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Laplace Transformation
Laplace Transformation:Let f (t) be a given function of t defined for all
positive values of t . Then its Laplace transformation (¿)is denoted by
L {f (t) } and is defined by
∞

L{ f (t)} =F(s)= f( t )=∫ f (t )e−st d t …………….(1)

0

of a variable s. The function F(s) is only defined for values of s for

which the integral (1) converges.
The function F(s) is called the Laplace transform of f(t) and the operator
L that transform f(t) into F(s) is the Laplace transform operator.
From (1) we have,
L{ f (t)} =F(s)
∴f(t)= L−1 { F( s) }

Here L−1is called inverse Laplace operator and f(t) is called inverse
Laplace transform.

 Find the Laplace transform of f(t)=e at ,where a is a real or complex

constant.
Solution: Given that,
f(t)=e at ……………………(1)
We know that,
∞

L{ f (t)} =F(s)=∫ f (t )e−st d t …………….(2)

0

Here, f(t)=e at
 Page 2 of 48

Therefore from (2) we get,

∞

L(e )=F(s)=∫ eat .e−st d t

at

=∫ e−(s−a)t d t
0

e−( s−a ) ∞
=[ −( s−a ) 0
]

1
= s−a ; s¿a (Ans.).

 Find the Laplace transformation of the following given function;

i) f(t)=1,
ii) f(t)=t,
iii) f(t)=t n,
iv) F(t)=sin at ,
v) f(t)=e t ,
vi) f(t)=cos at ,
vii) f(t)=sin ¿^ ¿ and
viii) f(t)=cos ¿^ ¿.
Solution:(i)Given that,
f(t)=1
We know that,
∞

L{ f (t)} =F(s)=∫ f (t )e−st d t ………………………(1)

0

Here, f(t)=1. Then from (1) becomes,

∞

L(1)=F(s)=∫ 1. e−st d t
0

e− st
=[ −s ] ∞0
1
= s (Ans.).
 Page 3 of 48

(ii)Given that,
f(t)=t
From (1) we have,
∞

L{ f (t)} =F(s)=∫ f (t )e−st d t

0

=∫ t . e−st d t
0

∞ ∞
d
=t ∫ e− st d t−∫ { dt
(t)∫ e−st d t }d t
0 0

∞
−te −st
= [ s 0−∫ ]
∞ −st
e dt
−s
0

1
= 0+ s ∫ e
−st
dt

1 e−st ∞
= s [ −s ] 0
1 1
= .
s s
1
= s2
(Ans.).

(iii)Given that,
f(t)=t n
∞

Now, L{ f (t)} =F(s)=∫ f (t )e−st d t

0

=∫ t n e−st dt
0
 Page 4 of 48

y
Putting, st=y Also t= s Limit:
n yn
=>sdt=dy ∴t =
sn
t=0, y=0
1
∴dt=
s dy t=∞ , y=∞

∞ n
y dy
∴ L( t )= F(s)=∫ n e− y s
n

0 s
∞
1
= n+1 ∫ e− y y n dy
s 0

∞
1
= s n+1 ┌(n+1) ; n>-1 and s>0 [∴∫ e− y y n =┌ (n+1)
0

∞
┌ (n+1) − x n−1
= n +1 ∫ e x =┌ n ]
s 0

n!
= s n+1
[ ∴ ┌ ( n+ 1 )=n ! ]
n!
∴ L( t n )= s n+1 (Ans.).

(iv)Given that,
f(t)=sin at
∞

Now, L{ f (t)} =F(s)=∫ f (t )e−st d t

0

= ∫ sin at e−st dt
0

=lim p→∞ [ ∫ sin at e−st dt ]

0

e−st (ssin at−acos at ) p

= lim p→∞ [ ]0
s2 +a2
 Page 5 of 48

e−sp (a sinap−a cosap) a

= [ 2 2
+ 2 2]
s +a s +a
a
= s + a2
2 (Ans.).

(v)Given that,
f(t)=e t
∞

Now, L{ f (t)} =F(s)=∫ f (t )e−st d t

0

= ∫ et e− st dt
0

= ∫ e−(s−1)t d t
0

e−(s−1)t ∞
= [ −(s−1) ] 0
1
= s−1 (Ans.).

(vi)Given that,
f(t)=cos at
∞

Now, L{ f (t)} =F(s)=∫ f (t )e−st d t

0

= ∫ cos at e− st dt
0

e−st (acos at+ asinat ) ∞

= [ ]0
s 2 + a2
s
= 0+ s2 +a2
 Page 6 of 48

s
∴ L¿)= (Ans.).
s + a2
2

(vii)Given that,
f(t)= sinhat
∞

Now, L{ f (t ) } =F(s)=∫ f ( t ) e−st d t

0

=> L(sinhat)= ∫ sinhat e−st dt

0

∞
1
= ∫ e−st . 2 (eat −e−at )dt
0

∞ ∞
1 1
= 2 ∫ e−st e at dt − 2 ∫ e−st e−at dt
0 0

∞ ∞
1 1
= 20
∫ e−( s−a) t dt − ∫ e− ( s+a )t dt
20

− ( s−a ) t ∞ − ( s+a ) t
1 e e
= [ 1 ] [
2 −( s−a ) 0− −( s +a ) 0
2
∞
]
1 1 1 1
= .
2 −( s−a )
. ( 0−1 ) + .
2 ( s +a )
. ( 0−1 )

1 1
= −
2 ( s−a ) 2 ( s+ a )
2a
= 2 2 (Ans.).
2(s −a )
a
∴ L ( sinhat )= 2 2 .
(s −a )

(viii)Given that,
f(t)=coshat
 Page 7 of 48

Now, L{ f (t ) } =F(s)=∫ f ( t ) e−st d t

0

=> L(coshat )= ∫ coshat e−st dt

0

∞
1
= ∫ e−st . 2 (eat + e−at )dt
0

∞ ∞
1
= [ ∫ e−st e at dt +∫ e−st e−at dt ]
2 0 0

− ( s−a ) t ∞ − ( s +a) t
1 e e
= [ 1 ] [
2 −( s−a ) 0+ −( s+ a ) 0
2
]1

1 1 1 1
= . + .
2 ( s−a ) 2 ( s +a )

1 1
= +
2 ( s−a ) 2 ( s+a )
2s
= 2 2
2(s −a )
s
∴ L ( coshat )= (Ans.).
( s −a2 )
2

 Table of Laplace Transforms of some elementary function:

No. F(t) L{F(t)}=f(t)

1. 1 1
s

2. t 1
s2

3. tn n!
n=0,1,2,3,….. s n+1
where n !=1,2,3 , … ,n
and 0 !=1
 Page 8 of 48

4. e at 1
s−a
s>a

5. sin at a
s>0
( s +a2 )
2

6. cos at s
s>0
( s +a2 )
2

7. sinh at a
s>|a|
( s −a 2 )
2

8. cosh at s
s>|a|
( s −a 2 )
2

9. t sin at 2 as
2 s>0
( s +a2 )
2

10. t cos at s2−a2

2 s>0
( s 2 +a2 )
11. t n eat (n=0,1,2,3,…….) n!
s>a
( s−a )n+1

 Some Important Property of Laplace Transform:

i )Linear Property:
 State and prove linear property.
Solution:
Statement:The Laplace transform is a linear transformation. If A and B
are constants and f 1 (t ) and f 2 (t) are functions with Laplace transform F 1(s)
and F 2(s) respectively then,
L { A f 1 ( t )+ B f 2(t )} = AL{f 1 ( t ) }+ BL{f 2 (t )}.
∞

