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ONLINE RULES AND REGULATIONS

1. Students should observe proper grooming before joining the online class.

2. Students must provide notebook and pen for note taking.

3. Students must mute his/her speaker as the discussion started.

4. As the online class started, please observe the following:

a. Find a place that is noise free but with strong signal for internet

connection.

b. Unnecessary exercises are not allowed while the online class is going on.

c. Make sure that everybody is ready for the session.

d. Be on your well mannered position, lying or sleeping position is not

permitted.

e. Eating during online class is not allowed.

f. If you have questions/queries regarding with the discussion, just press the

HANDS-UP emoticon to acknowledge your questions.

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Desired Outcome Learning Outcomes:

1. To be able describe the nature of values educaton

2. To able to understand the significant of values education

LESSON 1: OVERVIEW OF VALUES EDUCATION

Values are guiding principles of life, which are conductive to one’s physical,

social and mental health. Inculcation of desirable values is felt necessary through the

education and for this purpose teachers, the educational institutions and society in

general should be prepared.

What is Values Education?

Value education is the process by which people give moral values to each other.

It can be an activity that can take place in any human organization during which people

are assisted by others, who may be older, in a condition experienced to make explicit

our ethics in order to assess the effectiveness of these values and associated behavior

for their own and others' long term well-being, and to reflect on and acquire other values

and behavior which they recognize as being more effective for long term well-being of

self and others.

Significant of Values Education

Values Education is one of the most important things that should be taught in

schools. As Filipinos we are all known for our good characteristics. When we were still

small we are taught by our parents to give respect to elders, love our brothers, sisters
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and family, have faith in God and always be kind to others. However in our generation

today these traits are slowly fading. That's why it is important to practice values in

schools among students. The educational institute of the country plays a big

contribution in promoting values education for students to construct a good character.

By promoting values education in schools we can create a better country for the future

generations through lessening the negative attributes by teaching values.

Values Practiced by Filipinos

Hospitality – Hospitality is one of the most popular traits obtained by Filipinos.

Filipinos are known to be kind to their visitors and gave them a friendly and warm

treatment.

Respectful – Respect is one of the major values practiced since we were

children. An example of that is "mano" which is when the young ones put the elder's

hand on their forehead. Also by saying "po" and "opo".

Family Oriented – When it comes to family, Filipinos are one of the billions of

people who value their families the most. They have a strong bond with their families

that has been observe all through the years.

Religious – Through years Filipinos have been one of the greatest devotees of

patrons and saints. Christianity has dominated the country ever since the spanish

colony came to the country. Filipinos showed great faith and devotion to God from

generation to another.

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Generous and Helpful- Filipinos are very generous. Even when they have very

little, they always share what they have.

Strong and Resilient- The Filipinos are one of the strongest people. Even

though how many tragedies or calamities they may have faced, they are still strong and

they always stand up no matter what. They have a strong will and brave who are always

willing to rise up again. ranging from Terrorism to National Disasters.

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GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. Explain what is values education.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. Describe what is the nature of values education.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

3. Explain what is the importance of values education to you.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

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Desired Outcome Learning Outcomes:

1. To be able to identify oneself.

2. To able to understand the nature and nurture of personality.

3. To be able to identify personality using the different traits theory

4. To be able measure personality of oneself.

LESSON 2: KNOWING ONESELF

Defining the “Self”

Everyone struggles to figure out who people truly are. Often when they define

themselves they focus on the negative or how they compare to other people. Nobody

but you can define who you are but this article has some tips on how to look at the ways

you define yourself and how to make it positive.

Steps to help define yourself

1. Discovering your Identity

a. Know yourself - Self-knowledge, particularly non-judgemental self

knowledge, is an incredibly important skill to help you define

yourself. You'll need to understand what makes you tick and what

your thought processes are before you can define who you are as a

person.

b. Notice how you identify yourself - Once you start paying

attention to the way you think about yourself and about the world,

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look specifically for the ways in which you identify yourself. See

what groups and communities you use to create your identity. All of

these inform how you see yourself and tell you what you are letting

define you.

c. Jot down thought processes and self definitions - To become

adept at seeing your thought processes and definitions and how

those determine how you act and who you are, write them down in

a notebook as you identify them. You'll be able to see how you

consider yourself and it will make it easier to eliminate the negative

associations.

2. Creating your self-definition

a. Record your negative definitions. - Recording them and paying

attention to them will help you let go of them. Getting them out in the open

can help to take away some of their hold on your mind and self.

b. Identify your core values - You don't want to define yourself based on

outside forces, because outside forces are volatile and subject to constant

change. By basing your self-definition on core values, you will have a

better chance of having a stable self-definition.

c. Define yourself in positive ways.  - This doesn't mean that you don't

acknowledge the negative events and actions that have happened in your

life. They are as much a part of you as the positive, but they do not define

you.

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Personality Nature, Nurture, and Personality

In psychology, there has been always been a long standing debate as to how our

personality develops. Do humans act, behave and interact in the way we do because of

nature, such as our genes inherited from our parents, or nurture, such as our

environment, culture, religion or childhood interactions.

