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a . , u. "IJ so u-h o-,s or u:n:ch O.St<, J,,_, !
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() or+•rra.•
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be
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· VS ;no' bo.ckf~o.CK~'1f. ·
·. --1n «io"'( -o.p pl ;co+.'o<;S lh€. . bo.c k +.ac"' method , \
the. d E'.S ;-...--ed sol u-h'on {s e-:Lpt e s.sed · o.s ' o.n · n-·-fupl•t'. 1 · · I

( "l., , x~ · · x,., ) , whe'le -Ire. ?Lf are. ch:l Sen f-on1 !b'<le T' 0
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se -1:: £ . lke. .ro Iv-1.'on rn a~I r<i) z.eS

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o. c-.i+.,. i,:Oo --f'ur,c h 'on p ( -:q ,-X.,_ • · : ¼,} : is fu-. 11eq, v -sed sdv h'ori
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+-e_ bo.&~C fdea. o& . boc~J7->"d'CK ,' 0r· · fg 70 eu~ \d t..,p ·
o. vec\o1, one c"'"'?'flen\- o.t-- o. -h'~ a;.,d --\o +es+- uhdt-,,,
-It-€ ve. doi be !r<q -for<Y'I' d ~o.s o"'( '. cha~ e e/J 'sue ce ss. '4-
-lhe paist; o.\ ve clo< (f e n~'il"'~d c;l&cs ·not- Ieo.d --lo oh
op-Hrcu\ sot u+ .'on , ft con .. be \ iff'oye(i- '· :
Bo.ckh-ocKi"( °''r10h-n .cf:ehr...;.:~~s th-: so\vt/01> .
bt .i;y ITT,.,.., c,h;:oJ I'(/' sear c.~•'( t t, _· so I\.)t-,p.,.., · sp oce +.- e e j°'
-11-e rven pco bler<"l. 8 oc1<.fro.CK,'n{f rs ex d "f\h +,
s ~/ ·eo.<Ch:
uf.-{l, ~e [X)<),,[1:r-r_ -jh c+.'()() · All .sd v h'or>S v slr<j( Do. cK -
- --1-. o.C K; 1f . o.-te,
· ·to <p:t-1,s f, _ n . cc,-nple >< ,S:e~
()e¥~..--ed •
roris+.--o.Zn1S . .he cons h-6: n+s r-nO.'j be ex~: c ~+: Of 'r<>pL ub I

b.pl: c;t' con.sf=!nst' a;e 1wles -/t-,ot i,e clo~d - each .

'l!Lr -lo -le>. Ke vol ves qnler fO('() a iven ge../-, . ( ~
exo."'l'le.s ,t- expL Cd - toos+.ocr;-6: CH<e

't-; '>- o o, ,5; •

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= f o. (\ ':'°" n•~•'-1e. -irea\ m,ro\:,e<s y

o-< I O< S; - fo, i J

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-fie · i~pl~ c.,·f- consh<o1nf-s · O.<e ' Yules tha+-

td-,;c~ e/; ihe ·topless · 'in ih~ sof 0~,'on .space

·Oi'~-\-e'6":o" fnc. Ho,)•

e><-or0p \e, Cons;ck( o. ~- Q_,.,.,_n's 'p-,robler<) • :i::+- coJld
be .s+c,-kcl as ' . the HO Q(e ' . 4- -Q ~=·s -to be placed en
\ t • '
4 x t.r> Che-~sboo(cl ,gu'ch tho+- -ro ·4t.uq 'Q_ooenS C:on
-atbcK e.och o 1-f--e • · S'o / f,cx, space tr e +
th;; s p;fob\ e rf1
i£ ·· cf10.u.Jn a.~ be_tt)u)•
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.'E.oeh .node. , \0 -the_ s+u-h!. space he.e r~ cal \d emb\e~

~te. . '
JRe_ sokJt:~ s+ofes · o(e k ·~oble~ ·_ s-l--cd-e~ S ft
~.,c~ ~ - path fo~ ~oot- -\o S d.ef~ne_'s C<. +up\e ,n
-\re. rol \.)+.'on q,o.ce.
leaf ~ode& l(h.'c.h ·c~-r<e.('pond · -to on e[ er-nent- ~'(")'
ihe &~-I- · eb- ~o\vt.t)(\s · Jiich '&o.+1sfr 'the · irriphc:jf,
COn~hc}.n f-s a,e_ '. co.ll~.d -~:,!: :O: ;: ; ;S~;,. ~ }-·' _•~&l-o:~_
l(:;;. S·
:; I I i

rne'(o-1-el O<"ld . whose cfdd,en .