Proof: Let, L {f 1 ( t ) }=F 1 (s)=∫ e−st f 1 ( t ) dt

0

And L {f 2 ( t ) }=F 2 (s) =∫ e−st f 2 ( t ) dt

0

Now if A and B are any two constants then,

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∞
L { A f 1 ( t )+ B f 2(t )}=∫ e−st { A f 1 ( t ) + B f 2 ( t ) }dt
0

∞ ∞

= A∫e −st
f 1 ( t ) dt + B∫ e−st f 2 ( t ) dt
0 0

= AL{f 1 ( t ) }+ BL{f 2 ( t ) }
∴ L{ A f 1 ( t ) + B f 2 (t)} = AL{f 1 ( t ) }+ BL{f 2 ( t ) }
(Proved) .

 Using the linearity property evaluate L ( cosat ), L ( sinat ) for L ( e iat ).

iat 1
Solution: We know that, L ( e ) = s−ia
∞
1
¿>∫ e−st eiat dt =
0
s−ia
∞
s+ia
¿>∫ e−st eiat dt = [ Multiply both sides by s+ia ]
0 s 2+ a2
∞
s+ia
¿>∫ e−st (cosat +isinat)dt =
0 s 2+ a2
∞ ∞
s+ia
¿>∫ e−st cosatdt +i ∫ e− st sinatdt =
0 0 s 2+ a2

s+ia
=> L ( cosat )+ iL ( sinat ) = s2 +a 2
s a
=> L ( cosat )+ iL ( sinat ) = s2 +a 2 +i s2 +a2

Equating on both sides we get,

s
L ( cosat )=
s + a2
2

a
and L ( sinat ) = s2 +a 2 (Ans.).
 Page 10 of 48

 Using the linearity property evaluate L ( cosat ), L ( sinat ) for L ( e at ).

Solution: We know that,
1
L ( e at )=
s−a
∞
s +a
¿>∫ e−st eat dt =
0 s 2−a2
∞
s +a
¿>∫ e−st (coshat + sinhat) dt =
0 s 2−a2
∞ ∞
s +a
coshatdt +∫ e−st sinhatdt =
−st
¿>∫ e
0 0 s 2−a2

s a
=> L ( coshat )+ L ( sinhat )= s 2−a 2 + s 2−a2

Equating on both sides we get,

s
L ( coshat )=
s −a2
2

a
and L ( sinhat ) = s2−a2 .
3−2sin3 t+3cos 5t ¿
4t
 Find the Laplace transform of e ¿ +4 t .
¿
¿

Solution: By applying linearity property,we have

3
4 t +4 t ¿ −2 sin3 t+ 3cos 5t }¿ ¿
L {e ¿
3
4 t }+4 L{t¿ }−2 L {sin3 t}+ 3 L {cos5 t} ¿ ¿
¿ L {e ¿

1 3! 3 s
¿ + 4. 4 −2. 2 2 +3. 2 2
s−4 s s +3 s +5
1 24 6 3s
¿ + 4− 2 + 2
s−4 s
. (Ans.)
s + 9 s +25

ii) First Translation (Shifting) Property:

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 State and prove first shifting property.

Solution:
Statement: If L { f ( t ) }=F (s ) then the first shifting property is defined as
L {e at f ( t ) }=F (s−a).

Proof: By definition of the laplacetransform,we have,

∞
L { f ( t ) }=∫ e− st f ( t ) dt =¿ F(s) ¿
0

∞
∴ L { f ( t ) e }=∫ e at e−st f ( t ) dt
at

= ∫ e−( s−a )t f ( t ) dt
0

= ∫ e−ut f (t ) dt , where s−a=u

0

¿ F (u)

¿ F (s−a)

∴ L { eat f ( t ) }=F ( s−a)

(Proved).

 Using first shifting property evaluate Laplace transform of

e−5 t sin 5 t .

Solution: We know that ,

a
L { sinat }= =F ( s)
s +a 2
2

5
∴ L {sin 5 t }= =F (s)
s +5 2
2

−5 t 5
Now, L {e sin 5t } =
(s +5)2+5 2
 Page 12 of 48

5
¿ 2
s +10 s+25+ 25
5
∴ L { e−5 t sin 5 t }= 2 (Ans.).
s +10 s+ 50

 By applying first shifting property prove that,

2 as
(i) L { tsinat } = ( s 2+ a2 )2

s2 −a2
(ii) L tcosat =
{ } 2
( s2 +a2 )
1
Proof: We have, L { t } = s2 =f ( s)

Then by applying the first shifting theorem,we get,

1
L { t e iat }=f ( s−ia )= 2
(s−ia)

(s+ia)2
¿> L { tcosat +itsinat } =
{( s+ia)(s−ia)}2

(s 2−a ¿ ¿2)+i2 as
¿> L { tcosat +itsinat } = 2
¿
( s2 +a ¿ ¿ 2) ¿

Equating real and imaginary parts from both sides,we get,

s 2−a2
L { tcosat }= 2
( s 2+ a ¿ ¿ 2) ¿

2 as
L { tsinat } = 2 2
(s + a ¿ ¿ 2) ¿

(Proved).

iii) Second Translation (Shifting) Property:

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 State and proved second shifting property.

Solution:

Statement: If L { f ( t ) }=F (s )and G ( t ) = {f (t−a) ,∧t >a

0 ,∧t< a . Then L { G ( t ) }=e
−as
F (s) .

Proof: By definition of the Laplace Transform,we have,

∞
L { f ( t ) }=∫ e− st f ( t ) dt=¿ F(s) ¿
0

∞
∴ L { G ( t ) }=∫ e−st G ( t ) dt
0

a ∞

= ∫e −st
G ( t ) dt +∫ e−st G ( t ) dt
0 a

a ∞

= ∫ e−st .0 dt +∫ e−st f (t−a) dt

0 a

∞
∴ L { G ( t ) }=∫ e−st f (t−a) dt ………...(1)
a

Let, t−a=u Limit:t=a , t=∞

∴ dt =du u = 0,u = ∞
Now, from (1) we have,
∞
−s(u+ a)
L { G ( t ) }=∫ e f (u)du
0

∞
−sa
¿e ∫ e−su f (u) du
0

¿ e−sa F ( s)

¿ e−as F ( s)

Hence, L { G ( t ) }=e−as F (s)

(Proved).
iv) The Change of Scale Property:
 Page 14 of 48

 State and prove change of scale property.

