CHAPTER 4 : COMPLEX NUMBERS Equality of Two Complex Numbers

Definition : 1 = i If a + bi = p + qi , then a = p and b = q.

General Notation of a Complex Number ( in Cartesian form) Note : If a + bi = 0 , then a = 0 and b = 0.

z = a + bi or a + ib , where a and b real real numbers.

eg 1 If w = a + bi and z = x + yi, where a, b, x and y are real numbers,
Real part of z = Re(z) or R(z) = a Imainary part of z = Im(z) or I(z) = b are two complex numbers such that w = z , show that
1  iz
Note : 1. If Re(z) = 0, then z is known as totally imaginary. x ( x 2  y2  y)
a= and b = – .
2. If Im(z) = 0, then z is a real number. x 2  ( y  1)2 x 2  ( y  1)2

z x  yi x  yi (1 y)  xi
w= = = .
Basic Mathematical Operations on Complex Numbers 1  iz 1 i( x  yi) (1 y)  xi (1 y)  xi
[ x(1 y)  xy]  [ y(1 y)  x 2 ]i
1.  k = i k or ki 2. i 2 = –1 and –i 2 = 1 =
(1 y) 2  x 2

(a + bi) (p + qi) = (ap – bq) + (aq + bp)i x ( x 2  y 2  y)

3. [Since (1 – y)2 = (y – 1)2] : a + bi = – i
x 2  ( y  1)2 x 2  ( y  1)2
4. (a + bi)2 = a2 + b2(–1) + 2abi = (a2– b2) + 2abi
x ( x 2  y2  y)
 Re(w) = a = and Im(w) = b = – 2
5. (a – bi)2 = a2 + b2(–1) – 2abi = (a2– b2) – 2abi 2
x  ( y  1)2
x  ( y  1)2
6. (a + bi) (a – bi) = a2 – b2(–1) = a2+ b2

Note : (a + bi) and (a – bi) are conjugates of each other, eg 2 Solve the equation (z + i)* = 2iz + 5i.
denoted by z and z* respectively. [ (z*) * = z ] Let z = a + bi : (z + i)* = 2iz + 5i  (a + bi + i)* = 2i(a + bi) + 5i.
 a – (b + 1)i = –2b + (2a + 5)i  a = –2b and –(b + 1) = 2a + 5
Rationalizing the Denominator of a Quotient Complex Number  a = –4 , b = 2  z = –4 + 2i
p  qi p  qi i -q  pi q p p  qi p  qi (-i ) q p
1. = x = = – i or = x = – i
bi bi i -b b b bi bi (- i ) b b eg 3 If (x + yi)2 = x + yi, where x and y are real numbers,
find the possible values of x and y.
p  qi p  qi a  bi ( p  qi )( a  bi ) ap  bq aq  bp
2. = x = = 2 + i (x + yi)2 = x + yi  (x + yi)2 – (x + yi) = 0
a  bi a  bi a  bi a 2  b2 a  b2 a 2  b2
 (x + yi) (x + yi – 1) = 0  x + yi = 0 or x + (y – 1)i = 0
p  qi p  qi a  bi ( p  qi )( a  bi ) ap  bq aq  bp  x = 0 , y = 0 or x = 0 , y = 1
3. = x = = 2 + i
a  bi a  bi a  bi a 2  b2 a  b2 a 2  b2

4-1
eg 4 If (x + i y)2 = i, find all the real values of x and y. 20
eg 6 Solve the simultaneous equations iw + z = –1 – i and 2z – (1 + i)w = .
3i
(x + yi)2 = i : (x2 – y2) + 2xyi = i  x2 – y2 = 0 and 2xy = 1 20 20 3  i
 x = y or x = –y iw + z = –1 – i and 2z – (1 + i)w = = .
3i 3i 3i
1
x=y: 2 y2 = 1  y=± x = –y : –2y2 = 1  No real solution. 2iw + 2z = –2 – 2i ____(1) and 2z – (1 + i)w = 6 + 2i ____(2)
2 4(2  i) 1 3i 20  20i
(1) – (2) : (1 + 3i)w = –8 – 4i  w= . = = –2 + 2i
 Solutions : x=y=
1
or x=y=–
1 1 3i 1  3i 10
2 2  i(–2 + 2i) + z = –1 – i  z=1+i
Alternative a  5i
   eg 7 The complex numbers z and w are such that z = and w = 1 + bi,
2
(x + yi) = i : 2
z = (cos + i sin ) = cis 1 2i
2 2 2
where a and b are real. Given that z* = w, find the values of a and b.
1 1
 2  2  a  5i a  5i 1  2i a  10 2a  5
z = (cis ) = [cis ( + 2k)] = cis ( + k) , for k = 0, 1 z= = . = – i
2 2 4 1 2i 1 2i 1  2i 5 5
  5 5 1 1 1 1 a  10 2a  5
z = cos + i sin or cos + i sin = + i or – – i z* = w (or z = w* ) :  + i = 1 + bi
4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 5 5
a  10 2a  5
 Solutions : x=y=
1
or x = y = –
1  = 1 and = b  a = 15 , b = 7
5 5
2 2

