0.4658452
= 0.4204789.
The two approximations to y(0.25) are then found to be
_ _ 16 6656 28561 9 2
wi - wo + 1
135k + 12825k + 56430k - 50k5 + 55k6
3 4
16 6656 28561 9
= 0. 5 + 135 0.375 + 12825 0.4095383 + 56430 0.4584971 - 50 0.4658452
2
+ 55 0.4204789
= 0.9204870,
and
25 1408 2197 I
w1 = wo + 216k1 + 2565k3 + 4104k4 - 5ks
25 1408 2197 I
= 0.5 + 2160.375 + 25650.4095383 + 4104 0.4584971 - 50.4658452
= 0.9204886.
This also implies that

_ I 11 128
R - 0.25 360k1 - 4275k3 -
2197 k I k 2
75240 4 + 50 5 + 55k6
I
1 128 2197 I 2 I
= 4 1360 0.375 - 4275 0.4095383 - 75240 0.4584971 + 50 0.4658452 + 55 0.4204789

= 0.00000621388,
and
£ 1/4 ( 0.00001 ) 1/4 .
q = 0.84 (R) = 0.84 , O.Q0000621388 = 0.9461033291.
Since q < I we can accept the approximation 0.9204886 for y(0.25) but we should adjust
the step size for the next iteration to h = 0.9461033291(0.25) 0.2365258. However,
only the leading 5 digits of this result would be expected to be accurate because R has only
about 5 digits of accuracy. Because we are effectively subtracting the nearly equal numbers
w; and w;when we compute R, there is a good likelihood of round-off error. This is an
additional reason for being conservative when computing q.
The results from the algorithm are shown in Table 5.11 . Increased accuracy has been
used to ensure that the calculations are accurate to all listed places. The last two columns
in Table 5.11 show the results of the fifth-order method. For small values oft, the error is
less than the error in the fourth-order method, but the error exceeds that of the fourth-order
method when t increases.