Solution:
1
Statement: If L { f ( t ) }=F ( s ) , then L { f ( at ) }= a F ( as ).
Proof: By definition of the Laplace transform,we have,
∞
L { f ( t ) }=∫ e− st f ( t ) dt =¿ F ¿ ¿s)
0

Let at=u Limit: t=0,u=0

u
¿>t=
a t=∞ ,u=∞
du
¿> dt=
a

∞
∴ L { f ( at ) }=∫ e−st f ( at ) dt
0

∞ u
−s . du
= ∫e a
f ( u)
a
0

∞ − su
1
= a0
∫e a
f ( u ) du

1 s
∴ L { f ( at ) }= F
a a ()
(Proved).
 Find the Laplace transforms of cosat and sinat using the change of
scale property.
Solution:i ¿ We know that,
s
L { cos ⁡(t) }= 2
=f ( s ) ( say )
s +1
1 s
∴ L { cos ( at ) }= . f
a a ()
 Page 15 of 48

s
1 a
¿ .
a ¿¿

1 s a2
¿ . . 2 2
a a s +a
s
∴ L { cos ( at ) }= (Ans.).
s + a2
2

ii ¿We know that,

1
L { sin ⁡(t ) }= 2
=f ( s ) (say)
s +1
1 s
∴ L { sin ( at ) }= . f
a a ()
1 1
¿ .
a ¿¿

1 a2
¿ . 2 2
a s +a
a
∴ L { sin ( at ) }= (Ans.).
s +a 2
2

v) Laplace Transform of Derivative:

 State and prove Laplace transform of derivative.
Solution:
Statement: If L { f ( x ) }=F ( s)then L {f ' ( x ) }=s F ( s )−f (0).
Proof: We know that,
∞
L { f ( x ) }=∫ e− sx f ( x ) dx
0

∞
∴ L { f ( x ) }=∫ e−sx f ' ( x ) dx
'

∞ ∞
d
=e ∫ f
−sx '
( x ) dx−∫ {
dx
(e ¿¿−sx )∫ f ' ( x ) dx }dx ¿
0 0
 Page 16 of 48

∞
¿ [ e−sx f ( x ) ] ∞

0−∫ −s e−sx f (x) dx

0

∞
¿−f ( 0 ) + s ∫ e−sx f (x )dx
0

= s L { f ( x ) }−f (0)
∴ L { f ' ( x ) }=s F ( s)−f (0)

(Proved).

 Theorem: If L { F ( t ) }=f (s )then L { F' ' ( t ) }=s 2 f ( s )−s F ( 0 )−F ' (0).
Proof: We know by the definition of Laplace transform
∞
L { F ( t ) }=∫ e−st F ( t ) dt =f ( s)
0

∞
∴ L { F ( t ) }=∫ e−st F ' ' ( t ) dt
''

∞ ∞
d −st
¿ e−st ∫ F '' (t ) dt−∫ { e ∫ F' ' ( t ) dt }dt
0 0 dt

∞
¿ [ e−st F ' ( t ) ] ∞

0−∫ −s e−st F' ( t ) dt

0

∞
¿−F' ( 0 ) +s ∫ e−st F ' ( t ) dt
0

¿ s . { sf ( s )−F ( 0 ) }−F ' ( 0 )

∴ L { F ' ' ( t ) }=s2 f ( s )−sF ( 0 )−F ' ( 0 )

(Proved).
Proceeding in this way we get,
L { Fn ( x ) }=s n { F ( x ) } −s n−1 F ( 0 )−sn−2 F ' ( 0 )−sn−3 F' ' ( 0 ) … … …−F n−1(0).
 Page 17 of 48

vi)Laplace Transform of Integrals Property:

 State and prove Laplace transform of integral.
Solution:
t
f ( s)
{
Statement: If L { F ( t ) }=f ( s ) then L ∫ F ( u ) du =
0
} s
.
t

Proof: Let G ( t ) =∫ F (u) du

0

t
'
∴ G ( t )=
d
dt [∫ 0
]
F ( u ) du =F(t )

andG ( 0 )=∫ F (u ) du=0

0

By the Laplace transform of derivative,we have,

L {G' ( t ) }=s L { G ( t ) }−G(0)

¿> L { F (t) }=s L { G (t ) }−0

t
f (s )
¿>
s
=L
{∫
0
F (u) du
}
t
f (s)
∴L
{∫ 0
F(u)du =
} s

(Proved).
t
sint
 Find the Laplace transform of ∫ t
dt .
0

Solution: We know that,

1
L { sint }= 2
=f (s)
s +1
 Page 18 of 48

∞
sint
Now, L{ }t
=∫ f (u)du
s

∞
1
¿∫ 2
du
s u +1

¿ [tan−1 u ] ∞
s

¿ tan−1 ∞−tan −1 s

π
¿ −tan −1 s
2

¿ tan−1 s+ cot−1 s−tan−1 s

π
[ Since tan 2]
−1
s+ cot−1 s=

¿ cot −1 s

1
¿ tan−1
s

Now, we know that,

t
f (s)
L
{
∫ f (u ) du =
0
} s

t
∴L
{∫ }
0
sint
t
1 1 1
dt = f ( s )= tan−1 .
s s s

(Ans.).
vii)Laplace Transform of Division Property:
 State and prove Laplace transform of division.
Solution:
∞
F (t )
Statement:If L{F(t)}=f(s),then L { }
t
=∫ f (u) du
s
 Page 19 of 48

F (t)
Proof:Let G(t)= t
then F(t) = tG(t)
d
Now L{F(t)}=L{tG(t)}=(-1) ds L{G(t)}
d
 f (s)=(-1) ds L{G(t)}
d
 - f (s)= ds L{G(t)}

Integrating both sides with respect to s from s to ∞,we get

∞
[ L{G(t)}] ∞ = −∫ f (s )ds
s s

=> - [ L{G(t)}] ∞ = ∫ f ( s) ds
s s

=> - lim s→∞ L{G(t)}+L{G(t)}=∫ f ( s) ds

s

[Since lim s→s L{G(t)}=L{G(t)}]

∞

=>0 + L{G(t)}=∫ f ( s) ds
s

[Since lim s→∞ L{G(t)}=lim s → ∞∫ e−st G ( t ) dt=0 ¿ ¿

s

∞ ∞
F (t )
∴L { }
t
=∫ f ( s) ds=∫ f ( u)du
s s

 Evaluate L {sinhtt }.
Solution: By division property /theorem we have,
∞
F (t )
If L { F ( t ) }=f (s ), then
−1
L { }
t
=∫ f (u) du
s

1 t −t
Let, F ( t )=sinht ,then L { sinht }=L 2 ( e −e ) { }
 Page 20 of 48

1 1 1
¿ [ − ]
2 s−1 s+ 1

1
¿ 2
s −1

1
∴ L { F ( t ) }=f ( s)= 2
s −1

1
∴ f ( u )= 2
u −1

Now, by theorem, we have,

∞
F (t )
L { }
t
=∫ f (u) du
s

∞
sinht 1
¿> L { }t
=∫ 2
s u −1
du

∞
1 1 −1
¿ ∫( ¿ )du ¿
2 s u−1 u +1

1
¿ [ log ( u−1 ) −log ( u+1 ) ] ∞
2 s

1 1
¿ [log ( ∞−1 ) −log ( s−1 )−log ( ∞−1 ) +log ( s +1 ) ]= [log ( s+1 ) −log ( s−1 ) ]
2 2

1 s+ 1
¿ log
2 s−1

∴L { sinhtt }= 12 log s−1

s+1
(Ans.).
∞
2 as
 Prove that ∫ t e−st sinat dt= (s 2+ a2)2 .
0

Proof: By definition of Laplace transform, we have,

∞
L { F ( t ) }=∫ e−st F (t) dt
0
 Page 21 of 48

∞
∴ L. H . S=∫ te−st sinat dt
0

∞
¿ ∫ e−st tsinat dt
0

¿ L { tsinat }

d a
¿− ( )
ds s 2+ a2

−2as
¿−[ 2 2 2
]
( s +a )

2 as
¿ 2 2 2
( s +a )

¿ R.H .S

∴ L. H . S=R . H . S (Proved).