eg 8 Solve the equation z(z* – 2) + 4z* = 4 + 6i.

2  ai
eg 5 Determine the value of a if is a real number and find this real number. Let z = a + bi : z(z* – 2) + 4z* = 4 + 6i
1 2 i
 (a + bi)( a – bi – 2) + 4(a – bi) = 4 + 6i
 (a2 + b2 + 2a) – 6bi = 4 + 6i
2  ai
Let =k: 2 + ai = k + k 2 i  k = 2 and a = k 2  (a2 + b2 + 2a) = 4 and –6b = 6
1 2 i  b = –1 : a2 + 2a – 3 = 0  (a + 3)(a – 1) = 0
2  ai  a = –3 or 1  z = –3 – i or 1 – i
 a=( 2) 2=2 and = 2
1 2 i
eg 9 The variable complex number z is given by z = 2 cos θ + i (1 − 2 sin θ),
Alternative Prove that the real part of 1 is constant.
z  2i
2  ai 2  ai 1 2 i (1 a ) 2  (a  2)i (1  a ) 2 (a  2)
= . =
1 2
= + i 1 1 (2 cos θ  2)  (2 sin θ )i (2 cos θ  2)  (2 sin θ )i
1 2 i 1 2 i 1 2 i 3 3 = . =
z  2i (2 cos θ  2)  (2 sin θ )i (2 cos θ  2)  (2 sin θ )i (2 cos θ  2)2  (2 sin θ )2
2  ai ( a  2)
Since is a real number : =0  a=2 1 2(cos θ  1) 2(cos θ  1)
1 2 i 3  Re( )= =
z  2 i 2
4(cos θ  2 cos θ  1 sin θ )2 4 (1  2 cos θ  1)
2  ai (1  a ) 2 (a  2) (1  2) 2 2(cos θ  1) 1
 = + i= + 0i = 2 = = (constant)
1 2 i 3 3 3 8(cos θ  1) 4

4-2
Argand Diagram eg 1 z1 = 2 + 2i , z2 = 2 – 3i , z3 = –4 – 3i , z4 = –4 + 2i , z5 = 2i , z6 = –3i
z = x + yi is represented by the point with Z(x, y) Z4(–4, 2)
coordinates Z(x, y) in an Argand diagram   Z5(0, 2)

Z1(2, 2)

(Horizontal axis is called the real axis, y
and the vertical axis is called the imaginary axis)
0 x
Note : The (line or arrow line) connecting
O to Z is optional.

The length OZ is called the modulus of z, denoted by │z│or r.


1.
Z6(0, –3)  
Z3(–4, –3) Z2(2, –3)
│z │= │x + yi │= x y
2 2

1. │z1│= 22  22 = 2 2 2. │z2│= 22  (3)2 = 13

2. The angle made by the line OZ with the real axis is called the argument of z, 2  -3
denoted by arg(z) or Arg(z) or θ. arg(z1) = tan–1 ( )= 4 arg(z2) = tan–1 ( ) = –0.983/5.300
2 2
y
(a) arg(z) = tan–1 ( ) in Q1 for x > 0, y > 0
x 3. │z3│= (4)2  (3)2 = 5 4. │z4│= (4)2  22 = 2 5
y – ≤ arg(z) ≤  arg(z3) = tan–1 (
-3 = –3.142/3.785 arg(z4) = tan–1 (
2
(b) arg(z) = tan–1 ( )
-4) -4)
in Q2 for x < 0, y > 0 = 2.678
x
or
–1 y
(c) arg(z) = tan ( ) in Q3 for x < 0, y < 0 0 ≤ arg(z) ≤ 2
x 5. │z5│= 02  22 = 2 6. │z6│= 02  ( 3)2 = 3
y   3
(d) arg(z) = tan–1 ( ) in Q4 for x > 0, y < 0 arg(z5) = (direct answer) arg(z6) = – or (direct answer)
x 2 2 2

eg 2 If z is a complex number such that │z│= 1, find the real part of 1 .