Personality is a key part of every single one of us, it determines our moods, our

behaviours, how we interact with each other and the decisions we make. Effectively, our

personalities make us who we are. This is why, it is crucial to study whether our

personality is caused by our ancestors, the environment we grew up in, on perhaps,

even both.

Overall, many psychologists are starting to adopt the view that all aspects of

humans are influenced by nature and nurture. Yes, our genetics are inherited, but it has

been suggested that they do not determine our behaviour.

Our personalities, and humans in general, are too complicated to be whittled

down to one specific cause and we will be influenced by many aspects of ourself and

our environment. We are much too complicated to be one of the other.

Traits Theories

A trait can be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes

individuals to behave in certain ways. The trait approach to personality is one of the

major theoretical areas in the study of personality. The trait theory suggests that

individual personalities are composed of these broad dispositions.

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Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory

In 1936, psychologist Gordon Allport found that one English-language dictionary

alone contained more than 4,000 words describing different personality traits. He

categorized these traits into three levels:

1. Cardinal Traits - These are traits that dominate an individual’s whole

life, often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for

these traits. People with such personalities can become so well-known

for these traits that their names are often synonymous with these

qualities.

2. Central Traits - These are the general characteristics that form the

basic foundations of personality. These central traits, while not as

dominating as cardinal traits are the major characteristics you might

use to describe another person. Terms such as "intelligent," "honest,"

"shy," and "anxious" are considered central traits.

3. Secondary Traits: These are the traits that are sometimes related to

attitudes or preferences. They often appear only in certain situations or

under specific circumstances. Some examples would be getting

anxious when speaking to a group or impatient while waiting in line.

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Raymond Cattell’s Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

Trait theorist Raymond Cattell reduced the number of main personality traits from

Allport’s initial list of over 4,000 down to 171. He did so primarily by eliminating

uncommon traits and combining common characteristics.

Next, Cattell rated a large sample of individuals for these 171 different traits.

Then, using a statistical technique known as factor analysis, he identified closely related

terms and eventually reduced his list to just 16 key personality traits.

According to Cattell, these 16 traits are the source of all human personality. He

also developed one of the most widely used personality assessments known as the

"Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire."

Eysenck’s Three Dimensions of Personality

British psychologist Hans Eysenck developed a model of personality based upon

just three universal trails.

1. Introversion/Extraversion: Introversion involves directing attention to

inner experiences, while extroversion relates to focusing attention outward

on other people and the environment. A person high in introversion might

be quiet and reserved, while an individual high in extraversion might be

sociable and outgoing.

2. Neuroticism/Emotional Stability: This dimension of Eysenck’s trait

theory is related to moodiness versus even-temperateness. Neuroticism

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refers to an individual’s tendency to become upset or emotional, while

stability refers to the tendency to remain emotionally constant.

3. Psychoticism: Later, after studying individuals suffering from mental

illness, Eysenck added a personality dimension he called psychoticism to

his trait theory. Individuals who are high on this trait tend to have difficulty

dealing with reality and may be antisocial, hostile, non-empathetic, and

manipulative.

The Five-Factor Theory of Personality

Both Cattell’s and Eysenck’s theory have been the subject of considerable

research. This has led some theorists to believe that Cattell focused on too many traits,

while Eysenck focused on too few. As a result, a new trait theory often referred to as the

"Big Five" theory emerged.

This five-factor model of personality represents five core traits that interact to

form human personality. While researchers often disagree about the exact labels for

each dimension, the following are described most commonly:

1. Extraversion

Extraversion versus introversion is possibly the most recognizable

personality trait of the Big Five. The more of an extravert someone is, the more of

a social butterfly they are. Extraverts are chatty, sociable and draw energy from

crowds. They tend to be assertive and cheerful in their social interactions.

Introverts, on the other hand, need plenty of alone time, perhaps because their

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brains process social interaction differently. Introversion is often confused with

shyness, but the two aren't the same. Shyness implies a fear of social

interactions or an inability to function socially. Introverts can be perfectly

charming at parties — they just prefer solo or small-group activities.

2. Agreeableness

Agreeableness measures the extent of a person's warmth and kindness.

The more agreeable someone is, the more likely they are to be trusting, helpful

and compassionate. Disagreeable people are cold and suspicious of others, and

they're less likely to cooperate. Men who are high in agreeableness are judged to

be better dancers by women, suggesting that body movement can signal

personality. But in the workplace, disagreeable men actually earn more than

agreeable guys. Disagreeable women didn't show the same salary advantage,

suggesting that a no-nonsense demeanor is uniquely beneficial to men.

3. Conscientiousness

People who are conscientious are organized and have a strong sense of

duty. They're dependable, disciplined and achievement-focused. You won't find

conscientious types jetting off on round-the-world journeys with only a backpack;

they're planners.

4. Neuroticism

To understand neuroticism, look no further than George Costanza of the

long-running sitcom "Seinfeld." George is famous for his neuroses, which the
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show blames on his dysfunctional parents. He worries about everything,

obsesses over germs and disease and once quits a job because his anxiety over

not having access to a private bathroom is too overwhelming. George may be

high on the neuroticism scale, but the personality trait is real. People high in

neuroticism worry frequently and easily slip into anxiety and depression. If all is

going well, neurotic people tend to find things to worry about. One 2012 study

found that when neurotic people with good salaries earned raises, the extra

income actually made them less happy. In contrast, people who are low in

neuroticism tend to be emotionally stable and even-keeled. Unsurprisingly,

neuroticism is linked with plenty of bad health outcomes. Neurotic people die

younger than the emotionally stable, possibly because they turn to tobacco and

alcohol to ease their nerves.