 Miscellaneous Problem..
 Find the Laplace transform of t 3 e 5 t .
3 3! 6
Solution: We have, L {t }= s 4 = s 4 =f ( s ) (say )

Then by using first shifting theorem, we get,

6
L { t 3 e 5 t } =f ( s−5 )= (Ans.).
( s−5) 4

 Find the Laplace transform of e 3 t ( 2cos 5t−3 sin 5 t ) .

Solution:We have,
L {( 2 cos 5 t−3 sin5 t ) }

¿ 2 L {cos 5 t }−3 L {sin 5 t }

s 5
¿ 2. 2 2
−3. 2 2
s +5 s +5
 Page 22 of 48

2 s−15
¿ =f (s)
s2 +25

Then by applying the first shifting theorem, we have,

L {e 3 t ( 2cos 5 t−3 sin 5 t ) }=f (s−3)

2 ( s−3 )−15
¿
( s−3 )2+ 25

2 s−21
∴ L { e3 t ( 2 cos 5 t−3 sin5 t ) }= 2 (Ans.).
s −6 s+ 34

 Table of Laplace Transforms of some elementary function:

No. Operation F(t) L{F(t)}=f(s)
1. Linearity A f 1 ( t )+ B f 2 (t) AL{f 1 ( t ) }+ BL{f 2 ( t ) }
Property
2. First shifting e at f ( t ) f (s−a)
property
3. Second G ( t ) = f (t−a) ,∧t >a e−as F ( s)
shifting
{
0 ,∧t< a

property
4. Change of f ( at ) 1 s
scale property a
F
a ()
5. Derivatives F' (t ) sf ( s )−F ( 0 )
property sn f ' ( s ) ¿ ∑ s n−r−1 F r ( 0 )
Fn(t ) r=0,1,…..,n-1
t
6. Integral f ( s)
∫ F (u)du s
property 0
 Page 23 of 48

∞
7. Division F (t)
t ∫ f (u)du
property s

 The Inverse Laplace Transform:

If is the Laplace transform of a function F ( t ) . i.e. If L { F ( t ) }=f (s ) then
f (s )
F ( t )is called the inverse Laplace transform of the function f (s ) and is
symbolically written as
F (t)=L−1 {f ( s ) }

Where L−1 is called the inverse Laplace transformation operator.

 Some Property of Inverse Laplace Transform:

(1) Linear Property:
Statement: If L { F1 ( t ) }=f 1 (s) and L { F2 ( t ) }=f 2 (s) and c 1&c 2 are two constants
then,
L−1 {c 1 f 1 ( s )+ c 2 f 2 ( s ) }=c 1 L−1 { f 1 ( s ) }+c 2 L−1 {f 2 ( s ) }

¿ c 1 F 1 (t)+c 2 F 2 (t ).

Proof: Given L { F1 ( t ) }=f 1 (s)and L { F2 ( t ) }=f 2 (s).

By the definition of inverse Laplace transform,we have
F 1 ( t )=L−1 {f 1 ( s ) }and F 2 ( t )=L
−1
{f 2 ( s ) } .
Now, L {c 1 F 1 (t)+c 2 F 2 (t)}=c 1 L {F 1 (t) }+ c2 L{F 2 (t) }
=> L{c 1 F 1 (t)+c 2 F 2 (t)}=c 1 f 1 ( s)+c 2 f 2 (s )
¿> L−1 {c1 f 1 (s)+c 2 f 2 (s)}=c 1 F 1(t)+ c 2 F 2 (t )

∴ L−1 {c 1 f 1(s)+c 2 f 2 (s) }=c 1 L−1 {f 1 (s )}+c 2 L−1 {f 2 (s )}

(Proved).
 Page 24 of 48

 Find the inverse Laplace transform of

2 3 4a 5s
(i) + 2+ 2 2+ 2 2
s−a s s +a s −a

and( ii ) ¿5¿ by using linearity property.

−1 2 3 4a 5s
Solution:( i ) L { + 2+ 2 2+ 2 2 }
s−a s s +a s −a

Applying linearity property,we have

¿ 2 L−1 { s−a1 }+ 3 L { s1 }+ 4 L {s +aa }+5 L {s −as }
−1
2
−1
2 2
−1
2 2

¿ 2 e at + 3 t+ 4 sinat + 5 coshat . (Ans.).

5
( ii ) L−1 {
¿¿

Applying linearity property,we have

1
¿ 5 L−1 {
¿¿
sint −2t
¿ 5 t e 2 t +2 + e cos 3 t (Ans.).
t

(2) First Translation (or Shifting) Property:

Statement:If L−1 { f ( s ) } =F ( t ) then L−1 { f ( s−a ) } =e at F (t ) .

Proof: By the definition of Laplace transform,we have

∞
L { F ( t ) }=∫ e−st F ( t ) dt=¿ f ( s)¿
0

∞
∴ f ( s−a )=∫ e−( s−a )t F (t)dt
0

=> f ( s−a ) ¿ ∫ e−st e at F(t )dt

0

∞
at
¿> f ( s−a )=e ∫ e−st F( t)dt
0
 Page 25 of 48

∞
¿> f ( s−a )=∫ e−st {eat F (t)}
0

¿> f ( s−a )=L {e at F (t )}

∴ L−1 {f ( s−a ) }=eat F ( t )

(Proved).

s
 Find the inverse Laplace transform of L−1
{ }
s +4 2
2
=cos 4 t by using
first shifting property.
s
Solution: Let, L
−1
{ } s +4 2
2
=cos 4 t =f (s)

−1 s−2
Now, L {
(s−2)2 +4 2
}

¿ e 2 t cos 4 t

∴ L−1 { f ( s−2 ) } ¿ e 2t cos 4 t (Ans.).

s+ 1
 Evaluate L−1
{ 2
s +6 s +25
.
}
s+1 s +1
Solution: Here, = 2
s + 6 s+ 25 s +2.3 . s+32 +16
2

s+ 1
¿
¿¿
( s+3)−2
¿ ¿¿
(s+3)
¿ ¿¿

s+1
∴ L−1
{ 2
s +6 s+25 }
=L−1 ¿

1
¿ e−3 x cos 4 x− e−3 x sin 4 x (Ans.).
2
 Page 26 of 48

(3) Second Translation (or Shifting) Property:

Statement: If L−1 { f ( s ) } =F ( t ) then L−1 {e−as F ( s ) }=G( t) where G ( t ) = {F (t−a) ,∧t >a .
0 ,∧t<a

Proof: By the definition of Laplace transform,we have

∞
f (s )=∫ e−st F ( t ) dt .
0

∞
∴e −as
f ( s )=∫ e−as e−st F ( t ) dt
0

∞
¿ ∫ e−s (t+ a) F ( t ) dt
0

Let t+ a=u Limits: t=0 , u=a

¿>t=u−a t=∞ , u=∞

∴ dt =du
∞

Thus, e −as
f ( s )=∫ e−su F ( u−a ) du
a

∞
¿ ∫ e−st F (t−a)dt
a

a ∞
F (t−a)dt +∫ e− st F (t−a)dt
−st
¿∫ e
0 a

a ∞
¿ ∫ e−st ( 0)dt +∫ e−st F (t−a) dt
0 a

∞
¿ ∫ e−st G ( t ) dt
a

¿ L {G(t)}

∴ G ( t )=L−1 {e−as f ( s ) }(Proved).

 Page 27 of 48

(4) Change of Scale Property:

1
Statement: If L−1 { f ( s ) } =F(t ) then L { f ( ks ) }= k F
−1
( kt ) .
Proof: By the definition of Laplace transform,we have
∞
f ( s )=L { F ( t ) } =∫ e−st F ( t ) dt .
0

∞
∴ f ( ks )=∫ e−kst F (t ) dt
0

Let, u=kt Limits: t=0 , u=0

u
¿>t= t=∞ ,u=∞
k
∴ du=kdt
∞

Thus,∫ e−ut F
0
( uk ) . 1k du
∞
¿ ∫ e−st F
0
( kt ) . 1k dt
∞
1
¿ ∫ e− st F kt dt
k 0 ()
1 t
¿ L {F ( )}
k k

1 t
¿L { ( )}
k
F
k

1 t
∴ L−1 { f ( ks ) }= F ( )
k k

(Proved).
(5) Inverse Laplace Transform of Derivatives:
 Page 28 of 48

Statement: If L−1 { f ( s ) } =F(t )then

dn
L
−1
{f n ( s ) }=L−1 { ds n } n n
f ( s ) =(−1 ) t F ( t ) , where n=1,2,3,4 , … … … … … … … … . .

Proof:From Laplace transform, we have,

If L { F ( t ) }=f ( s ) then L {t n F ( t ) }= (−1 )n f n ( s ) ,
n
n d
where f ( s ) = n f ( s ) .
ds

∴ L−1 { (−1 )n f n ( s ) }=t n F ( t )

n
¿> (−1 ) L
−1
{f n ( s ) }=t n F ( t )
n
¿>{(−1)n }2 L−1 {f n ( s ) }= (−1 ) t n F ( t )

(−1 )n t n F ( t )
¿> L−1 { f n ( s ) }=
(−1)2 n
n 2n
∴ L−1 { f n ( s ) }= (−1 ) t n F (t ) [∴ (−1 ) =1]

(Proved).

(6) Inverse Laplace Transform of Integral:

∞
F (t)
Statement: If L { f ( s ) } =F(t ) then L ∫ f (u)du =
−1 −1
{ s
} t
.

Proof: From Laplace transform, we have,

∞
F(t )
if L { F ( t ) }=f ( s ) then L { }
t
=∫ f (u)du
s

∞
F (t)
∴ L {∫ f (u)du }=
−1

s t

(Proved).
 Miscellaneous Problem.
1 sinat
 Prove that (i) L
−1
{ }
s +a22
=
a
 Page 29 of 48

1 tn
and(ii) L
−1
{ }
s n+1
=
┌ (n+1)
, n>1.

Proof: ( i ) L { sinat
a } 1
= . L {sin ⁡(at)}
a

sin ⁡(at) 1 a
¿> L {
a } a s +a
= . 2 2

sin ⁡(at) 1
¿> L { }= 2 2
a s +a

1 sinat
∴ L−1
{ }2
s +a 2
=
a
(Ans.).

tn 1
( ii ) L { = }
┌ ( n+ 1 ) ┌ ( n+1 )
. L{t n }

tn 1 ┌ ( n+1 )
¿> L { = }
┌ ( n+1 ) ┌ ( n+1 )
. n+1
s

tn 1
¿> L { = n+1
┌ ( n+1 ) s }
1 tn
∴L −1
{ }
s n+1
=
┌ ( n+1 )
(Ans.).

1 1
 Prove that (i) L
−1
{ 2
( s−a) +b
2
b }
= . e at sinbt

s−a
and(ii) L
−1
{ 2
(s−a) +b 2 }
=e at cosbt .

{1b e sin ( bt ) }= 1b L {e
Proof:( i ) L
at at
sinbt }

1 1 b
¿> L { e sinbt }= .
at
2 2
b b ( s−a) +b

1 1
¿> L { e sinbt }= at
2 2
b ( s−a) +b
 Page 30 of 48

1 1 at
∴L
−1
{ 2
( s−a ) +b 2
b }
= e sinbt (Ans.).

s−a
( ii ) L { eat cosbt } = 2 2
(s−a) + b

s−a
at
∴ e cosbt=L
−1
{ }(Ans.).
( s−a )2+ b2

6 s−4
 Provethat L
−1
{ 2 }
s −4 s +20
=2 e2 t ( 3 cos 4 t+ sin 4 t ) .

6 s−4
Proof : L . H . S=L−1
{ } 2
s −4 s+20

6 s−12+ 8
{ }
¿ L−1
s 2−4 s +20

6(s−2) 8
¿ L−1
{ 2
(s−2) +16
+ L−1
} {
(s−2)2 +16 }
( s−2) 4
¿ 6 L−1
{ 2
(s−2) + 42
+2 L−1
} {
( s−2)2 + 42 }
s 4
¿ 6 e 2 t L−1
{ }
2
s +4 2
s +4 { }
+2 e 2 t L−1 2 2 =6 e 2t cos 4 t +2 e2 t sin 4 t

¿ 2 e2 t (3 cos 4 t+sin 4 t)

¿ R . H .S

∴ L. H . S=R . H . S ( Proved ) .