Note : If │z│= r and arg(z) = θ, then 1 z
Let z = a + bi : │z│= 1 
a2 + b2 = 1
1. │z*│= r and arg(z*) = –θ, 2. │z . z*│= r 2
1 = 1 1 (1 a )  bi (1 a )  bi
= . =
1 z 1  (a  bi ) (1 a )  bi (1 a )  bi (1 a )2  b2
(1 a ) (1 a ) (1  a )
 Re( 1 ) = = = = 1
1 z 2
1 2a  a  b 2 1  2a  (1) 2(1  a ) 2

4-3
eg 3 The complex numbers z1 and z2 satisfy the equation z2 = 2 – 2 3 i. eg 4 Solve the equation z2 − 2iz − 5 = 0, giving your answers in the
form x + iy where x and y are real.
(a) Express z1 and z2 in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers.
(a) Find the modulus and argument of each root.
(b) Represent z1 and z2 in an Argand diagram. (b) Sketch an Argand diagram showing the points representing the roots.
(c) For each of z1 and z2, find the modulus, and the argument in radians.
- (-2i )  (-2i )2  4(1)(-5)
z2 − 2iz − 5 = 0 : z= = 2 + i , –2 + i
(a) Let z = a + bi : z2 = 2 – 2 3 i = (a2 – b2) + 2abi  a2 – b2 = 2 and ab = – 3 2(1)
 a – a b = 2a  a4 – 2a2 – 3 = 0
4 2 2 2  z1 = 2 + i and z2 = –2 + i
 (a2 + 1)( a2 – 3) = 0  a = ± i , ± 3 (a) (b)

Since a is a real number : a = 3 , b = 1 or a = – 3 , b = 1 │z1│= 22  12 = 5 5

1 Z2(–2, 1) Z1(2, 1)
 z1 = 3 – i and z2 = – 3 + i –1
arg(z1) = tan ( ) = 0.4636
2
 
Alternative (a)
   │z2│= (-2)2  12 = 5
z2 = 2 – 2 3 i = 4[cos (- ) + i sin (- 3 ) ] = 4 cis (- 3 ) 5
3 1
1 1 arg(z2) = tan–1 ( ) = 2.6779
   2
 z = [4 cis (- 3 ) ] 2 = [4 cis ( - 3 + 2k)] 2 = 2 cis ( -
6
+ k) , for k = 0, 1

  5 5
 z = 2 cos (- ) + 2i sin (- 6 ) or 2 cos + 2i sin = 3 – i or – 3 + i
6 6 6
 z1 = 3 – i and z2 = – 3 + i 5
eg 5 The complex number z is defined by z = , where the constant a is real.
a  2i
(a) Express z in the form x + iy, where x and y are real.
(b) Find the value of a for which arg(z*) = 3 , where z* denotes the
(b)
(c) │z1│= ( 3 )2  (-1)2 = 2
2 4
-1 
Z2(– 3 , 1) arg(z1) = tan–1 ( )= – complex conjugate of z.
 3 6
(a) z =
5
=
5
.
a  2i
=
5a
–
10
i
a  2i a  2i a  2i a 2  4 a 2  4
│z2│= (- 3 )2  12 = 2
i : arg(z*) = 3  = tan 3
5a 10 10
2 (b) z* = +  a = −2
–1 1 5 a2  4 a2  4 4 5a 4
arg(z2) = tan (- )= 6
 3
eg 6 The variable complex number z is given by z = 2 cos θ + i (1 − 2 sin θ),
Z1( 3 , –1)
show that │z − i │= 2, for all values of θ.