5. Openness

Openness is shorthand for "openness to experience." People who are

high in openness enjoy adventure. They're curious and appreciate art,

imagination and new things. The motto of the open individual might be "Variety is

the spice of life.

MEASURING PERSONALITY

1. Subjective Methods

a. Observation - Observation of behaviour of a person over a long period is one of

the techniques of assessing personality traits.

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b. Case Study Method - In this method the case history has to be re-organized and

re-written from infancy upto adulthood. Really speaking, on the basis of this

method, the reality of the personality is found out.

c. Interview - It is a process of communication or interaction in which the

interviewee gives the needed information verbally to the interviewer in a face-to-

face situation or one-to-one situation.

d. Autobiography - Autobiography method is also used to assess personality. The

child is asked to write his own autobiography and certain personality

characteristics can be studied from them.

e. Cumulative Record Card - The cumulative record is a useful and permanent

record which includes various information about the child.

2. Objective Method

Following are some objective methods of personality measurement that eliminate

the subjectivity of interpretation:

a. Rating Scales - Rating scales are used to rate the various personality traits,

adjustment, emotions, interests, attitudes performance on a task.

b. Check lists - Carefully prepared check list can be employed to collect data

about a person.

c. Controlled Observation - Controlled observation under laboratory conditions

or under controlled conditions can be used to study certain aspects of the

personality of an individual.

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d. Sociogram - With the help of this method, the sociability of the subject is

measured. With the help of this method relationship of the students is judged.

e. Personality Inventories - Are individual’s written account of the past

behaviour, feelings and wishes can be a good source of information about his

personality. Self-ratings can be done through personality inventories and

paper and pencil test.

3. Projective Methods

These techniques enable a subject to project his internal feelings, attitudes,

needs, values or wishes to an external object. In the projective test situation, the

individual responds freely to relatively unstructured yet standard situation to which he is

asked to respond. Some of the major projective techniques are:

a. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - The TAT was developed by Morgan and

Murray in 1935. It requires the subject to look at the picture and to interpret it by

telling a story. He is invited to say what led up to the scene in the picture. 

b. Children’s Apperception Test (CAT) - It was developed by Leopold Bellak. The

test consists of ten pictures meant for children of the age group 3 to 10. Pictures

are shown one after another and reactions (responses) are noted and

interpreted.

c. Rorschach’s Ink-Blot Test - This test was developed by Hermann Rorschach in

1921. It uses ten irregular-ink-blots standing against a white background. Each

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inkblot is shown in a fixed number of ways and the testee is asked to report what

he sees.

d. Projective Questionnaires - In this technique the subject is given a series of

questions to answer in his own way. Through such questionnaires it is possible to

obtain information regarding the subject’s emotional life, his values, his attitudes

and sentiments.

e.  Sentence Completion Test - These tests present a series of incomplete

sentences to be completed by the testee in one or more words.

f. Psychodrama - It requires the subject to play spontaneously a role assigned to

him in a specific situation. Psychodrama deals with interpersonal relationships

and maladjustment problem within the individual.

g. Drawing, Painting and Sculpture - Artistic productions can also be used as

projective techniques.

4. Psycho-Analytic Methods

a. Word Association Test - In such test the subject is presented a list of words,

one at a time and is asked to give the first word that comes to his mind. The

responses given by the subject and the time taken by him are recorded by the

tester for interpretation

b. Free Association Test - In this test the subject is allowed to talk for hours

together and from it certain traits and behavioural problems are noted.

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c. Dream Analysis - In this technique the dream of the subject is analysed and

unconscious behaviour is interpreted. Since ‘Dream is the royal road to

unconscious’, the dream analysis is an effective psychoanalytic method to locate

unconscious behaviour of the individual.

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Guide Questions

1. Using the steps of finding yourself, define yourself

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. Describe how personality can be developed.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

3. Describe what kind of personality do you have and cite some traits.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

4. Measure your personality using the different personality measurements.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

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Desired Outcome Learning Outcomes:

1. To be able to define the meaning of empathy.

2. To able to know the 3 ways of empathy.

3. To be able to know the importance of understanding others

4. To be able to understand how the environment can impact to the personality of a

person.

LESSON 3: KNOWING OTHERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Empathy is the ability to share and understand the emotions of others. It is a

construct of multiple components, each of which is associated with its own brain

network. There are three ways of looking at empathy.

First there is affective empathy. This is the ability to share the emotions of others.

People who score high on affective empathy are those who, for example, show a strong

visceral reaction when watching a scary movie.They feel scared or feel others’ pain

strongly within themselves when seeing others scared or in pain.

Cognitive empathy, on the other hand, is the ability to understand the emotions of

others. A good example is the psychologist who understands the emotions of the client

in a rational way, but does not necessarily share the emotions of the client in a visceral

sense.