1
 Evaluate L−1
{ s ( s2 +4 )
3 }
using the division property .

t
f (s)
Solution: We know, if L −1
{ f ( s ) } =F ( t ) then L −1
{ }
s
=∫ F ( u ) du .
0
 Page 31 of 48

1 1 2 sin 2t
∴ L−1
{ }2
s +4
= L−1 2 2 =
2 s +2 { }
2

Hence, L−1 ¿
1 −1
¿ [ cos 2 u] t
2 2 0
1
¿− (cos 2 t−1)
4

Again, L−1 ¿
t
1 1 t
¿ [ u] 1 [ sin 2u ]
4 0− 2 0
4
1 1
¿ t− sin 2 t
4 8

Finally, L−1 ¿

1 u2 t −1
¿ [ ]
4 2 0−
1[
8
2
cos 2 u] t
0

∴ L−1 ¿(Ans.).

s
 Evaluate L−1
{( s−a )( s−b ) }
.

s
Solution: Here, ( s−a )( s−b )
a b
¿ −
( s−a )( a−b ) ( a−b ) ( s−b )
a 1 b 1
¿ . − .
a−b s−a a−b s−b
a b
¿ L { e ax } − L {e bx }
a−b a−b
 Page 32 of 48

s a ax b bx
¿> =L { e − e }
( s−a ) ( s−b ) a−b a−b
s a ax b bx
¿> L¿ 1 { }= e − e
( s−a ) ( s−b ) a−b a−b

s 1
∴ L¿1
{( } =
s−a )( s−b ) a−b
{ae ax −be bx }(Ans.).

1
 Evaluate L−1
{ ( s−a )( s−b )
.
}
1
Solution: Here, ( s−a )( s−b )
1 A B
Let , = +
( s−a )( s−b ) ( s−a ) ( s−b )
¿>1=A ( s−b )+ B(s−b)
1
if s=a then, A=
a−b
1 −1
if s=b then, B= =
b−a a−b
1 1 1 1 1
∴ = . − .
( s−a ) ( s−b ) ( a−b ) ( s−a ) ( a−b ) ( s−b )
1 1
¿ L { e ax } − L { e bx }
( a−b ) ( a−b )
1 1 ax 1 bx
¿>
( s−a ) ( s−b )
=L
a−b {
e −
a−b
e }
1 1 ax 1 bx
¿> L¿ 1 { }= e − e
( s−a ) ( s−b ) a−b a−b

1 1
∴ L¿1
{ } =
( s−a )( s−b ) a−b
{e ax −e bx }(Ans.).

2 s2−4
 Evaluate L−1
{ ( s +1 ) ( s−2 ) ( s−3)
.
}
2 s2−4
Solution: Here, ( s+ 1 )( s−2 ) (s−3)
 Page 33 of 48

2 s2−4 A B C
Let , = + + ………………….(1)
( s+ 1 )( s−2 ) (s−3) s +1 s−2 s−3

¿>2 s2−4=A ( s−2 ) ( s−3 )+ B ( s +1 ) ( S−3 ) +C (s +1)(s−2)

if s=−1then , 2 (−1 )2−4=A (−1−2 ) .(−1−3)

¿>2−4= A .−3.−4
¿>−2=12 A
−1
∴ A=
6

if s=2then , 2 ( 2 )2−4=B ( 2+1 ) .(2−3)

¿> 8−4=B .3 .−1

¿> 4=−3 B

−4
∴ B=
3

if s=3 then, 2 ( 3 )2 −4=C ( 3+1 ) .(3−2)

¿>18−4=C .4 .1
¿>14=4 C
7
∴ C=
2

From (1) we have,

2
2 s −4 A B C
= + +
( s+ 1 )( s−2 ) (s−3) s +1 s−2 s−3
−1 −4 7
= 6 + 3 + 2
s +1 s−2 s−3
−1 1 4 1 7 1
= . − . + .
6 s+1 3 s−2 2 s−3

2 s2−4 −1 −1 1 4 1 7 1
∴ L−1 { ( s+1 ) ( s−2 )( s−3 ) }= 6
L { } − L−1
s +1 3 { }
+ L−1 {
s−2 2 s−3
}

1 4 7
¿− e−t − e2 t + e 3t (Ans.).
6 3 2
 Page 34 of 48

 By expanding e−k √ s where k is a positive constant .

2
−k
−1 −k √ s k 4t
Show that , L {e }= 3
e
2
2 √π t

Proof :We know ,

k √s 2
e−k √ s =1− +k ¿ ¿…………
1!
1 3 5
2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2
+¿ ………
ks k s k s k s k s
¿> e−k √ s=1− + − + −
1 ! 2! 3! 4! 5!
1 3 5
2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2
+¿ ....}…..(1)
ks k s k s k s k s
∴ L−1 { e−k √ s }=L−1 {1− + − + −
1 ! 2! 3! 4! 5!

By theorem we have,
3
1 −n−
2
{ }=
L−1 s
n+
2 t
1
┌ (−n− )
2

(−1)n+1 1 3 5 3
2 n+1 −n− 2
¿ . . ……… ,t
√π 2 2 2 2

Also, L−1 {s n }=0 if n is a positive integer. Using the above theorems on the
right hand side of (1) we get,
2
k2 k 3 (−1 ) 1 3 k4 k5 1 3 5
−3 −5 −7
k 1
L−1 { e−k √ s }=0− (−1 ) .t 2
+ .0− . . .t 2
+ .0− . . . . t 2 + ¿……
1! 2 √π 2! 3 ! √π 2 2 4! 5! 2 2 2
…..
−5 −7
3 2 5 2
1 k 1 3 t k 1 3 5 t
¿ 3
− . . . + . . . .
3! 2 2 √π 5! 2 2 2 π
−¿ .............
2
2√ π . t

k
¿ 3
¿……… ¿
2
2√ π . t
 Page 35 of 48
2
−k
k 4t
¿ 3
.e
2
2√ π . t
2
−k
k
∴L { e−k √ s }= 4t
−1
3
.e
2
2 √ π .t

(Showed).

1 t
 Prove that, (i) L
−1
{ } √
s 3 /2
=2
π.

Proof: We know that,

1 tn
L−1
{ }
s n+1
=
┌ (n+1)
,wheren>−1

1 1
∴ L−1
{ }s3/2
=L−1
{ }
s
1
2
+1

1
2
t
¿
1
┌ ( +1)
2
1
t2
¿
1 1
┌
2 2
1
2
2t
¿
1
┌
2
1
2t 2 Since ┌ 1 = √ π ]
¿ ¿ 2
√π
1 t
∴ L−1 { } √
s3/2
=2
π
 Page 36 of 48

(Proved).

5
1 8
 Prove that, (ii)
−1
L
{ }
s 7 /2
=
15 √ π
t2 .

Proof: Here,
1
L−1
{ }
s 7 /2

1
¿ L−1
{ } 5
s2
+1

5
t2
¿
5
┌ ( +1)
2
5
2
t
¿
5 3 1 1
. . ┌
2 2 2 2
5
t2 1
15 Since ┌ 2 = √ π ]
¿ ¿

8√ π
5
8
¿ t2
15 √ π
5
1 8
∴ L−1
{ }
s7/2
=
15 √ π
t2

(Proved).

8 s+20
 Evaluate L−1
{ 2
s −12 s +32
.
}
 Page 37 of 48

8 s+20
Solution: Here, L−1
{ 2
s −12 s +32 }
8 s+20
=L
−1
{ ( s−6)2−4 }
8( s−6)+68
=L
−1
{ (s−6)2−4 }
s−6 2
¿ 8 L−1
{ 2
(s−6) −2 2
+38 L−1
}
(s−6)2−22 { }
s−6 2
¿ 8 e 6 t L−1
{ 2
s −2 2} {
+34 e 6 t L−1 2 2
s −2 }
¿ 8 e 6 t cosh 2 t+ 34 e 6 t sinh 2t

1 1
¿ 8 e 6 t [ ( e 2 t +e−2 t ) ]+34 e6 t [ ( e2 t −e−2 t ) ]
2 2

¿ 4 e 8t +4 e−4 t +17 e 8 t −17 e−4 t

¿ 21 e8 t −13 e−4 t

8 s +20
∴ L−1
{ 2
s −12 s+32 }
¿ 21 e 8t −13 e−4 t

(Proved).