z − i = 2 cos θ − (2 sin θ)i

 │z − i │= (2 cos θ )2  (-2 sin θ )2 = 4(cos2 θ  sin2 θ ) = 4(1) = 2

4-4
Complex Numbers in Polar Form - 9 - 9 -3
4. ( 3 – i)9 = [2 cis ( )] = (2)9 [cis ( 6 )] = 512 cis ( 2 )
(x, y) 6
z = x + yi = r(cos θ + i sin θ) = r cis θ  -3 -3
= 512 [cos ( )  i sin ( )] = 512 (0 + i) = 512i
r y 2 2
where r = │z │= x y
2 2
and θ Alternative
y x 11 9 11 9 33
θ = arg(z) = tan–1 ( ) ( 3 – i)9 = (2 cis ) = (2)9 (cis 6 ) = 512 cis ( 2 )
x 6
33 33
Note : r cis θ = r eiθ , is known as the Euler form. = 512 [cos ( )  i sin ( )] = 512 (0 + i) = 512i
2 2

De Moivre’s Theorem 
eg 2 A complex number, z, is such that | z – 1 | = 2 2 and arg (z – 1) = – .
4
(cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ for all values of n.
Express z in the form a + bi, where a and b are real constants.

Proof : (cos θ + i sin θ)n = (eiθ ) = ei( nθ ) = cos nθ + i sin nθ

n  
z – 1 = 2 2 [cos (– ) + i sin (– ) ]
4 4
 8 8  8
 z= 2 2 ( 1
–
1
i ) + 1 = 3 – 2i
eg 1 1. (2 + 2i)8 = (2 2 cis
4
) = (2 2 ) (cis 4 ) = 4096 (cis 2) 2 2
= 4096 (cos 2 + i sin 2) = 4096 (1 + 0i) = 4096
Alternative
5 4
[cis ( 56 )] = 144 cis (103 ) z – 1 = (a – 1) + bi
4 4
2. (–3 + 3 i ) = [
4
12 cis ( )] = ( 12 )
6  b 
arg = – : = tan (– )  b=1–a
10 10 1 3 4 a 1 4
= 144 [cos ( )  i sin ( )] = 144 (  i)
3 3 2 2 | z – 1 | = 2 2 : (a – 1)2 + b2 = 8
= –72 – 72 3 i (–b)2 + b2 = 8  b2 = 4 Since b < 0 , then b = –2
 a = 3 , b = –2  z = 3 – 2i
-2 7 -2 7 -14
3. (–1 – 3 i )7 = [2 cis ( )] = (2)7 [cis ( )] = 128 cis ( )
3 3 3 Alternative
-14 -14 3 1 z – 1 = (a – 1) + bi
= 128 [cos ( )  i sin ( )] = 128 ( 2  2 i)
3 3  b 
arg = – : = tan (– )  b=1–a
= –64 – 64 3 i 4 a 1 4
Alternative | z – 1 | = 2 2 : (a – 1)2 + b2 = 8
4 7 4 7 28
(–1 – 3 i ) 7
= [2 cis ( )] = (2)7 [cis ( )] = 128 cis ( ) (a – 1)2 + (1 – a)2 = 8  a = 3 or –1 Since a – 1 > 0 , then a = 3
3 3 3
 a = 3 , b = –2  z = 3 – 2i
28 28 1 3
= 128 [cos (
3
)  i sin ( 3 )] = 128 ( 2  2 i)
= –64 – 64 3 i
4-5
eg 3 Complex numbers z and w are given by z = –1 – i and w = 1 + i 3 . eg 4 The complex number z is given by z = 1 + 3 i .
Express z and w in polar form.
(a) Find | z | and arg z.
z9
Hence, express the complex number 8 in the form r (cos θ + i sin θ).
w (b) Using the de Moivre’s theorem, show that z5 = 16 – 16 3i .
where r > 0 and – < θ ≤ . z 4 in the form x + yi, where z* is the conjugate of z and x, y  .
(c) Express
z*
│z│= ( 1)2  ( 1)2 = 2 │w│= 12  ( 3 )2 = 2
3 5 
arg(z) = tan−1( 1 ) = –
1
(or
) arg(w) = tan−1( 3 )=  (a) | z | = 12  ( 3 )2 = 2 arg z = tan –1( 3 )=
3
4 4 3
3
) + i sin (– 3 )]   5
 z= 2 [cos (– w = 2 [cos ]   5 1 3
4 4 3
+ i sin
3 (b) z5 =  2 cis  = 25 cis = 32(– – i) = 16 – 16 3i
 3  3 2 2

