CHAPTER 2: PRESSURE DRAWDOWN TEST

EXAMPLE 1: CONSTANT-RATE FLOW TEST

A well has been produced at a constant rate of 250stb/day. During the flow period, Pwf were recorded
as tabulated below. The following rock & fluid properties are known:

Pi= 4412 psi, 𝜇 = 0.8𝑐𝑝, rw= 0.198ft, B=1.136 bbl/STB, h=69ft, ∅ = 0.039, ct=17x10-6 psi-1

Estimate the permeability and skin factor.

t(hours) Pwf(psia) t(hours) Pw(psia) 1. Plot Pwf vs log t graph

0 4412 14.4 3573
0.12 3717 17.3 3567 Pwf vs log(t) graph
1.94 3633 20.7 3561
3750
2.79 3622 24.9 3555
4.01 3611 29.8 3549 3700
4.82 3605 35.8 3544 Pwf(psia) 3650
5.78 3600 43 3537 3600
6.94 3594 52.5 3532
3550
8.32 3588 61.8 3526
3500
9.99 3583 74.2 3521
0.1 1 10 100
time (hours)

2. Calculate the slope, m

𝑃𝑤𝑓2 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓1 3582 − 3652
𝑚=| | =⁡| | = 70⁡𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
log(𝑡2 ) − log⁡(𝑡1 ) log(10) − log⁡(1)
3. Calculate permeability, k
162.6𝑞𝐵𝜇 162.6(250)(1.136)(0.8)
𝑘= = = 7.65𝑚𝑑
𝑚ℎ (70)(69)
4. Calculate skin factor, s
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃1ℎ𝑟 ⁡ 𝑘
𝑠 = 1.1513[⁡ − log ( ) + 3.23]
𝑚 ∅𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
4412 − 3652⁡ 7.65
𝑠 = 1.1513[⁡ − log ( ) + 3.23]
70 0.039(0.8)(17 × 10−6 )(0.198)2
𝑠 = 6.357

By: Mutia Kharunisa

EXAMPLE 2: VARIABLE-RATE TESTING WITH SMOOTHLY CHANGING RATES

Analyze the variable rate drawdown-test data given. Determine the formation permeability and skin
factor.

Pi= 4412 psi, 𝜇 = 0.8𝑐𝑝, rw= 0.198ft, B=1.136 bbl/STB, h=60ft, ∅ = 0.039, ct=17x10-6 psi-1

T(hours Pwt(psia) Q(stb/day) T(hours) Pwt(psia) Q(stb/day)

8.32 3927 147 74.2 3946 130
9.99 3928 145 89.1 3948 129
14.4 3931 143 107 3950 127
20.7 3934 140 128 3952 126
29.8 3937 137 154 3952 125
43 3941 134 185.9 3956 123
61.8 3944 132

1. Calculate the (Pi-Pwf)/q vs log(t) graph

(Pi-Pwf)/q graph
4.00

3.50

3.00
(Pi-Pwf)/q

2.50

2.00
1 10 100 1000
t, hours

(Pi-Pwf)/q at t=1hr is 3psi/stb/day

2. Calculate the slope

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓2 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓1
𝑞2 −⁡ 𝑞1
𝑚=| |
log(𝑡2 ) − log⁡(𝑡1 )

3.51 − ⁡3
𝑚=| |
log(43) − log⁡(1)
𝑚 = 0.31 psi/stb/day/cycle

By: Mutia Kharunisa

3. Calculate the permeability, k
162.6𝐵𝜇
𝑘=
𝑚ℎ
162.6(1.136)(0.8)
𝑘=
0.31(60)
𝑘 = 7.7⁡𝑚𝐷
4. Calculate the skin factor,s
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 ⁡
( )
𝑞 𝑡=1ℎ𝑟 𝑘
𝑠 = 1.1513[⁡ − log ( ) + 3.23]
𝑚 ∅𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤2
3 7.7
𝑠 = 1.1513[⁡ − log ( ) + 3.23]
0.31 0.039(0.8)(17 × 10−6 )(0.198)2
𝑠 = 5.0 (+ve indicates reduction in k near the wellbore)

By: Mutia Kharunisa

EXAMPLE 3: MULTIWELL TEST (SUPERPOSITION IS SPACE)

Estimate the pressure at Well 1 after 7 hours of production. Well 1 is producing with a rate of 100
stb/day and Well 2 production rate is 25 stb/day.

