N+f.

da, úoHdj
11 fY%a‚h

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

i
m<uqjk uqøKh - 2015
fojk uqøKh - 2016
;=kajk uqøKh - 2017
isõjk uqøKh - 2018
miajk uqøKh - 2019
yhjk uqøKh - 2020

ish¨ ysñlï weúß‚

ISBN 978 - 955 - 25 - 0415 - 0

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

mdk`Mj" mdÿlal msysá rcfha uqøK kS;s.; ixia:dfõ
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;alrk ,È'

Published by: Educational Publications Department

Printed by: State Printing Corporation, Panaluwa, Padukka.

ii
 Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh

Y%S ,xld ud;d

wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/`os w;s fidanudk ,xld
OdkH Okh fkl u,a m,;=re msß ch N+ñh ruHd
wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d
ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd
kfuda kfuda ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
Tn fõ wm úoHd
Tn u h wm i;Hd
Tn fõ wm Yla;s
wm yo ;=< Nla;s
Tn wm wdf,dafla
wmf.a wkqm%dfKa
Tn wm Ôjk fõ
wm uqla;sh Tn fõ
kj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d
{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N+ñ lrd
tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd
huq huq ù fkdmud
fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r od kfuda kfuda ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d

iii
wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd

tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

tl f,i tys jefvkd
Ôj;a jk wm fuu ksjfia
fid¢k isáh hq;= fõ

ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fj<S iu.s oñkS
rka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;d
lsis l, fkdu Èrkd

wdkkao iurfldaka

iv
v
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh - mS'tka' whs,mafmreu
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

fufyhùu - ví,sõ'tA'ks¾u,d mshiS,s

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßiaa ^ixj¾Ok&
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

iïnkaëlrKh - wd¾'tA'ã' kkaokS rEmisxy

ksfhdacH flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

- tA'tï'wd¾'fla' wêldß
iyldr flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

iydh iïnkaëlrKh - ù'Ô' vhkd È,arelaIs

ixj¾Ok ks,Odß
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

ixialdrl uKav,h

1' iïudks; uydpd¾h tka'fla' oka.,a, - le,‚h úYajúoHd,h

2' uydpd¾h tia'tA' fkdanÜ - fld<U úYajúoHd,h

3' wd¾'mS' mSßia - w;sf¾l flduidßia ^úY%dñl&

úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

4' wd¾'tA'ã' kkaokS rEmisxy - ksfhdacH flduidßia

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

5' rxckS Okj¾Ok - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

6' tiA' lreKd.rka - lÓldpd¾h"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
f,aLl uKav,h

1' ví,sõ' ldka;s fmf¾rd O¾uj¾Ok - .=re fiajh" idka; mS;r u'u'ú"
ó.uqj'

2' wd¾'tA' pkaøisß - .=re WmfoaYl"

Èjq,msáh fldÜGdi wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"
ur|.yuq,'

vi
3' tka'tA' Ñ;%,;d - .=re WmfoaYsld"
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" ud;r'

4' fla'fla'hQ' .=Kr;ak - .=re fiajh"

.d$ fmd,amdf.dv u'ú' hlal,uq,a,'

5' tÉ'tï'fÊ'tA'î' ySkaflkao - .=re WmfoaYl"

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" uykqjr'

6' tÉ' oykdhl - m%Odk ixialdrl ^úY%dñl&

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

7' fla' fidauodi - .=re WmfoaYl"

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" ud;r'

8' ã'tï'fÊ' nKavdr - .=re fiajh"

jhU rdclSh úoHd,h" l=reKE.,'

9' O¾ñkS fyañld wdá., - .=re fiajh"

ñhqishia úoHd,h" fld<U 07'

10' tia' nd,iqkaøï - ksfhdacH flduidßia ^úY%dñl&"

úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

11' tia'tA'tÉ' yqiakd - iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI"

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" foys´úg'

12' isjÑ;%d m,ks - .=re WmfoaYsld"

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" hdmkh'

13' hd,skS lreKd.rka - .=re fiajh" Ydka; laf,ahd¾ia úoHd,h"

fld<U 06'

