15ECC08 - ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS II

UNIT-I –FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS

Two Marks Question & Answer

1. What is meant by feedback?

A portion of the output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier and is combined with the
normal input signal. This is known as feedback.
(OR)
Feedback is a part of output is sampled and fedback to the input of the amplifier.
2. Give the different types of feedbacks used in amplifier circuits.
 Positive feedback
 Negative feedback.
3. Define the positive feedback.
When input signal and part of the output signal are in phase, the feedback is called Positive
feedback.
4. Define negative feedback.
When input signal and part of the output signal are in out of phase, the feedback is called negative
feedback.
5. What type of feedback is used in oscillator?
Positive
6. Give classification of amplifiers.
The amplifiers can be classified into four broad categories: voltage, current, Transconductance
and Transresistance amplifiers.
7. What is node sampling?
When the output voltage is sampled by connecting the feedback network in shunt across the
output, the connection is referred to as voltage or node sampling.
8. What is loop sampling?
When the output current is sampled by connecting the feedback network in series with the output,
the connection is referred to as current or loop sampling.
9. Define feedback factor or feedback ratio.
The ratio of the feedback voltage to output voltage is known as feedback factor or feedback ratio.
10. What is the purpose of mixer network in feedback amplifier?
The mixer network is used to combine feedback signal and input at input of an amplifier.
11. What are the advantages of introducing negative feedback?.
 Input resistance is very high.
 Output resistance is low.
 The transfer gain Af of the amplifier with feedback can be stabilized against variations of
the h-parameters or hybrid π parameters of the transistors or the Parameters of the others
active devices used in the amplifiers.
 It improves the frequency response of the amplifiers.
 There is a significant improvement in the linearity of operation of the feedback.
12. List the four basic feedback topologies.
 Voltage amplifier with voltage series feedback.
 Transconductance amplifier with current-series feedback.
 Current amplifier with current-shunt feedback
 Transresistance amplifier with voltage shunt feedback
13. Give the expression for gain of an amplifier with feedback.
AVf = AV/ (1+ AV β)
Where, AVf – feedback voltage gain. AV – Voltage gain.
β - Feedback factor
14. What is loop gain or return ratio.
A path of a signal from input terminals through basic amplifier, through the feedback network
and back to the input terminals forms a loop. The gain of this loop is the product -A β . This gain
is known as loop gain or return ratio.
15. What is sensitivity of the transfer gain?
The fractional change in amplification with feedback divided by the fractional change without
feedback is called the sensitivity of the transfer gain.
16. What is desensitivity?
The reciprocal of the sensitivity is called the desensitivity D. it is given as D = 1+A β
17. What is the effect of lower cut-off frequency with negative feedback?
Lower cutoff frequency with feedback is less than lower cutoff frequency without feedback by
factor (1+Amid β)
18. What is the effect of upper cut-off frequency with negative feedback?
Upper cutoff frequency with feedback is greater than upper cutoff frequency without feedback by
factor (1+Amid β)
19. What is the effect of negative feedback on bandwidth?
Bandwidth of amplifier with feedback is greater than bandwidth of amplifier without feedback.
20. Why gain bandwidth product remains constant with the introduction of negative feedback?
Since bandwidth with negative feedback increases by factor (1+A β) and gain decreases by same
factor, the gain-bandwidth product of an amplifier does not altered, when negative feedback is
introduced.
21. What is the effect of negative feedback on feedback distortion?
The frequency distortion is reduced with the negative feedback.
22. What is the effect of negative feedback on noise?
The noise is reduced with the negative feedback.
23. What is the effect of negative feedback on non linear distortion?
The linear distortion is reduced with the negative feedback.
24. What are the types of distortions in an amplifier?
 Frequency
 Noise and non linear
25. What type of feedback is employed in emitter follower amplifier?
Voltage series feedback.
26. A feedback amplifier has an open loop gain of 600 and feedback factor β = 0.01. Find
the closed loop gain with feedback.
AVf = AV/ (1+ AV β)
= 600/ (1+ 600*0.01)
= 85.714.
27. The distortion in an amplifier is found to be 3%, when the feedback ratio of negative feedback
amplifier is 0.04. When the feedback is removed, the distortion becomes 15%. Find the open and
closed loop gain.
Solution:
Given: β = 0.04
Distortion with feedback = 3%,
Distortion without feedback = 15%
D = 15/3 = 5.
Where D = 1+A β =5
28. Voltage gain of an amplifier without feedback is 60dB. It decreases to 40dB with
feedback. Calculate the feedback factor.
Solution:
Given: AV = 60dB and AVf = 40 dB.
We know that,
AVf = AV / (1+ AVβ)
β = (AV- AVf) / ( AVAVf)
= (60-40) / (60*40)
β = 0.00833.
29. State the nyquist criterion for stability of feedback amplifiers?
 The amplifier is unstable if the curve encloses the point -1+j0. The system is called as
unstable system.
 The amplifier is stable if the curve encloses the point -1+j0. That system is called as stable
system.
30. What is nyquist diagram?
The plot which shows the relationship between gain and phase-shift as a function of frequency is
called as nyquist diagram.
31. Write the steps which are used to identify the method of feedback topology?
 Identify topology (type of feedback)
a) To find the type of sampling network.
b) To find the type of mixing network
 Find the input circuit.
 Find the output circuit.
 Replace each active device by its h-parameter model at low frequency.
 Find the open loop gain (gain without feedback), A of the amplifier.
 Indicate Xf and Xo on the circuit and evaluate β = XfXo.
 Calculate A, and β, find D, Ai,Rif,Rof,and Rof’.
32. Write down the various characteristics of topology?