A . node ' ..d-,;ch ;s '
· f-ove : ro+- ye-I- beE'.n 1r"""-110:kd ,\'s called L~ve_rode-
,h,_ L~ve_ l'Jode l()hose,I . ch':'ld,ren CH€'. CO'{(€C>~t be~o
e1'orde_d fs col l~d ,E-rade.
A. "Nock tf zrne:£c,~ . -rode: -~;Ch --:~ I rof-
-b 1::e_ e><p~ed -j'J,the, . Of ol1 : tir c.d-oseJ ck /d,en ~o.V"-

been f re-:isa+ed ·

B
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1Fie_ oho-1e. -tree "<5'e.p<ese.nf-s po.,,..f-:00 , - the.. s~r-e_ sp~e. ~t"

,s a-,ene'(o..ted d~,1~ the ba.cKhetck 1 1f· ' 1.

· :rn~+.·ol '( s-lC<-d- w:+h -tt--e. 'ls"oot- node as ~e__ on,

0
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1

ch7ldven _,,® ~ne_¥at-ed. ~od~ . 2: bec~~s E - n0de .

Node 3 i's ~ah,d IN'C0R.d~ohJ( K~11~j . C"-t~_Off\{nd "°r
b:,nd :rY(' f_x-x:+-bn. i-he-- ne.x+--. ~e. ~~'l('on,d ~s g and
-lice_ ·po-\-h /te_Ccx<)e___s (t, 3) ...~ode. i . beco'°:es ,th~ E-rc~le •
'
Ht>wev<?r, r+- -~eh Kf!I ~d ·o.s f,+s cI,;[d<<>n. ! cannot- le.ad -lo
en , o.ns~v. node- Npw bo.cK¼oc1< , i-C? node 2- . ·and
tJ'eAeac<li orothe.o' ch~td , ·rode .Yo• .ihs- ipo~ ~s ,row (j_,t.t)
· ,so on . . -ft . -foll q-.o: ,-,~ i;:1.-0.fl"''."r<) s , 6hQ<,Os -/h.e be,o<d
cof,·cJ'°'"'t,'ms et~ bocKTT'e<eK.'"f I P".oce.eds. . , . I l
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--hr~ed Ord ieJe.c+ed beco.vs~- oro-\her © ve.~n ~s c,,t-farK,'u·

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Alr;--thrn f3oc1-clo'QCk, CK) ' I

{ ( . '

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-fhe_n l.OS'~te (x [f:: k]) ;
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cch~ t~- (t<-=l=o) do .

ff G--;e-re <(erno.)ns 0n om,-; ed 'X [I< 1 €: T('XLJ 1- · 'X. /t(-1])
ts
1

and _BK ft-c,J~· ... xG<J) hue ) the.n .

{
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J J

el~~ k~ = K- 1·
) )

}f \
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r· , • I
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© -ihe n-Qve.en's ~ob!ern : [§-0-en~ P""'blernJ

Cons~def a- n x n chessbcxxd m t-d,,·ch ho"~
P
lo.ce n - v- -
(').1.>e_en.G .c;o -th a.. t- ro -yv-.,O
_L q,ue.e.ns ..ll-
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olheo btf . be~nr frei _ -the ~<;;a.re 'l(~w fn -the. So.01e
col (.)r(){") o, CD -fhe. $0.('()Q. di'a.wnol. u t ('X, )')(')_ ... ·x. .,J
'!lep..-esen+- °' solu+.bn cd-.:ch X, ,s
,'n coh-c., i th~-
fih 'l)ouJ d-ie,e rlh "¥"'-"" fs ,placed - lit rt_.'_,,
I <Sil all be_

ci~st-:nct-
· &->nee · ro -ft,JO .~I I a !>
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.
So~ cotor<Y)·