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Finally, there’s emotional regulation. This refers to the ability to regulate one’s

emotions. For example, surgeons need to control their emotions when operating on a

patient.

Importance of Understanding Others

We can learn some of the following for our better Understanding of People

1. Avoid blaming people. You must understand that People don’t care about you.

This isn’t because people are mean or hurtful, but simply because they are

mostly focused on themselves. You do not figure as their priority. In this process,

most of their thoughts are self-directed. My goals. My problems. My feelings. 

2. People are mostly self-centered, but you have to be morally accountable to

your actions in day to day life. Philosopher Kant considered that human actions

are phenomenal when analyzed. Yet, relationships are every one’s job to

maintain. Keep on understanding that, people who appear to be mean or hurtful

do not usually do it intentionally. It should not deviate you from your appropriate

conduct. To say everyone is completely selfish is a gross exaggeration. That

ignores all the acts of kindness, sacrifice and love that make the world work.

3. Every one is emotional. It is not an exaggeration. We look for reliability in the

process of sharing where their strong feelings of their points of views are paid

due attention. It is important to find a common ground to situations and points of

views when you interact with people. May be both parties can understand where

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each other comes from in respect to what was expected and what each one is

expecting in return.

4. People have short memories. It may appear that people may remember each

meetings or encounters which you had with them. No, mostly people have poor

memories and do not recollect incidents where there were differences of opinions

with them. People are most likely to remember similarities of approaches to the

points of view than the difference experienced. Demonstration of reliability in inter

actions adds to the strength of understanding each other.

5. Learn to have passion to listen to others - When people talk, listen

completely. Most people never listen defines Earnest Hemingway. When you are

a good listener; you are a good learner to develop rapport with others. The

persons who are obsessed to hear their own voices more are never liked by

others. You cannot be him or her, yet, you can give a passionate hearing to

those who are genuine.

6. Develop Animal Instinct. It is interesting to learn from animals. They create new

life with a purpose and learn to survive a great way of understanding. We have to

keep on understanding at each level of relationships to survive and pro-

create. We do not have to read too much in the process of dealing with others to

survive and pro-create. Most people read too much into it which is not needed.

7. Understanding others is a process of growing. It involves traveling down

different paths of our lives and making decisions. There will be mistakes which

everyone makes. Importance lies in learning from them to grow stronger. It also

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guides us to be true to our self, standing alone some times when we

really believe in something and not fearing retribution.

KNOWING THE ENVIRONMENT

Since the earliest times, humans have needed to be sensitive to their

surroundings to survive, which means that we have an innate awareness of our

environment and seek out environments with certain qualities.

First of all, humans have a strong need for safety and security and look for

those attributes in their environment. We also look for physical comfort, such as an

environment with the right temperature. In addition, we seek an environment that

is psychologically comfortable: for example, environments that are familiar, but offer

the right amount of stimulus.

Retailers and the hospitality industry know this very well and try to provide an

atmosphere that creates a positive customer experience and offers three important

attributes: comfort, safety, and entertainment. These attributes are equally important in

healthcare as well.

How the environment can impact you

1. The environment can facilitate or discourage interactions among people (and the

subsequent benefits of social support). For example, an inviting space with

comfortable chairs and privacy can encourage a family to stay and visit with a

patient.

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2. The environment can influence peoples' behavior and motivation to act. For

example, a dingy corridor filled with extra hospital equipment will invite staff to

leave another item in the hall, whereas a clean corridor and adequate storage will

encourage staff to take the time to put the item away.

3. The environment can influence mood. For example, the results of several

research studies reveal that rooms with bright light, both natural and artificial, can

improve health outcomes such as depression, agitation, and sleep.

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Guide Questions

1. Explain what is emphathy.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. Explain why is it important to know about others.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

3. Explain how the environment can impact ones personality.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

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Desired Outcome Learning Outcomes:

1. To be able to identify the different etiquettes

2. To able to know what are the etiquettes when talking to others.

3. To able to know what are the etiquettes when dining.

4. To able to know what are the etiquettes when talking to someone in the phone.

LESSON 4: RULES FOR GOOD MANNERS AND RIGHT CONDUCT

Polite Conversation

It’s not easy to discuss your strengths without coming across as a boaster or

bragger. But being a good conversationalist depends on finding ways to talk about

yourself without turning other people away. Consider these tips to avoid being seen as a

blowhard by colleagues or friends:

 Choose your words carefully. While it may be fun and come naturally to

“mention” your latest success, think twice before opening your mouth. If you find

that you have been talking for more than a couple of minutes, let someone else

have the floor.

 Watch your tone and body language. Sometimes it’s not what you say but how

you say it, how it sounds and what you look like while you are passing out

information about “me, myself and I”.  Instead, speak calmly and graciously about

others, and give credit to those that were involved in your latest success story. 

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 Put others first. Conversational etiquette means focusing on those with whom

you are speaking, asking thoughtful questions and making them feel like you are

listening to what they have to say. For example, “How do you like working at the

new location?” or “Is your daughter enjoying her new car?” shifts the focus away

from yourself, and sends the message that you are genuinely interested in

others.

