Banking of Highway Curves:

W V2
g r V2
tanθ= =
W gr
—————————— 1

if friction considered:
 W V2
g r V2 —————————— 2
tan ( θ+ ∅ )= =
W gr

where F and W are the components of the total load reaction R and f is the
tangent of the angle of friction.
F = fn = friction force
If a car is on shipping down the plane of banking because of insufficient speed,

V2
tan ( θ−∅ )= —————————— 3
gr

Problem:
The super elevation of a railroad track is the number of millimeters that the
outside rail is raised to prevent side thrust of the wheel flanges of cars traveling the
curve at rated speed. Determine the super elevation “e” for a track having a gauge of
1.45 m of 600 m radius at a rated speed of 100 kph. What is the flange pressure P on
the wheels of a 450 kN car that round the curve at 126 kph?
Figure:

Given:
Track radius = 600m
Gauge distance = 1.45 m
Track rated speed = 100 kph
Weight of car = 450 kN
Car speed = 126 kph

W V2
g r
tanθ=
W

V2
tanθ=
gr

where: V =rated speed

km m
(
¿ 100
hr)(
1000
km )( 36001 hrsec )=27.78 secm
 m2
27.782
sec 2 θ=7.5°
tanθ=
( 9.81 ) (600 m)

e
sin θ= e=1.45 sin 7.5 °=190 mm
1.45

W V2
g r
tan ( θ+ ∅ )=
W

V2
tan ( θ+ ∅ )=
gr

352
tan ( θ+ ∅ )=
(9.81)(600)

( θ+ ∅ ) =11.760 ∅=4.26 °

Cord:
W
cos ( θ+ ∅ )= where W =weight of car
R
cos 11.76 °=450 R=resultant of forces

R=456.9 kN
 F
sin ∅=
R

m
V =126 kph 35
sec

F
sin 4.26 ° = F=34.14 kN
459.6 kN

Problem (For SW/ Assignment)

1. A car weighing 15000 N rounds a curve of 60 m radius banked at angle 30°. Find
the friction force acting on tires when the car is travelling at 100 kph. The
coefficient of friction force between the tires and the road is 0.90.
2. The coefficient of friction between the road and the tires of the car is 0.60. This
car weighs 15000 N. It is rounding a curve of 150 m radius as maximum speed.
What is the value of the friction force under each wheel? How high above the
road must the center of gravity be to limit this maximum speed by the tendency to
overturn?

Rotation:

Rotation is defined as that the motion of a rigid body in

which the particles move in circular paths with their center as a
fixed straight line that is called the axis of rotation. The planes of the circles in which the
particles move are perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

Figure:
Relation between linear and
angular displacement

s=rθ ; differentiate with respect to time ———— 1

ds dθ
=r
dt dt

dθ
ω= =angular velocity=time rate of change of angular displacement
dt

ϑ=rω —————————— 2

dϑ dω
=r
dt dt

dω
angular acceleration, ∝= =time rate of angular velocity
dt
Tangential acceleration, α t=r ∝ —————————— 3

ϑ2 2
Normal acceleration, α n= =r ω —————————— 4
r

dθ dω
From ω= and ∝=
dt dt

ωdω=∝ dθ ————————— 5
Comparison of Rectilinear Motion X Rotation
 ds dθ
ϑ= ω=
dt dt

dϑ d 2 s dω d 2 θ
α= = ∝= =
dt dt 2 dt dt 2

ϑdϑ=αds ωdω=∝ dθ

s=rθ

ϑ=rω

α t=r ∝

α n=r ω 2

Rotation with constant angular acceleration:

Rectilinear Motion (Related by) Rotation

ϑ=ϑ0 +αt s=rθ ω=ω 0+ ∝t

1 ϑ=rω 1
s=ϑ0 t + a t 2 θ=ω0 t+ ∝ t 2
2 2
2 2
ϑ =ϑ 0 + 2as α t=r ∝ 2 2
ω =ω 0 +2 ∝θ

Problem:

A flywheel 6 ft in diameter accelerates from rest at a constant rate of 4 rpm/sec.

1. Compute the angular velocity on the rim of the flywheel after 10 sec.
2. Compute the normal component of the acceleration of a particle on the
rim of the flywheel after 10 sec.
3. Compute the tangential component of the acceleration of a particle on
the rim of the flywheel after 10 sec.
Solution:
rev
1. Angular velocity, ω where r = 6 ft. and min .
∝=4
sec

rpm
∗2 πrad
sec
∗1 min
1 rev rad
∝=4 =0.42
60 sec sec

rad
α n=r ω 2 ? ω=ω 0+ ∝t=0+ 0.42 ( 10 ) =4.2
sec

2. α n=r ω 2
ft .
α n=( 3 ) ( 4.2 )2=59.92
sec 2

rad ft .
(
3. α t=r ∝= (3 ft ) 0.42
sec 2 )
=1.26
sec 2

Problem:
1) The step pulleys as shown in the figure are connected by a crossed belt. If the
angular acceleration of C is 2 rad/sec, what time is required for A to travel 180 ft.
from rest? Through what distance will D move while A is moving 240 ft.?

2)
The

rim of a 50 in. wheel in a brake shoe testing machine has a speed of 60 mph
when the brake is dropped. It comes to rest after the rim has travelled a linear
 distance of 600 ft. What are the constant angular acceleration and the number of
revolutions that the wheel makes in coming to rest?

ROTATION with VARIABALE ANGULAR ACCELERATION

Since the differential equations of rectilinear motion and rotation are
mathematically identical, we used to observe merely that the technique for handling
problems of rotation with variable angular acceleration is the same as that of rectilinear
motion with variable acceleration.

Problem:

The rotation of the pulley is defined by the relation θ=2t 4 −30 t 2 +6 where θ is
measured in radians and t in seconds. Compute the values of angular displacement,
velocity and angular acceleration at the instant when t = 4 sec.

Solution:

Given: θ=2t 4 −30 t 2 +6

a) Angular displacement when t = 4 sec.

θ=angular displacement =2( 4)4−30 ( 4 )2 +6=38 radians

b) Angular velocity
dθ
=angular velocity=8 t 3 −60 t
dt

rad
ω=8( 4)3−60 ( 4 ) =272
sec

c) Angular acceleration
ω=8 t 3−60 t
dω
∝=angular acceleration= =24 t 2−60
dt

rad
∝=24 ( 4 )2 −60=324
sec 2
Problems (For SW/ Assignments)

1) The angular acceleration of a pulley which will rotate from rest is increased
uniformly from zero to 12 rad/sec2 during 4 sec., and then uniformly decreased to
4 rad/sec2 during the next 3 sec.
(a) Compute the angular velocity and angular displacement at the end of
sec.
(b) Compute the number of revolution through the pulley will rotate from
rest at the end of 7 seconds.
2) A body rotates according to the relation ∝=2 t where ∝ is in rad/sec2 and t in
rad
seconds, ω=4 and θ=0when t=0
sec
(a) Compute the value of ω at the instant when t=2 sec .
(b) Compute the value of θ at the instant when t=2 sec .