NdId ixialrKh
Ti| .=Kr;ak - iyldr lÓldpd¾h"
fld<U úYajúoHd,h'

msgljr ks¾udKh iy mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh

^is;shï" rEmigyka iy mß.Kl msgq ieliqu&
wd¾'tA' hqf¾ld È,arelaIs - f;dr;=re ;dlaIK wxYh"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

vii
 mgqk
msgqj

1' mDÓúfha iajdNdúl iïm;a 01

2' Y%S ,xldfõ iajdNdúl iïm;a 20

3' f,dal ckixLHdj 50

4' Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdj 61

5' ixj¾Okh 70

6' f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj 85

7' Y%S ,xldfõ iajdNdúl wdmod 102

8' foaY.=‚l fjkiaùï 115

9' Y%S ,xld 1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shï 122

10' o;a; ksrEmKh i|yd m%ia;dr Ndú;h 151

 f,aLl$ixialdrl uKav, igyk

tfldf,dia jk fY%a‚fha N+f.da, úoHd úIhh ks¾foaYfha i|yka mdvï

tAll oyhla i|yd iúia;r lreKq we;=<;a fldg fuu fm<fmd;
iïmdokh lr we;'

m<uq mßÉfþofha isg wgjk mßÉfþoh olajd we;=<;a lr we;s

iajdNdúl iïm;a" ckixLHdj" ixj¾Okh" iajdNdúl Wmøj iy
foaY.=‚l fjkialï hk ud;Dld Tiafia f.da,Sh f;dr;=re fuka u
Y%S ,xldjg iqúfYaIS jQ f;dr;=re o wka;¾ .; fõ' 1(50 000 N+ ,laIK
is;shï ms<sn| j lreKq we;=<;a kjjk mßÉfþofha § is;shïj, úúO
,laIK fuka u is;shï mßyrKh ms<sn|j o mQ¾K wjfndaOhla ,nd .;
yels jk mßÈ úIh lreKq bÈßm;a lr we;s w;r wNHdij, fhoùfuka
tu úIh lreKq ;yjqre lr .ekSug Tng wjia:dj i,id we;' úúO
m%ia;dr j¾." m%ia;dr Ndú;h yd tu.ska úIh lreKq ;yjqre lr .kakd
wdldrh ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùug oyjk mßÉfþofha § Tng yelshdj ,efí'

iajNdjO¾uh yd iudch w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;d m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd

mDÓúh yd tys jdiSka ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhlska lghq;= lsÍu" o;a;
yd f;dr;=re úfYaf,aIKh yd w¾:l:kh ms<sn| N+f.da, úoHd;aul
ixl,am Ndú; lsÍu hk yelshdjka j¾Okh lr .ekSug fuu fm<fmd;
Tng WmldÍ jkq we;'

fuys we;=<;a is;shï" j.=" rEm igyka" mßYS,kh lsÍu" l%shdldrlï yd

mejreïj, ksr; ùu u.ska Tnf.a wOHhkh jvd;a w¾:dkaú; jk nj
wjOdrKh lrkafkuq'

x
 1 mDÓúfha iajdNdúl iïm;a

iajdNdúl mßirfha we;s ñksidf.a meje;aug yd Tyqf.a l%shdldrlïj,g

m%fhdackj;a jk oE iajdNdúl iïm;a f,i ye¢kafõ'

iajdNdúl iïm;a w;ßka mdIdK" Lksc" mi" c,h" jd;h" ysret<sh" jDlaI,;d
yd jkÔùka hk iïm;aj,g iqúfYAIS ia:dkhla ysñ fõ' iïm;aj,g jákdlula
fokafka ñksid h' ñksia wjYH;d yd ;dlaIKh wkqj iïm;aj, jákdlu ;SrKh
fõ' iïm;aj, w.h ld,Sk j fjkia úh yels h'

mDÓúfha iajdNdúl iïm;a jk mdIdK" Lksc" mi" c,h" jd;h" ysret<sh

jDlaI,;d yd jkÔùka ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha wruqK fõ'

mßirfha we;s iïm;a úúO jk w;r tAjd úúO whqßka j¾. l< yels h'
^1'1 rEmh&'

1'1 rEmh - iïm;a j¾. lsÍu

fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' 1
 fuu j¾.S l rKh yereKq úg my; i|yka wdldrhg o ia j dNdúl
iïm;a j¾. l< yels h'

iajdNdúl
iïm;a

laIh jk laIh fkdjk mqk¾ckkSh

iïm;a iïm;a iïm;a
fmdis, bkaOk c,h jkdka;r
jkdka;r
iq¾hdf,dalh mi
mdIdK
ire mi jd;h u;aiHhka
f,dayuh Lksc
jkÔùka
^hmia" ;U" rka&
wf,dayuh Lksc
^.,a wÕ=re" ue‚la"
is,sld&

óg wu;r j iaj dNdúl iïm;a" Ôù yd wÔù iïm;a f,i o j¾. l<

yels fõ'

Ôù iïm;a ffcj f.da,fha we;s Ydl yd i;a;j

a iïm;
^jkdka;r" i;a;j
a iïm;a" c,c iïm;a&

wÔù iïm;a c,f.da,fha we;s c,h" jdhqf.da,fha jdhq j¾."