R12 = 100ft

Well 1 Well 2

Pi= 2200 psi, rw= 1ft, k=76md, 𝜇 = 1𝑐𝑝, B=1.08 rb/STB, ∅ = 0.2, ct=10x10-6 psi-1, S@well1 = +5

Pwf at Well 1

70.6𝑞1 𝜇𝐵 −948∅𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2 70.6𝑞2 𝜇𝐵 −948∅𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟12 2

𝑃𝑤𝑓,1 = ⁡ 𝑃𝑖 + ⁡ [ (𝐸𝑖 ( ) − 2𝑠)] + [ (𝐸𝑖 ( ))]
𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡 𝑘ℎ 𝑘𝑡

70.6(100)(1)(1.08) −948(0.2)(1)(10 × 10−6 )(1)2

𝑃𝑤𝑓,1 = ⁡2200 + ⁡ [ (𝐸𝑖 ( ) − 2(5))]
(76)(20) 76(7)
70.6(25)(1)(1.08) −948(0.2)(1)(10 × 10−6 )(100)2
+[ (𝐸𝑖 ( ))]
(76)(20) 76(7)

The Ei function at well 1; (for x<0.01, use ln(1.781x))

−948(0.2)(1)(10 × 10−6 )(1)2

𝐸𝑖 ( ) = 𝐸𝑖(−3.564 × 10−6 ) = ln(1.781 ∗ 3.564 × 10−6 ) = ⁡ −11.967
76(7)

The Ei function at well 2; (use graph as x> 0.01)

−948(0.2)(1)(10 × 10−6 )(100)2

𝐸𝑖 ( ) = 𝐸𝑖(0.03564) = Ei(−0.03564) = ⁡ −2.7992⁡
76(7)

Therefore, pressure at Well 1;

70.6(100)(1)(1.08) 70.6(25)(1)(1.08)
𝑃𝑤𝑓,1 = ⁡2200 + ⁡ [ (−11.967 − 2(5))] + [ (−2.7992)]
(76)(20) (76)(20)

𝑃𝑤𝑓,1 = 2086.29⁡𝑝𝑠𝑖⁡

By: Mutia Kharunisa

EXAMPLE 4: VARIABLE-RATE TEST (SUPERPOSITION IN TIME)

A flowing well is completed in a reservoir that has the following properties.

Pi= 2500 psi,h=43 ft,rw= 0.35 ft, k=25md, 𝜇 = 0.44𝑐𝑝, B=1.32 rb/STB, ∅ = 0.16, ct=18x10-6 psi-1, S = +2

Calculate the pressure in the well after 11 days for the following rate history.

𝑛
70.6𝜇𝐵 −948∅𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2
𝑃𝑤𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝑃𝑖⁡ + ∑ [(𝑞𝑖 − 𝑞𝑖−1 ) (𝐸𝑖 ( ) − 2𝑆)]⁡
𝑘ℎ 𝑘(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑖−1 )
𝑖=1
3
70.6(0.44)(1.32) −948(0.16)(0.44)(18 × 10−6 )(0.35)2
𝑃𝑤𝑓 (𝑡) = 2500 + ∑ [(𝑞𝑖 − 𝑞𝑖−1 )𝐸𝑖 ( ) − 2𝑆]
(25)(43) 25(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑖−1 )
𝑖=1

3
−5.8864 × 10−6
𝑃𝑤𝑓 (𝑡) = 2500 + 0.03814 ∑ [(𝑞𝑖 − 𝑞𝑖−1 )𝐸𝑖 ( ) − 2𝑆]
(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑖−1 )
𝑖=1
3
−5.8864 × 10−6
𝑃𝑤𝑓 (𝑡) = 2500 + 0.03814 ∑ [(𝑞1 − 𝑞0 )𝐸𝑖 ( ) − 2𝑆
(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
𝑖=1
−5.8864 × 10−6 −5.8864 × 10−6
+ (𝑞2 − 𝑞1 )𝐸𝑖 ( ) − 2𝑆 + (𝑞3 − 𝑞2 )𝐸𝑖 ( ) − 2𝑆]
(𝑡 − 𝑡1 ) (𝑡 − 𝑡2 )

t= 11 days x 24 = 264 hours, t1= 120 hours, t2= 168 hours

q1= 250 stb/d, q2= 350 stb/day, q3= 100 stb/day

3
−5.8864 × 10−6 −5.8864 × 10−6
𝑃𝑤𝑓 (𝑡) = 2500 + 0.03814 ∑ [(250 − 0)𝐸𝑖 ( ) − 2(2) + (350 − 250)𝐸𝑖 ( )
(264 − 0) (264 − 120)
𝑖=1
−5.8864 × 10−6
− 2(2) + (100 − 350)𝐸𝑖 ( ) − 2(2)]
(264 − 168)

𝑃𝑤𝑓 (𝑡 = 11⁡𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) = 2412.73⁡𝑝𝑠𝑖

By: Mutia Kharunisa

EXAMPLE 5: WELLBORE STORAGE CALCULATION

The well is 2600ft deep and has 6.625”, 24lb/ft casing (5.921” ID). The Pwf is 1690 psi. If the well is filled
with water (𝑐𝑤 = 4 × 10−6 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −1). What is the wellbore storage coefficient?