 Heaviside’s expantion formula.

Statement:Let P(s) and Q(s) be polynomials in s,where P(s) has degree
❑
less than that of Q(s).If Q(s) has in distinct zeroes a k ,k=1,2,….n,that is
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
Q(s)=(s- a 1 )(s- a 2 )(s- a 3 )…….(s-a n )
 Page 38 of 48

P( a ❑) a❑ t
P(s) k
Then }=∑ e k ; k=1,2,…..n
−1
L {
Q(s) ❑
Q' (a )
k

which is often called Heaviside’s expantion formula.

 Convolution: Let F (t) and G(t) be two functions of a class A then the
convolution of the two function F (t) and G(t) denoted by F∗G is
defined by the relation
t
F∗G=∫ F ( u ) G(t−u) du
o

This relation F∗G is also called the resultant or faulting of F and G .

 Theorem: (Convolution Theorem):
 State the convolution theorem.
Solution:
∞ ∞

Statement: If f ( s )=L { F ( t ) } =∫ e −st

F(t) dt And g ( s )=L { G ( t ) } =∫ e−st G(t)dt then the
0 0

theorem state that,

t
f ( s ) g ( s )=L {∫ F (t−z)G(z)dz }
0

t
¿> f ( s ) g ( s )=L {∫ F (u)G( t−u)du }
0

∴ L−1 {f ( s ) g ( s ) }=F∗G .

Proof: f(s)=L{f(x)}=∫ e−sx F(x) dx

0

g(s)=L{g(y)}=∫ e−sy G(y) dy

0
 Page 39 of 48

∞ ∞

f(s)g(s)=∫ 1 ∫ e−s (x+ y ) F(x)G(y)dx dy

0 0

Let,x+y =t , y=z
 X=t-z
dx dx
dt dz ]
 dx dy=[ dy dy dt dz
dt dz
=dtdz
∞ t

f(s)g(s)= ∫ 1 ∫ e−st F(t-z)G(z) dt dz

t =0 z=0

∞ t
−st
=∫ e [ ∫ F ( t−z ) G( z ) dz]dt
0 z=0

=L{∫ F ( t−z ) G( z) dz}

0

Again, if we put x+y=t,x=z,y=t-z.

By the symmetric calculation as done above, we get,
t

f(s)g(s)=L{∫ F ( z ) G(t−z) dz}

0

=L{F*G}.

3
 Evaluate L−1
{ 2
s (s +2) }
by using theconvolution property .

3
Solution: Here, s 2 (s +2)
3 1
¿ .
s 2 s+2
 Page 40 of 48

3 1
Let g ( s )= s 2 and f ( s )= s+ 2
3
−1
Now, G ( t ) =L { g ( s ) } =L
−1
{} s2
=3 t

and F ( t )=L { f ( s ) } =L
−1 −1
{ s +21 }=e −2 t

Therefore by the convolution theorem,we have,

3
L−1
{ 2
s (s +2) }
=L−1 {f ( s ) g( s) }=F∗G

t
¿ ∫ F ( u ) G(t−u) du
0

t
¿ ∫ e−2 u 3 (t−u)du
0

t t
−2 u
¿ 3∫ t e du−3 ∫ u e−2 u du
0 0

3 t −2 u t t t
¿ [ e ] 3 [ u e ] 3 ∫ e−2u du
−2u
−2 0+ 0− 0
2 2
3 t −2 t
¿ ( e −1 ) + 3 ( t e−2 t −0 ) + 3 ¿
−2 2 4

3 t e−2t 3 t 3 t e−2t 3 −2 t
¿− + + + [e −1]
2 2 2 4
3t 3 −2t 3
¿ + e − (Ans.).
2 4 4

1
 Evaluate L−1
{ s (s 2 +4 )
2 }
by using theconvolution theorem.

1 1 1
Solution: Here, 2 2
= 2 . 2
s (s + 4) s +4 s
1 1
Let, f ( s )= s 2+ 4 and g ( s )= s 2
1 1 2 1
−1
Now, F ( t )=L { f ( s ) } =L
−1
{ } = L−1 2
s +4 2
2
= sin 2 t
s +4 2 { }
 Page 41 of 48

1
−1
andG ( t ) =L { g ( s ) } =L
−1
{} s2
=t

∴ By using the the convolution theorem,we have,

1
L−1
{ 2 2
s (s +4 ) }
=L−1 {f ( s ) g(s)}

¿ F∗G
t
¿ ∫ F ( u ) G(t−u) du
0

t
1
¿ ∫ sin 2u (t−u)du
0 2

t t
1 1
¿ t ∫ sin 2 udu− ∫ usin2 udu
2 0 20

t
1 −cos 2 u t cos 2 u
¿ t
2 2 [ 0−
1
2
{ u . ] t
[
−2 0+∫ cos 2u
2
} ]
0

1 −cos 2t 1 1 tcos2 t 1 sin 2 u t

¿ t
2 2 ( + −
2 2 −2 ) (
+0 − [
4 2
]
0 )
1 1 1 1
¿− tcos2 t + t + tcos 2t− sin2 t
4 4 4 8
1 1
¿ t− sin 2 t (Ans.).
4 8

 Evaluate L−1 ¿

Solution: Here, ¿s¿

s 1
Let, f ( s )= s 2+ a2 and g ( s )= s 2 +a2
s
−1
Now, F ( t )=L { f ( s ) } =L
−1
{ } s + a2
2
=cosat

1 1
−1
andG ( t ) =L { g ( s ) } =L
−1
{ }
2
s +a 2
= sinat
a
 Page 42 of 48

∴ By using the the convolution theorem,we have,

L−1 ¿
¿ F∗G
t
¿ ∫ F ( u ) G(t−u) du
0

t
1
¿ ∫ cosau sina(t−u) du
0 a
t
1
¿
a0
∫ cosau (sinat cosau−cosat sinau) du
t t
1 1
¿ sinat ∫ cos2 au du− cosat ∫ cosau sinau du
a 0 a 0

t t
1 1
¿ sinat ∫ (1+ cos 2 au)du− cosat ∫ sin 2audu
2a 0 2a 0

t
sinat sin 2au cos 2 au t
¿
2a
u+[ 2 a 0+
2a
]
cosat [
2a
]
0

sinat sin 2 at cosat cos 2 at 1

¿
2a
t+[ 2a
−0 +
2a ]
[
2a
− ]
2a
tsinat sinat .2 sinat cosat cosat
¿ + − (1−cos 2 at )
2a 4 a2 4 a2

tsinat sin 2 at cosat cosat 2

¿ + − sin at
2a 2 a2 2 a2
tsinat
¿
2a
(Ans.).