~~ne -1hot- -,J-,e chessboMd sg,v"-'es be~'tf

n..1r<-b e-is-@d CtS h rrcf; ces et
-t-u.JO -d: fl)en s; oro I C).( (CA.tj

c,_[l:n, 1,n] , -lhen obse,ve -lhat- eve-<f eler<1enf- ·On !he- so,:r,e
d;aFoJ -Iha+· >si.nS --f=--n -the vppet l,,jl-- -to ·-\he lciwe<
y;~rj,+- ro.s h san-e ~w - cok,mn vo.l ue. +;,, e,,,ar<pl e ;
ccns:deY --\h,__ 9veen at- Cl L4-,2.]• lme &cy->"'<<?-S . fl-x,.f- c«e
d;ar'aJ 70 il-,;s 9veen o.<e a 0, C], a}§,:D, a ~,4-J ,
o. §,sJ a (e,6] • ,_All fuse sq,,<""es havd "" ll'O'-"- co/.,,,..,
v 0-I ""- 'tr2.- A Is~, eve_t'f el e.,-,<>0~ on -\he s d ,'°If°""'I
lf'
-\her\- {!°es f or<1 -\h,_ upf•t 15', t-- -\o -\he . Iowe_, Ie ho.S fr-
-fhe. so.me ~0<-0+cc!ur()n val;Q• Svppase. ~) que.ens Ot'e

ploc~d a+ posT-l-:ons (U) ard (¥., L). ,hrn . th•[t c,,e ifo

;h<, s= d ,'arrnc.<I 00\lf rf .

f-j = K- J_ f+J =1<.+J 0(~-k = L-j
6

=--~ ~-K =J-J

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.-8 39~~-f-h,rn-'"'=l===
r- N,__-QvQ_e_n's ~ob en,~
--~@)~_
Al~;ifirn N Qve_-ens(k,n)
r -fo-r 7: =- i -to n do

r 1f Pl=-e (!<, i) --the_n

~k] = f;
1t (k-,n) -then LM+e_ &- [ ~n])
el &-e NQ,. ),e.€ns( k+I,, n;; ·

' Al~;-fj.,rn Plo.ce (K, n

ff +c~rns -f-'o-ue. ,f-
c-~ qveen COfl be ploc.~d f'n Kth '6'0w

// and f-th colurm- Ott-,~w~se. f-\- )S'Qi"t.J-rns -fa.I se -

//Abs(·/) oe+u-rns -the. ~sol\J'"tQ_ vo.!'va r;f; 'o"-
·f .
-fo-r j: =- 1 -to k-1- do \- - - _,

"If 0-lJ j : = i) <>< ( Abf tJ.n J -1') = Abs (j-K))

-+\--,,e:n is'~"tlJ<n -f-<'.Jse. j
~tt>Y-n +ov.e_
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J__ SurYJ ! _S0bs~+-~ - •_

- - - 1S'ob em i U;?t- 0<? -= ·f<ls,,· s,.._. -. s,.,}~, bl , ~ ., ·

<-ts+,·nc+- po&;+,'ve... Th~0

1

n· nun'ibex~, · L.0~-\h s, .t::... Si~• • • L Sn l

· hove.. -to -f:rid a.II CC)'o)b,'ne<.+,(X)s i -these nurnbdS
c.d-,ose_ sur<1 s eve rn • 7h1s Is Ce> 11 ed -\he Sek"<) "1J-' subse k
psoble.ro ..T,-, ih:s cCtse -\he. el-ernen~ ')(1 i +1--e. solu+ion ·
vectoo' ,s ef-#ie_~ Oa ~¥0 ckp~rdh~ on cd,e ih~~
no+. m~- ch:HYe('\ +
('.'Y)f'.

-11-e we.~tt- W; CS;) Is includ ~d. Oi

c,,rtr node Ot e eClsdt f!"n"-"'6"a+-ed- -h); node at-- I1e1,7 Ct '

ihe. l<>jf- ehdd eovn•.s.-pord s --to -:lr -1_ c.nd -/he_ 'll\f' l- --fo

,
")t. -=D· ""

L{)_+ . b~- Q set- err e te.rllen+s : o.nd. rn ~s th~

eiJ-- _-~~seJ-s . Th~()- ·
'
expe~+ed . Sufi'\

r· S+aot- <A)~th W) ~ . set-·

2.. Add next- e I~ ('(")€-n\- -fro("<) ~ - hst- -to -th~ subse.+.
3. :rf -t+-e_ gvb,~e+- fs ha~1hf _ Svr() r<> -tttn S1op w;-\-h

-\hO:l- ~vbse+- as sokrHoh.