 Consider your audience. If you are talking to a friend or colleague who has

recently lost his or her job, or a junior partner that is struggling to find a place

within the company, be sensitive to the situation and gear your conversation

accordingly. Rather than droning on and on about yourself, offer suggestions or

an opportunity to mentor someone that may benefit from your special expertise.

 Think about timing. It’s never a good time to brag, but certain times are even

worse than others. A job interview is a time to display your strengths and skill set

—but not in a pompous, self-impressed manner. When asked about your

strengths during an interview or performance review, keep your statements

concise and matter-of-fact by focusing on specific projects completed and the

goals that were achieved. Steer clear of language that may make your

interviewer or supervisor think that you are over-confident or not a team player.

 Share the stage and the credit. One way to draw attention to your strengths is

to include others in the kudos. Did you lead your work group to victory and want

to be sure that your boss notices? Spread the word, citing each team member

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that played a role in the final victory. You’ll have no need to be a self-promoter;

giving credit to others will reflect well on you.

 Beware of competition. If you’re an ambitious go-getter, it’s easy to get caught

up in the thrill of the conquest. A certain amount of competitive spirit is a good

thing, but healthy competition never involves promoting your own work above

someone else’s. If pulling yourself up means putting a colleague down, zip your

lips.

 Rely on word-of-mouth. Good work really does speak for itself. If you’re doing a

great job—whether on the account you’ve been assigned to at work or in

shouldering some extra responsibilities to help your family at home—others will

notice. A mannerly conversationalist never needs to point out the obvious.

 When all else fails. If you find yourself unwantedly stuck sitting next to a

bragger, boaster, or boring conversationalist, politely excuse yourself from the

discussion and jump into another conversation taking place across the room, or

at the other end of the table!

Basic Table Manners

 Sit up straight – try not to slouch or lean back in your chair.

 Don’t speak with your mouth full of food – no one likes to see a ball of

masticated meat in your mouth.

 Chew quietly, and try not to slurp – making noises is not only unappetizing,

and distracting, but it can also interrupt the flow of conversation.

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 Keep bites small – it is smart to keep bite sizes to a moderate forkful

 Eat at a leisurely pace – it is good for the digestion, and it shows your host that

you want to enjoy the food and the company.

 Don’t wave utensils in the air – especially knives or there is food on it because

you might knock over glasses, pierce waiters or launch a pea into the eye of your

date.

 Keep your elbows off the table – elbows take up table space and can be a

danger in knocking plates or glasses, and elbows on the table give you

something to lean on and tend to lull you into slouching.

 Don’t reach – not only is it as impolite, but there is always a possibility of

upsetting glasses or running your sleeve through someone’s mashed potatoes.

 Don’t forget “please” and “thank you” – these are handy words in most

situations, but especially vital at the table where common courtesies are noticed

by everyone present.

 Excuse yourself when leaving – you don’t want people to think that you are

tired of their company. If you must leave the table, make your excuse somewhat

obvious and appear to be pressing.

 Compliment the cook – even if the food is perfectly awful, say something nice.

You don’t have to lie, simply find the positive side of the burnt food. It is always

pleasant to end meal on a positive note.

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 Wipe your mouth with your napkin – ever notice that disgusting smudge on

the edge of your glass? This can be avoided by first wipping your lips with your

napkin.

Telephone Ettiqute

These are some basic manners that everyone in Business should follow because

what you say represents you, your organization and your ideas. All of these deserve to

be portrayed in the best possible manner. There are certain thumb rules that we go by

in Business.

 Keep a pleasant voice pitch. Use warm wishes like “good morning, “how are you,

good sir?” and such. First impressions are the last impressions. So make them

last.

 Know your audience: It’s important to know who you are speaking to set the

tone and use relatable language with them.

 Never call any person at odd hours like early morning or late nights as the

person will definitely be sleeping and will not be interested in talking to you.

 If you are the one who has called, before starting the conversation, introduce

yourself first and then definitely confirm whether you are talking to the right

person. 

 Make sure your content is crisp and relevant. Don’t play with words, come to

the point directly and convey the information as required. If you the one dialing,

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first prepare your content thoroughly and then only pick up the receiver to start

interacting.

 Re-check the dialed number to avoid unwanted confusion and mistakes.

 Remember you are making a conversation. Be a good listener and always ask

for feedback to know whether you have the other person on the same page as

you. Also, when the call is done, always ask politely to the person on the other

hand if that is all? Then end with pleasantries.

 Always speak each and every word clearly. The person on the other end can’t

see your expressions so remember your tone should be apt to express your

feelings in the correct form.

 Another very important telephone etiquette is to never put the second party

on very long holds.  It is rude and may cause irritation to the person on the

other end.

 If there are disturbances around like TVs, radios, etc., it’s telephone etiquette to

turn it’s volume down so you are audible to the person on the line.

 If you are eating and it is a formal phone call, it does not sound good. First off, all

calls must be scheduled on non-lunch hours. If there are unplanned calls that are

business related, either ask for pardoning you till you finish eating or maybe take

a break from eating and finish the call first. Not only do we sound funny when we

speak on the phone while eating, but we can also be not clearly understood.