 Evaluate L−1 ¿
1
Solution: Here, 2
s ¿¿
1
Let, f ( s )= ¿1¿ and g ( s )= s 2

Now, F ( t )=L−1 { f ( s ) } =L−1 ¿

 Page 43 of 48

1
and G ( t ) =L−1 { g ( s ) } =L−1
{}
s2
=t

∴ By using the the convolution theorem,we have,

L−1 ¿
t
¿ ∫ F ( u ) G(t−u) du
0

t
¿ ∫ ue−u (t−u)du
0

t t
¿ ∫ ute du−∫ u 2 e−u du
−u

0 0

t
u2 e−u t
¿ t ∫ ue−u du−
0
[ ] t
−1 0+ −2ue−u du
∫
0

¿ t [ −u e−u −e−u ] t 2 e−t−2[−u e−u −e−u ] t

0+ t 0

¿ t (−t e−t −e−t −0+1)+ t 2 e−t −2(−t e−t −e−t −0+1)

¿−t 2 e−t −te−t +t +t 2 e−t + 2te −t +2 e−t−2

¿ te−t + 2e−t + t−2(Ans.).

 Application of Laplace Transform:

 Using Laplace transform find the solution of X ' ' ( t )−4 X ' ( t ) + 4 X ( t )=0
with boundary conditions X ( 0 ) =0 , X ' ( 0 )=1.

Solution: Given that,

X ' ' ( t )−4 X ' ( t ) + 4 X ( t )=0…………..(1)

Taking Laplace operator on both sides we get,

 Page 44 of 48

L { X ' ' ( t ) }−4 L { X ' ( t ) }+ 4 L { X ( t ) }=0

¿> s 2 L { X ( t ) } −s X ( 0 )− X ' ( 0 ) −4 [ sL { X ( t ) }−X ( 0 ) ]+ 4 L { X ( t ) }=0

¿> s 2 L { X ( t ) } −s .0−1−4 sL { X ( t ) } + 4.0+4 L { X ( t ) }=0

¿> ( s 2−4 s+ 4 ) L { X ( t ) }=1

¿>(s−2)2 L { X ( t ) }=1

1
¿> L { X ( t ) }= 2
(s−2)

1
¿> X ( t )=L−1 { 2
}
( s−2)

∴ X ( t ) =t e 2t (Ans.).

 Using Laplace transform find the solution of

'' '
X ( t )−4 X ( t ) + 4 X ( t )=4 e −2 t
with boundary conditions X ( 0 ) =0 , X ' ( 0 )=1.

Solution: Given that,

X ' ' ( t )−4 X ' ( t ) + 4 X ( t )=4 e−2 t

Taking Laplace operator on both sides we get,

L { X ' ' ( t ) }−4 L { X ' ( t ) }+ 4 L { X ( t ) }=4 L{e−2t }

¿> s 2 L { X ( t ) } −s X ( 0 )− X ' ( 0 ) −4 [ sL { X ( t ) }−X ( 0 ) ]+ 4 L { X ( t ) }=4 L{e−2t }

¿> s 2 L { X ( t ) } −s .0−1−4 sL { X ( t ) } + 4.0+4 L { X ( t ) }=4 L {e−2 t }

4
¿> ( s 2−4 s+ 4 ) L { X ( t ) }= +1
s +2

4 +s +2
¿>(s−2)2 L { X ( t ) }=
s +2

s+6
¿> L { X ( t ) }= …………….(1)
(s+2)( s−2)2
 Page 45 of 48

s+6 A B C
Now, let, = + +
(s+2)( s−2) s+ 2 s−2 (s−2)
2 2 ………………….(2)

¿> s+ 6= A (s−2)2+ B ( s+2 ) ( s−2 ) +C (s +2)

If s=−2 then, −2+6= A (−2−2 )2

¿> 4=A (−4)2

1
∴ A=
4

If s=2 then, 2+6=C( 2+ 2)

¿> 8=4 C

∴ C=2

Again, equating the coefficient of s2on both sides,we get,

0=A + B

¿> B=−A

−1
∴ B=
4

From (2) we get,

s+6 A B C
= + +
(s+2)( s−2)
2
s+ 2 s−2 (s−2)
2

s+ 6 1 1 2
2 …………..(3)
∴ 2
= − +
(s +2)(s−2) 4 ( s+2) 4 (s−2) ( s−2)

Now from equation (1) we get,

s +6
L { X ( t ) }=
( s+2)(s−2)2

1 1 2
¿> L { X ( t ) }= − +
4 (s+2) 4(s−2) ( s−2)2
[ Using (3) ]
 Page 46 of 48

1 1 1 1 1
¿> X ( t )= L−1
4 { }
− L−1
s+2 4 s−2
+2 L−1 {{ }
(s−2)2
}

1 1
∴ X ( t ) = e−2t − e 2 t +2 t e 2t
4 4

(Ans.).

 Using Laplace transform find the solution of X”+4X’+4X=4e^-2t

with boundary conditions X(0)=-1,X’(0)=4.
Solution: Given that, X”+4X’+4X=4e^-2t
Taking Laplace operator on both sides we get,
L{X”(t)}-4L{X’(t)}+4L{X(t)}=4L{e^-2t}
=>s^2L{X(t)}-s.X(0)-X’(0)-4[sL{X(t)}-X(0)]+4L{X(t)}=4L{e^-2t}
=>s^2L{X(t)}-s(-1)-4-4sL{X(t)}+4(-1)+4L{X(t)}=4L{e^-2t}
=>s^2-s-4-4sL{X(t)}-4+4L{X(t)}=4L{e^-2t}
=>(s^2-4s+4)L{X(t)}=4/s+2 +8
=>(s-2)^2 L{X(t)}=(4+8s+16)/s+2
=>(s-2)^2 L{X(t)}=8s+20/s+2
=>L{X(t)}=8s+20/(s+2)(s-2)^2 ………..(1)
Now let 8s+20/(s+2)(s-2)^2=A/s+2 +B/s-2 +C/(s-2)^2…….(2)
=>8s+20=A(s-2)^2 +B(s+2)(s-2) +C(s+2)….…..(3)
If s=-2 then
-16+20=A(-2-2)^2
=>4=A(-4)^2
=>16A=4
 Page 47 of 48

=>A=1/4
If s=2 then 16+20=C(2+2)
=>4C=36
=>C=9
Again, equating the coefficient of s^2 on both sides, we get,
0=A+B
=>B=-1/4
From (2) we get,
8s+20/(s+2)(s-2)^2 =1/4(s+2) -1/(s-2) +9/(s-2)^2 …….(4)
Now from (1) we get,
L{X(t)}=8s+20/(s+2)(s-2)^2
=>L{X(t)}=1/4(s+2) -1/4(s-2) +9/(s-2)^2 [using (4)]
=>X(t)=1/4 L^-1{1/s+2}-1/4 L^-1{1/s-2}+9 L^-1{1/(s-2)^2}
=1/4 e^-2t -1/4e^2t +9te^2t. (Ans).

THE END
Page 48 of 48