For fluid filled wellbore;

𝑑 5.921 2 1
𝐴𝑤 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = ⁡𝜋( )2 = 𝜋( ) = 27.5347⁡𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ2 ⁡ × = 0.191𝑓𝑡 2 ⁡
2 2 144
𝑉𝑤 = 𝐴𝑤 ℎ = 0.191𝑓𝑡 2 ⁡(2600𝑓𝑡) = 496.6⁡𝑓𝑡 3 ⁡

𝑓𝑡 3
𝐶 = 𝑉𝑤 𝑐𝑤 = 496.6(4 × 10−6 ) = 1.986⁡ × 10−3 ⁡
𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑡 3 1𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑙
𝐶 = 1.986⁡ × 10−3 ⁡ × 3
= 3.537 × 10−4
𝑝𝑠𝑖 5.615𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖
⁡
EXAMPLE 6: WELLBORE STORAGE FROM PRESSURE TRANSIENT TEST DATA

Determine wellbore storage coefficient from the data and table given which were obtained in a pressure
drawdown test on an oil well.

Pi= 3000 psi,h=56 ft, 𝜇 = 0.8𝑐𝑝, B=1.2 rb/STB, ∅ = 0.16, ct=1x10-5 psi-1, q=500stb/day, rw=0.3ft

t(hours) dP=Pi- Pwf(psi) 0.437 648

0.0109 24 0.491 698
0.0164 36 0.546 744
0.0218 47 1.09 1048
0.0273 58 1.64 1172
0.0328 70 2.18 1232
0.0382 81 2.73 1266
0.0437 92 3.28 1288
0.0491 103 3.82 1304
0.0546 114 4.37 1316
0.109 215 4.91 1326
0.164 307 5.46 1335
0.218 389 6.55 1349
0.273 464 8.74 1370
0.328 531 10.9 1386
0.382 592 16.4 1413
0.437 648
0.491 698

By: Mutia Kharunisa

1. Plot the graph log dP vs log(t)

log dP vs log(t) graph

10000

1000
dP, psi

100

10

1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
t, hours

2. Find units slope line (at straight line). Get the t and dP

dP= 100 psi, t= 0.045 hours

3. Calculate C
𝑞𝐵 𝑡 500(1.2) 0.045 𝑏𝑏𝑙
𝐶= ( )𝑈𝑆𝐿 = ( ) = 0.01125
24 ∆𝑝 24 100 𝑝𝑠𝑖

By: Mutia Kharunisa

EXAMPLE 7: RESERVOIR VOLUME CALCULATION (LATE-TIME REGION)

The data provided are pertinent to a reservoir limit test (RLT) conducted in a fully-penetrating oil well
producing at a constant rate. Estimate the pore volume (Vp) of the reservoir.

Pi= 5000 psi,h=30 ft, 𝜇 = 0.8𝑐𝑝, B=1.25 rb/STB, ∅ = 0.2, ct=1x10-5 psi-1, q=200stb/day, rw=0.328ft

t,hr Pwf,psi 3.16E-01 4936.4

1.00E-03 4991.26 3.98E-01 4934.4
1.58E-03 4987.1 5.01E-01 4933.9
2.00E-03 4984.7 6.31E-01 4932.7
2.51E-03 4981.8 7.94E-01 4932.4
3.16E-03 4978.8 1.00E+00 4930.7
3.98E-03 4975.2 1.58E+00 4927.2
5.01E-03 4971.8 2.51E+00 4926.8
6.31E-03 4968 3.16E+00 4925.2
7.94E-03 4965 3.98E+00 4924.9
1.00E-02 4961.4 5.01E+00 4921.9
1.26E-02 4958.5 6.31E+00 4922.2
1.58E-02 4955.5 7.94E+00 4919.1
2.00E-02 4953.1 1.00E+01 4915.5
2.51E-02 4951.2 1.26E+01 4912.7
3.61E-02 4948.8 1.58E+01 4909.8
3.98E-02 4948.8 2.00E+01 4904.1
5.01E-02 4945.9 2.51E+01 4897
6.31E-02 4944.8 3.16E+01 4889
7.94E-02 4943.7 3.98E+01 4880
1.00E-01 4942.2 5.01E+01 4868
1.26E-01 4940.7 6.31E+01 4852
1.58E-01 4939.9 7.94E+01 4833
2.00E-01 4939

By: Mutia Kharunisa

1. Plot Pwf vs t on cartesian graph

Pwf VS t graph
5000

4980

4960

4940

4920
Pwf,psi

4900

4880

4860

4840

4820
0.00E+00 1.00E+01 2.00E+01 3.00E+01 4.00E+01 5.00E+01 6.00E+01 7.00E+01 8.00E+01 9.00E+01
t,hrs

2. Find the slope, m*

4880 − 4868 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑚∗ = ⁡ = ⁡ −1.2
40 − 50 ℎ𝑟

3. Calculate the pore volume, Vp

0.234𝑞𝐵 0.234(200)(1.25)
∅ℎ𝐴 = 𝑉𝑝 = = = 4.88 × 106 𝑓𝑡 3 = ⁡ 0.869 × 106 𝑏𝑏𝑙3
𝑚∗ 𝑐𝑡 1.25(1 × 10−5 )

By: Mutia Kharunisa