 One of the important telephone etiquettes is to not take too long to pick up

a call. If you miss the call, make sure you give a call back as the other person
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might have an important message to convey. Avoid giving missed calls at

workplaces as it irritates the other person. Be professional and always approach

first if you are the one in need.

 In professional talks, never keep the conversation too long as the other person

might be busy. Always keep the content crisp and relevant and do come to the

point after formal greetings.

 If you are not the correct person and the speaker needs to speak to your co-

worker always politely say “one moment please- I will call him/her in a minute”. If

the colleague is not in the office premises, always take a message on his/her

behalf and don’t forget to convey to him when he is back. Also, it is best if you do

not discuss these messages with others as some information could be sensitive

too.

 if you have network issues between a call, deal with it patiently and wisely.

People tend to raise their voices when the network is the issue. If it’s a patchy

network, even a raised voice is going to sound patchy. So do not resort to yelling.

Moreover, it causes disturbance to others around you. Check your network, if the

issue is at your end, politely tell them you are disconnecting the call to find a

better spot to call back from.

 Wrap up: The final telephone etiquette is to tie all loose ends of the conversation

in your final wrap up. One may also relay the important highlights of the

conversation to make sure everyone is on the same page. If this conversation

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was a conference with a larger group, take everyone’s final say and make sure

everyone has put their point forth without hesitation.

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Guide Questions

1. Give atleast 5 etiquettes that should be done when talking to others.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. Give atleast 5 etiquettes that should be done when dining.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

3. Give atleast 5 etiquettes that should be done when talking to someone in the phone.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

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Desired Outcome Learning Outcomes:

1. To be able to identify the factors that impacts children’s behavior.

2. To able to know how to teach children to have a good behavior.

LESSON 5: APPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR FOR CHILDREN

Children don’t always behave; in fact, it takes time to learn the social rules for

different situations. Parents play a key role in helping their child navigate their way

through the often unspoken rules about how to behave towards others. Research has

shown there are certain conditions that need to be in place for a child to learn these vital

life skills.

For a child to learn, and behave, in what society sees as a socially acceptable

manner, they need to have confidence, self-esteem, self-restraint and a respect for

others. He or she needs to be able to manage conflict within relationships, listen to

others, show empathy, take turns, share and win and lose gracefully. To be able to do

this, your child needs to feel secure and included. He or she needs the resilience and

self-esteem to cope with setbacks and change.

Things That Impact Children’s Behavior

The following are some the things that can affect children’s behavior.

Amount of Quality Sleep Or Lack of Sleep

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Sleep is key for healthy brain development, and for little ones who are growing by

leaps and bounds, it’s a non-negotiable part of the day. When kids are sleeping, their

brains are developing and creating new neural connections and pathways. It’s essential

they get the right amount of sleep to keep building these connections.

Routine, Lack of Structure & Feeling Unsafe 

Childhood is filled with new, exciting and yet challenging milestones for kids.

Having a routine where kids feel safe knowing what comes next, and aren’t throw off by

surprises and the unexpected, can bring them a sense of relief, to even the most free-

spirited or carefree child.

Hunger & Thirst 

Children who are hungry or thirsty, might be telling you this when their behavior

has gone sideways. Stopping to grab a quick bite to eat or drink of water when kids are

in the middle of playing, isn’t something most kids think of doing.

Food, Diet and Allergies 

What food your child eats plays a big role in their behavior. If they’re eating

whole, unprocessed fruits, vegetables and balanced meals, you’ll likely see better

behavior than if your child is sustaining on chicken nuggets, processed foods and high

intake of sugar. When you see misbehavior, think back to the last week and what your

child has been eating.

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Activities & Exercise 

It’s important for kids to get outside every day and play, and not just for the

health benefits of moving the body. It’s actually proven that getting outside in a green

environment and having unstructured free play is essential to being less stressed and

happier!

Overstimulation & Understimulation 

Kids who are overwhelmed by overstimulation – too many people, loud noise,

chaos – act out as a result of this. Likewise, children who are under stimulated and feel

bored, restless will look for ways to entertain themselves and tend to get in trouble, or

are looking for your attention in unwelcome ways to stimulate them

Screen Time 

Do you ever notice that after a child has been watching a screen – TV, phone,

tablet, Kindle, gaming system – and you ask them to turn it off or pull them away from it,

suddenly they’re grumpy and may have an outburst, tantrum, or snarky behavior once

the screen has been removed? Kids can quickly become overstimulated from screen

time without realizing it, which leads to worse moods, more anxiety, higher levels of

irritability, and poor behavior.

Development Challenges

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Every child learns differently; at different speeds, has a different temperament,

handles challenges different from one child to child, comes to conclusions and solutions

differently, and functions quicker, slower or the same speed as other children. When

kids begin to learn verbal and physical milestones whether it’s feeding themselves,

holding a pencil, adding numbers together, learning ABCs and colors, communicating,

or something else, it can bring up many emotions when they don’t get the hang of it or

are frustrated by the speed and number of attempts.

Fears & Worries 

Kids who feel unsafe, are worried, anxious or afraid, can act out in unwelcome

ways when they feel this way.