+ rtihe st.1.c;e\-- fS rol- --feo.s,ble, 0r 1f erd ti/J-- the sel--
is- 11e.a.ehed .-\hen boccK-h-D-c K -lh«-0\Jt' 1he Gvbsef- <YJl--r I
-f;rd :"'o oph'rt"\OI sol<Tto·°" .
½,e_ .
s. :rf ihe subse+ is -feo.s~ble -ll--en 1eprnt · sf.ep 2 ·
G· If o.11 ihe. e Ie...,e.+s are. vis 7..P..d wf th0c,\- -J;,.,d ;1( o,,
du+.'Of'I c,nd s:f r,o b ClC K-hra CK )nr ';s' poss~ bIe then
ct-op L0~1hoJt-
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ri o.rd t'"f1='3o • h'nd poss~ble..

+
' E;~ S, 10; 12.., i3,l'D, o.11
+
w=
~ubse.h -=i w -tt-i0-.t- ~om -1o r-r). ~Qw ,tie_ p0'1S't-1on
'-it,e ~¾- gpo.ce.. ¼"ee -thoJ- fs ~e.o'o.~d.

If -A-d d ne--x.+-- e \em en t-

lj •

&f)O .,t,(:(d ne.-:x.t- e le.rnE'n-\1-

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10, I~
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1

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40
s, 10, \2.., tS- 42- ~CY) cicee_ds - 6Q ,heri_e. bo.cKf-rocK..
../
S, \0, l~, l8, 4-S ~ - exceeds 30, h~_nc£ ba.cK1¥0C.k_
.' .
. 6, 10, '~ .2-8 ·. · 2.8< 30 , odd ne.-x..t- e lercient--
. '·\ I I I . . .

: ~' \ D, \ 3, I 5' 4-3 I (•

sc«1 €'":LC
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e~s ~o her:c.e. bo..cKt'fdQ<._
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e-xceeds w,herce. bacK+oa.cJ<, E :,
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~ ) 1\0 , 16 ,60 , · .
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~f (s+co[K] =h1J ~n W'6~te- (ex u: ~]);
else ff (s+ w[KJ +: w [1<-1-G L '1~
-+h{:n ~L>N)of~b ( S+vJ[k], ~+ ' '<5.-:-W[KJ);
t \_ :~n
( t i, I .~

(.s'+ 0 - W(~] \~) ar,d @'+ W [k+I] .-. rCl))

' --x._ [K]: =O; : .

S<>rnof&b( s, 1<.+1, "H..0[1sJ):

,· . } .
Jff. ; . ., ·.
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G....-og;_ Co loo~ni,' 'p=b l-eJ<J G..-aph Co lm.·nr p,snb! e.r<i iS
+
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'te+-- t<)-co\o'(£ ~1)e_ 0se_d . 7k~s P'('obler:-" c:cIJled ,s ·' m. .
c.0\0..-1,_; f>Yoblern. :Ij- the.. d,i~'a'"" i '3-;ven ~ql-, rs/ d·
+m d+l c-o\o-os a,e o&ed-- i-he. fec..d- r..>rrbe-r ej,- cob-s :
nt•.eded --lo nofo-. -\he (f°o.ph \.s colhcd . its ch.orno.+-~c /

-~('Ar
rof'('ib e_ ,

-Co~s :cl~v (x_ \°tS etcij ClL -ency r:,cc\-o' '("j.._ (

G [[.n,, ,ri] , u.l')t>'"- •· · @. (r,j J = .1 ;f

(l°,j >s c,,-, ..,J~e. ci/,-- 8 /
o.rd G Q:, j J =o. o\t)a w:Se. . -,k c:'b-s o., e rep,esM~d • b(' ,
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-tvee -foi rn Col()(~,:- tehen n-=I 3

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't)Qcy3,-< ed • S-t-o.k sp a .c e -f-re.e_ o 4--ncxle tor 0nd all

pcssthle .3- Co lo-r,'T5 .

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-Altr<;-\h-,n rnCol0i1j'(l<) j
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~Lt\Jaf (KJ ;
,f (?.(]<l = o) -\hen '6'e_-h.xn; ;
it (K =n) -lh~n ~;ft> G- [,riJJi
efse m Co l01: nr( Kt-1) j

. J ~+d (fal:se)J _
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Altr'~ri'1 ,NnNoJ0Q_('K)
iepe.o.~
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r
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;f ~L~J :=_ O) hn ce+u{n ;
+ j= r -to n do
r
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( J unt;l ,( tor se) j I

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o..\on
0 n edtr,s i G -tho:\- v~ & ;-k eve.at ve_~n,~
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--tt--e -fc,l\ol-d~ ~°t'n 61ccnt--o~0s fu . r-\~: Hon; a.n · Cl/cle
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