27 8
z9 = 16 2 [cis (– )] , w8 = 256 [cis ]
4 3 (c)
z 4 = z 4 . z = z 5 = 16  16 3i = 4 – 4 3i
z* z* z 2
( 2)2
z9
[cis (– 274 – 83 )] = 162 [cis (– 113 
16 2 z
 = )]
w8 256 12
Alternative 1
=
2
[cis ( 712 )] = 2
[cos 712 + i sin 712 ]  
4
16 16  2 cis 
4
z =  3 4 
Alternative 1 (c) = 23 cis [ – (– )] = 4 – 4 3 i
z*  3 3
27 8 2 cis (- )
z9 = 16 2 [cis (– )] , w8 = 256 [cis ] 3
4 3
z9 16  16i  1 3 i (1 3 )  (1 3 )i Alternative 2
= x = 4
 i(  ) 
8
w  128  128 3i  1 3 i 32
2 e 3 
  i( 4  )
 z9    i( 5 ) 5
 = tan−1  1  3  = 7
z9 (1 3 ) 2  (1  3 ) 2 2 4
z =   16 e 3
= = and arg  8 (c) = = 8 e 3 = 8 cis ( ) = 4 –4 3i
w8 32 16 w   1  3  12 z* i(-  ) i(- ) 3
    2e 3 2e 3

z9
=
2
[cos 712 + i sin 712 ]
w 8 16
Alternative 2
i ( -27 ) i ( 8 )
z9 = 16 2 e 4 , w8 = 256 e 3
 8 ) -113 7
z 9 16 2 i ( -27
4 3 = 2 i ( 12 ) 2 i ( 12 )
= e e = e
w8 256 16 16


z9
=
2
[cos 712 + i sin 712 ]
w 8 16

4-6
 2
nth Roots of z ≡ ( n z ) ≡ (Solution of wn = z) eg 2 A complex number z has modulus 8 and argument .
3
(a) Find the real and imaginary parts of z.
To find the nth roots of z (To find the solution for wn = z), 1
(b) Determine z 2 in Cartesian form.
1. Express z in polar form.

2, Extend the argument of z into general form, by (+ 2k). 2 2 1 3

(a) z = 8 (cos + i sin ) = 8(– ) + 8( )i = –4 + 4 3 i
3 3 2 2
3. Apply the De Moivre Theorem on the polar form.
Re(z) = –4 Im(z) = 4 3
4. State that k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , (n – 1).
Alternative (a) 1
5. Write the roots (w) by sub k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , (n – 1).
2 2 1 3
(a) z = 8 (cos + i sin )  Re(z) = 8(– ) = –4 , Im(z) = 8( )= 4 3
3 3 2 2
eg 1 Solve the equation z4 = –8 – 8 3 i , giving the roots in Cartesian form.
Alternative (a) 2
Show the roots on an Argand diagram.
 b  2
1
(a) z = a + bi : a2  b2 = 8 and tan–1   =
a 3
2  2  4
z4 = –8 – 8 3 i =16 cis (– )  z = 16 cis  -  2k 
3   3  a2 + 3a2 = 64  a = ± 4  a = 4 , b = – 4 3 or a = –4 , b = 4 3
  k  Since arg in Q2 (a < 0) : z = –4 + 4 3 i  Re(z) = –4 Im(z) = 4 3
 z = 2 cis  -   , for k = 0, 1, 2, 3
 6 2 
    5   4 
 z = 2 cis  -  , 2 cis   , 2 cis   , 2 cis   1 1
 6   
3  6   3  1
2 2 
(b) z 2 = (8 cis ) 2 = [8 cis ( 2
+ 2k)] = 8 cis ( + k), for k = 0, 1

 z = 2[cos ( - ) + i sin ( - 6 )] , 2[cos 3 + i sin 3 ] , 3 3 3
6   4 4
= 2 2 (cos + i sin ) , 2 2 (cos + i sin ) = 2 +i 6 , – 2 –i 6
5 5
2[cos
6
+ i sin
6
] , 2[cos 43 + i sin 43 ] 3 3 3 3