 Difficulty Understanding & Expressing Emotions 

Children are not built with an understanding of how to translate what they feel as

emotions, or even how to communicate them to others. Emotional intelligence is

learned, not an innate ability we all possess. Kids learn to name their emotions by

practice and from adults who talk about their own feelings, good, bad and indifferent.

Lack of Confidence, Shame & Insecurity 

It’s been shown that kids who are confident trust their own judgment, aren’t afraid

to try new things even if they may fail, are more effective communicators and problem

solvers, and have high self-esteem.

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Life Changes 

Big changes often create big emotions! Moving to a new home, going through a

divorce, adjusting to a new sibling, loss of a family member or pet, new school or

classroom, etc. can all spell trouble ahead for children’s behavior.

HOW TEACH GOOD BEHAVIOR TO CHILDREN

Children must be taught good behavior so they can live and work well in society

when they grow up. Good teaching includes rewards for good behavior. Your child's age

should guide your choice of ways to teach. Some tips to help you teach your child are

listed below.

DO:

 Encourage your child and give lots of affection.

 Reward good behavior. Praise your child and give extra attention when he or

she does something right. Give a reward for good behavior.

 Your child will copy your actions and words. Act and speak the way you want

your child to act and speak.

 Be kind, but firm.

 Remove temptations (like breakable items) before children get into trouble.

Preventing bad behavior is always easier than correcting a problem.

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 Ignore some small problems or annoying behaviors. Bigger problems need

to be corrected, especially if the child's bad behavior might be harmful or

dangerous.

 Be consistent. Always treat a bad behavior the same way, or your child will

learn that he or she can sometimes “get away with it.”

 Correct your child soon after the bad behavior occurs, but wait until your

anger has passed. Counting to 10 before you say something or do something

may help reduce your anger so you are in control of yourself.

 Make rules that are right for your child's age. Rules work best for children

who are school-aged. Younger children (infants and toddlers) don't understand

rules yet. They are still learning what a rule is.

 Use “time-out” for children between 18 months and five years of age. Time-

out may help correct bad behaviors like tantrums, whining, fighting, and arguing.

To use time-out, put your child in a chair with no toys or TV. Don't speak to your

child during time-out. Time-out should last one minute for each year of the child's

age. For example, a four-year-old should be in time-out for four minutes. Your

child should be quiet for at least 15 seconds before timeout ends.

 Correct older children by taking away things they like (TV or video games, or

time with friends).

 Remember to tell your child that the behavior was bad, but the child isn't

“bad.”

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DON'T:

 Don't nag or talk about bad behavior too much. Children ignore nagging.

 Don't try reasoning to get your point across to children younger than three or

four years. They won't understand.

 Don't criticize your child.

 Don't call your child names.

 Don't call your child “bad.” Only the behavior is bad.

 Don't scold too often. Scolding makes children anxious and may make them

ignore you. It may also worsen the behavior. Never scold your child during time-

out.

 Don't spank. Spanking teaches your child that it's okay to hit someone in

order to solve a problem. Never spank a child who is younger than 18 months. It

doesn't help, and you may hurt the child. Never spank a child when you're angry.

Never hit your child with an object.

 Don't pull your child's hair, jerk an arm, or shake your child.

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Guide Questions

1. Choose atleast 2 things that impacts children’s behavior and explain.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. In your own opinion why is it important to teach children to have a good behavior?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

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Desired Outcome Learning Outcomes:

1. To be able to identify the common courtesies.

2. To able to know the different Filipino manners and etiquette.

LESSON 6: COMMON COURTESIES, AND FILIPINO MANNERS

Common Courtesies of Life

The following are the common courtesy that keeps our relationship with others

harmonious.

 Return borrowed money promptly

Whether intentional or not, we may sometimes find ourselves short on cash. It

could be an honest mistake, such as forgetting to bring your wallet to work.

Sometimes, life’s events, such as caring for an ill family member, has left you

strapped for cash. It is nice to have friends or family members who are willing to loan

us some money but remember to return it as soon as you can without having the

lender ask for it. It doesn’t matter how small the amount is, you may never know how

urgently they may need it.

 Park appropriately

From parking between two parking lots to using disabled spots despite being

able-bodied, these selfish acts often cause tempers to flare. In non-emergency

situations, one can only peg such individuals as selfish and obnoxious. Equally bad
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are those who double-park without leaving their mobile number for others to call, or

those who refuse to pick up the call when the blocked driver is trying to reach you. It

becomes a massive inconvenience for those whose vehicles are blocked, especially

during an emergency.

 Don’t invade other people’s privacy

When borrowing someone’s gadget, such as their cellphone, laptop or tablet,

use it for the original purpose you intended. Don’t take advantage of the situation by

browsing through their stuff without permission.

 Give others their personal space

It is annoying when the person standing behind you at the cashier in a

supermarket is continuously bumping into you. Or if a person stands too close for

comfort while you are withdrawing cash from the ATM. The concept of personal

space can vary greatly between cultures. Generally, it is understandable if the

situation does not permit much personal space such as in a crowded train.