Topology
Characteristics
Voltage Series Current Series Current Shunt Voltage Shunt
Sapling signal,
Voltage Voltage Current Current
Xo
Mixing signal Voltage Current Current Voltage
To find input
Vo=0 Io= 0 Io=0 Vo=0
loop, Set
to find output
Ii=0 Ii = 0 Vi = 0 Vi = 0
loop, set
Signal source Thevenin Thevenin Norton Norton
β = Xf /Xo Vf / Vo Vf/Io If/Io If/Io
A=Xo/Xi AV=Vo/Vi GM=Io/Vi AI =Io/Ii RM=Vo/Ii
D=1+ βA 1+ βAv 1+ βGM 1+ βAI 1+ βRM
Af AV/D GM/D AI/D RM/D
Rif RiD RiD Ri/D Ri/D
Rof Ro/(1+βAV) Ro (1+βGM) Ro (1+βAI) Ro/(1+βRM)
 16 marks Question
1. What will happen when a step input voltage is applied to the high pass RC Circuit?
2. Explain the relevant information, how the negative feedback improves stability reduce noise and
increase input impedance?
3. Explain voltage shunt feedback amplifiers?
4. Explain current series feedback amplifiers?
5. Explain the classification of amplifiers?
6. Explain current shunt and voltage shunt feedback amplifiers?

UNIT-II – OSCILLATORS

Two Marks Question & Answer

1. What is an oscillator?
An oscillator is a circuit which basically acts as a generator, generating the output signal which
oscillates with constant amplitude and constant desired frequency.
2. What is the difference between open loop and closed loop gain of the circuit?
S.No. Open loop gain Closed loop gain
The gain of the amplifier is ratio
The ratio of the output to input,
of output to input when no
1. considering the overall effect of the
feedback is used is called open
feedback is called closed loop gain.
loop gain