Alternative (b)
 z= 3 –i,1+ 3 i , – 3 + i , –1 – 3i 1
(b) x + yi = z 2 : x2 – y2 + 2xyi = –4 + 4 3 i  x2 – y2 = –4 and 2xy = 4 3
2
2 (1, 3 ) 2 3 
 x – 
2  = –4  x4 + 4x2 – 12 = 0
(– 3 , 1)  x 
 

Since x is real : x=± 2  x = 2 , y = 6 and x = – 2 , y = – 6
–2 2 1
  z = 2+ i 6 ,– 2– i 6
2
( 3 , –1)

(–1, – 3 ) –2

4-7
 iz
eg 3 Express the complex number 6 – i 2 in polar form. eg 4 The complex numbers z and w are given by z = –1 + i and w = .
1 iz
Hence, solve the equation z3 = 6 – i 2 . (a) Find w in the form x + yi, where x, y  . State the real and imaginary
parts of w.
 (b) Express w in polar form.
| 6 –i 2 | = 2 2 Arg ( 6 – i 2 ) = –
6
(c) Using de Moivre's theorem, determine the cube roots of w.
 
6 – i 2 = 2 2 [cos (– ) + i sin (– )] Give your answer in Cartesian form.
6 6
i z i  ( 1  i ) 1 2i 2  i 1 2i i (2  i )
(a) w = = = x or = = =i
1  i z 1  i ( 1  i ) 2 i 2i 2 i 2i
  Real part = 0, and imaginary part = 1
z3 = 6 – i 2 = 2 2 cis (– )
6
1
    3   2k 
z = 2 2 cis  -  2k   = 2 cis  -   , for k = 1, 2, 3   
  6    18 3  (b) |w| = 1 , arg w =
2
: w = cos
2
+ i sin
2
    11   23 
= 2 cis  -  , 2 cis   , 2 cis  
 18   18   18 
1
  11 11 1    3    4k 
= 2 [cos (– ) + i sin (– )] , 2 [cos + i sin ], (c) w3 = cis   2k   = cis   , for k = 0, 1, 2
18 18 18 18  
  2   6
23 23
2 [cos + i sin ]   5   3 
18 18 = cis   , cis   , cis  
z = 1.3927 – 0.2456i , – 0.4837 + 1.3289i , – 0.9090 – 1.0834i 6  6   2 
  5 5 3 3
= cos ( ) + i sin ( ) , cos ( ) + i sin ( ) , cos ( ) + i sin ( )
6 6 6 6 2 2
3 1 3 1
The cube roots of w are + i, – i , –i
2 2 2 2

4-8
eg 5 Solve the equation z4 = –2 + i 12 , giving the roots in Cartesian form.
Show the roots on an Argand diagram.
2
| –2 + i 12 | = 4  12 = 4 & arg(–2 + i 12 ) = tan–1(– 3 )= 
3
2 1 2
z4 = 4(cis  )  z = 2 cis (   2n)
3 4 3
1 2 7 5
z = 2 cis  , 2 cis  , 2 cis  , 2 cis 
6 3 6 3
6 2 2 6 6 2 2 6
z= + i,– + i,– – i, – i
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Alternative
Let w = z2 = a + bi : z4 = w2  (a2 – b2) + 2abi = –2 + i 12
a2 – b2 = –2 and 2ab = 12  a 4 + 2a 2 – 3 = 0  (a2 + 3)(a2 – 1) = 0

Since a2 > 0 : a = ±1 , b = ± 3 0  z2 = 1 + i 3 or –1 – i 3
Let z = x + yi :
Case 1 : (x2 – y2) + 2xyi = 1 + i 3  x2 – y2 = 1 and 2xy = 3
4x4 – 4x2 – 3 = 0  (2x2 + 1)(2x2 – 3) = 0
3 1
Since x2 > 0 : x=± ,y=±
2 2
Case 2 : (x2 – y2) + 2xyi = –1 – i 3
3 1
By the same method : x=± ,y=
2 2
6 2 2 6 6 2 2 6
z= + i,– + i,– – i, – i
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

  2  6 2
 2 , 6   

,
 2 2  2 2 
   

 2 2


 
 6 , 2    2 ,  6 
 2 2   2  
  2 2 

4-9