 Be punctual

Sometimes, unexpected events such as an accident on the highway causes a

crawl in our usually traffic-free route. While one-off situations are easily

pardoned, being notoriously late can be seen as a mark of disrespect for the

individual waiting on you. Adding salt to the wound is when no apology is given

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for your extreme tardiness, or if it happens too often. Other people’s time is just

as precious as yours.

 Return phone calls and messages

Unless someone is harassing you, your friends, family members and

business acquaintances will appreciate it if you can return their phone calls or

messages. If you cannot pick up a call, drop the person a message that you cannot

speak at the moment. Unreturned calls or messages can make one seem

unimportant. Should you need to contact the person in the future, they may not

return your call either.

 Clean up after yourself when using public restrooms

No one likes to be confronted with dirty toilet seats – or worse with shoeprints

on them – when using public washrooms. It is common courtesy to clean up after

yourself or your child if either of you make a mess.

 Ask before taking a chair at a restaurant

Social norms dictate that we ask a person permission before removing a chair

from their table, or ask one’s friend or acquaintance if it would be alright to join them

at their table. Never assume that those dining alone are up for company or that they

are not waiting for others.

 Be a good guest

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If you are staying at a friend’s or family member’s home, make the bed and

tidy the room before leaving. Never take advantage just because someone is a close

friend or a family member. Additionally, if someone has invited you to their home for

a meal, gestures such as offering to wash the dishes is a nice thank you to the host.

 Pay your dues

When borrowing a friend’s car, you can help them refuel, and be responsible

when driving other people’s vehicle – if you were caught speeding, settle the traffic

summonses or you may risk turning a good relationship sour.

Filipinos Proper Manners and Etiquettes

1. Social Etiquitte

 Filipinos hold gentlemanly etiquette in high regard

 When attending a funeral, avoid wearing loud colors.

 Filipinos place importance on proper introductions.

 Always acknowledge the presence of older people in the room by shaking

their hands.

 Never address older people at the same level.

 When speaking to elders, be respectful in tone and language.

 It is expected that guests are to be lively and take part in the conversation

 During social gatherings, the elderly are usually greeted first.

 Boisterous or loud talking is generally frowned.

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 If someone needs to walk in front of the TV or between two people, he or

she must say “Excuse me”.

 When one person meet an acquaintance at any form of public transport,

he/she must never forget to greet him/her.

 In the Philippines, kissing and displaying affection in public is considered

scandalous and in bad taste.

 If you happen to visit a friend, you’ll notice that the shoes are left outside

or placed in a shoe holder of some kind.

 In gratitude of an invitation to a home or an occasion, Filipinos appreciate

guests bringing fruit basket or any food.

 Some Filipinos simply nod their head once when saying yes instead of

saying it.

 A handshake or a smile is the general norm of greeting in Philippines.

2. Business Etiquette

 Punctuality is not of the utmost important in the Philippines.

 There may be several talks before getting down to business.

 Start out by addressing a new business acquaintance by his or her family

name.

 Wait to be told where to sit.

 Filipinos avoid confrontation if possible

 An integral part of culture and values are hospitality

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 Filipinos observe a wide range of grooming styles

 Filipinos are basically hygienic

 Many of the business practices are anchored on the Catholic religion and

various ancient superstition.

 When greeting business partners a firm and brisk handshake is good with

a warm smile on your face.

3. Dining Etiquette

 For parties, arriving 15-20 minutes late is commonly known as the “Filipino

Time”

 Follow dress codes, and groom yourself

 Filipinos like to entertain

 Where you travel in the Philippines, you’re sure to come across a “turo

turo”.

 Do not take the last bit of food from a central serving plate if there is one

 Toothpicks are often used in the end of the meal

 The most honored position is the head of the table.

 When chancing upon a Filipino eating, he would invite the visitor by

inviting him to eat.

 Filipinos may view a dinner/party invitation as just a passing thought.

 Toasts are common in the Philippines, especially at business meetings.

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 Usually the one does the inviting pays the bill, although the guest is

expected to make an effort to pay.

 At the end of the meal, you may be given pabaon.

 Hosts will invariably lay out a snack for their visitors.

4. Gift Giving Etiquette

 Gift giving is important on many occasions such as weddings and

birthdays,

 Once a contract has been signed, prepare to give your new partners a of

greater value.

 When selecting wrapping paper for a Filipino recipient, you may use any

color you wish.

 When invited to a Filipino home, bring a gift of flowers, candy or

chocolates.

 When you receive a gift, follow the Asian custom by not opening it in front

of the giver.

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Guide Questions

1. Among the common courtesies cited in the lesson, which of those did you practiced

the most?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. Give atleast 5 Filipino manners and etiquettes that are very common to Filipino.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

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REFERENCES

www.en.wikipedia.org.

www.yourarticlelibrary.com.

www.philippines.fandom.com.

www.wikihow.com/Define-Yourself

www.workstyle.io/how-personality-develops

www.verywellmind.com/trait-theory-of-personality-2795955

www.livescience.com/41313-personality-traits.html

www.yourarticlelibrary.com.

www.theconversation.com.

www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-understanding-dr-colonel-nagar-m-verma

www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu.

www.dianegottsman.com.

www.toppr.com/guides/business-communication-and-ethics/intro-to-business

www.aafp.org/afp/2002/1015/p1463.html

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