3. State the Barkhausen criterion for an oscillator.

 The total phase shift around a loop, as the signal proceeds from input through amplifier,
feedback network back to input again, completing a loop, is precisely 00 or 3600.
 The magnitude of the product of the open loop gain of the amplifier (A) and the feedback
factor β is unity. i.e., A β = 1.
4. Explain the concept of positive feedback.
The feedback is a property which allows to feedback the part of the output, to the same circuit as
its input. Such a feedback is said to be positive whenever the part if the output that is fed back to
the amplifier as its input, is in phase with the original input signal applied to the amplifier.
5. From where starting voltage for the oscillator is derived?
Every resistance has some free electrons. Under the influence of room temperature, these free
electrons move randomly in various directions. In such a movement of the free electrons generate
a voltage called noise voltage, across the resistance. Such noise voltage provides the starting
voltage for the oscillator.
6. Why in practice A β is kept greater than unity.
To amplify small noise voltage present, so that oscillations can start, A β is kept initially greater
than unity.
7. Give the overall classification of oscillators?
 Waveform type (sinusoidal, square, triangular,etc.,)
 Circuit components (LC, RC,etc.,)
 Range of frequency –A.F (audio), R.F (radio)
 Type of feedback (RC phase shift, Wein bridge are feedback used, UJT relaxation
oscillators uses no feedback)
8. What are the frequency sensitive arms?
The arms which decide the frequency of oscillations i.e., R1-C1 and R2-C2 are the frequency
sensitive arms.
9. What is the gain requirement in the wein bridge oscillator?
The gain requirement for wein bridge oscillator is minimum 3.
10. How to obtain Hartley oscillator from the basic form of LC oscillator?
Using X1 and X2 as inductors and X3 as capacitor, Hartley oscillator from basic form of LC
oscillator is obtained.
11. How to obtained colpitt’s oscillator form basic form of LC oscillator?
Using X1 and X2 as capacitors and X3 as inductors, colpitt’s oscillator from basic form of LC
oscillator is obtained.
12. Write down the advantages of RC phase shift oscillator.
 Simplicity of the circuit.
 Useful for frequencies in the audio range.
 A sine wave output can be obtained.
13. Write down disadvantages of RC phase shift oscillator.
 Poor frequency stability.
 It is difficult to get a variable frequency output, because to change the frequency, we need
to vary all the resistors and capacitors simultaneously which is practically very difficult.
14. Write down the advantages, disadvantages and applications of Hartley oscillator.
Advantages:
 It is easy to tune
 It can operate over a wide frequency typically from few Hz and several MHz.
 It is easy to change the frequency by means of a variable capacitor.
Disadvantages:
 Poor
 frequency stability.
Applications:
 It is used as local oscillator in radio and TV receivers.
 In the function generator.
 In RF sources
15. Write down the advantages, disadvantages and applications of colpitt’s oscillator.
Advantages:
 Simple construction.
 It is possible to obtain oscillations at very high frequencies.
Disadvantages:
 It is difficult to adjust the feedback as it demands change in capacitor values.
 Poor frequency stability.
Application: As a high frequency generator.
16. Write down the comparison between LC oscillators and crystals oscillators.
S.NO Crystal oscillator LC oscillator
Frequency of oscillations depends on the Frequency of oscillations is
1.
dimensions of crystal dependent on values of L and C
Accuracy depends only on the fine cut of Accuracy mainly depends on
2.
the crystal tolerances of L and C
3. Q is very high and it is stable Q is less as compared to the crystal
Miller crystal oscillator, pierce crystal Hartley, colpitt’s and clap
4. oscillator oscillators are the examples of
are the examples of crystal oscillator LC oscillators.
17. Write down the advantages, disadvantages and applications of crystal
oscillator.
Advantages:
 Very high frequency stability.
 Very low frequency drift due to change in temperature and other parameters.
 It is possible to obtain very high, precise and stable frequency of oscillations.
 The Q is very high.
Disadvantages:
 These are suitable for high frequency applications.
 Crystals of low fundamental frequencies are not easily available.
Applications:
 As a crystal clock in microprocessors.
 In the frequency synthesizers.
 In the radio and TV transmitters.
 In special types of receivers.
18. Give the comparison between RC and LC oscillators.
S.NO RC oscillators LC oscillators
Frequency of oscillations is dependent on Frequency of oscillations is dependent
1.
values of R and C on values of L and C
These are used at low and medium
2. These are preferred at high frequencies
frequencies
Phase shift and wein bridge oscillators are Hartley, colpitt’s and clapp oscillators
3.
the examples of RC oscillators are the examples of LC oscillators
19. Write down the general applications of oscillators.
 As a local oscillator in radio receivers.
 In T.V receivers.
 In signal generators.
 As clock generation for logic circuits.
 AM and FM transmitters.
 In phase lock loops.
20. Write down the comparison of RC oscillators.
S.No Parameter Phase shift oscillator Wein bridge oscillator
Consists of three identical RC Uses wein bridge circuit as
1. Feedback network
sections connected in cascade feedback network
Phase shift
1800 at frequency of
2. introduced by the 00 at frequency of oscillations
oscillations
feedback network
Phase shift introduced 1800 at frequency of
3. 00 at frequency of oscillations
by the amplifier oscillations
Frequency of
4. f = 1/2π√6RC f = 1/2πRC
oscillations
β = -1/29 for oscillator β = + 1/3 for oscillator using
5. Value of β
using OP-AMP OP AMP
minimum value of
6. A>29 for sustained oscillations A> 3 for sustained oscillations
gain
Variable output
7. Possible but difficult Possible and easy
frequency
Amplitude or gain
8. Necessary Necessary
stabilization
 16 marks Question
1. With simple diagrams explain the operation of negative resistance oscillator usingtunnel diode?
2. Explain RC phase shift oscillator?
3. Explain Clapp’s oscillator and derive the expression for frequency of oscillation. Also explain
how frequency stability can be improved Clapp’s oscillator.
4. Explain Hartly oscillator and derive the equation for oscillation?
5. Explain pierce crystal oscillator and derive the equation for oscillation