Ys,df.da,fha we;s Lksc iïm;a" mi hkdÈh
^c,h" mi" Lksc" iq<x" Woï&

lsh
% dldrlï

01' iajdNdúl iïm;a hkakg iqÿiq ks¾jpkhla bÈßm;a lrkak'

02' mßirfha we;s iïm;a ñksid úiska jákd iïm;la njg mßj¾;kh flfrk
wdldrh ksoiqka folla u.ska meyeÈ,s lrkak'

2
mdIdK
iajdNdúl iïm;a w;r mdIdKj,g ysñ jkafka jeo.;a ia:dkhls' mDÓú
mDIAGh iE§ we;af;a mdIdKj,sks' mdIdK iE§ we;af;a Lkscj,sks' Lksc j¾.j,ska
ks¾udKh ù we;s mdIdKj, tAjdg u iqúfYaIS jQ ,laIK olakg ,efí' we;eï
mdIdK uDÿ jk w;r ;j;a mdIdK ;o .;sfhka hqla; h' mDÓúfha iuyr ia:dkj,
mdIdK ia;rh ;=kS jk w;r ;j;a ia:dkhl th .eUqrg úysfoa' tneúka mdIdKj,
ixhq;sh" jHdma;sh yd jHqyh wkqj mdIdKj, iïm;a jákdlu tlsfklg fjkia
fõ' Wm; wkqj mdIdK" j¾. ;=klg fnÈh yels h'

wd.afkah mdIdK
mDÓú wNHka;rfha we;s ue.aud isis,a ùfuka wd.afkah mdIdK ks¾udKh
fõ' fïjd uQ,sl mdIdK f,i o ye¢kafõ' wêl ;dmh yd mSvkh hgf;a ks¾udKh
jk fuu mdIdK" iaMálrEmS mdIdK fõ' fïjdfha
ùÿreuh yd ishqï lkslduh jHqyhla we;' fuu
mdIdKj,g ksoiqka f,i .%ekhsÜ" nefida,aÜ"
.eífrda jeks mdIdK y÷kajd Èh yels h'
mDÓú wNHka;rfha § ue.aud isis,a ù >kSNjkh
ùfuka wl%dka; wd.afkah mdIdK ks¾udKh jk
w;r mDÓú wNHka;rfha WKq jQ ue.aud u;=msgg
meñK isis,a ùu fya;=fldg f.k ksIal%dka;
wd.afkah mdIdK ks¾udKh fõ'
1'2 rEmh - wd.afkah mdIdK
^.%ekhsÜ&
wd.afkah mdIdKj, m%fhdack

² .%ekhsÜ fhdod .ksñka f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu'

² úis;=re NdKav ks¾udKh lsÍu'
² áka" fl%dañhï jeks Lksc ,nd .ekSu'
² Ldokhg Tfrd;a;= fok neúka nEjqï m%foaY wdrlaIdjg fhdod .ekSu'
² uydud¾. bÈlsÍfï § Ndú; lsÍu'

fuu mdIdKj,ska ks¾udKh ù we;s úúO N+ rEmj, fi!kao¾hd;aul

jákdlula o we;'

3
wjidÈ; mdIdK

Ldokh jQ wd.afkah yd úmß; mdIdKj, iqkanqka

øjH ;ekam;a ù tAldnoaO ùfuka wjidÈ; mdIdK
ks¾udKh fõ'

uq,a mdIdK iqkanqkaj,ska ks¾udKh jk ksid

fïjd oaú;Shsl mdIdK f,i o ye¢kafõ' yqKq.,a" .,a
wÕ=re" ðmaiï wdÈh fuu mdIdKj,g ksoiqka fõ' 1'3 rEmh - wjidÈ; mdIdK
^ðmaiï&
wjidÈ; mdIdKj, m%fhdack
² f.dvke.s,s l¾udka;hg yqKq.,a yd je,s .,a jYfhka fhdod .ekSu'
² Èh¿ wjidÈ; lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lsÍu
² l=U,a l¾udka;fha § wuqøjHhla f,i Ndú; lsÍu'
² úis;=re NdKav ksIamdokhg fhdod .ekSu'
² n,Yla;shla jYfhka .,a wÕ=re fhdod .ekSu'

úmß; mdIdK

wd.afkah yd wjidÈ; mdIdK wêl WIaK;ajh

yd mSvkhg Ndckh ùfuka uq,a iajrEmh
fjkia ù úmß; mdIdK ks¾udKh fõ'

mdIdK j¾. w;ßka jeä jYfhka olakg

,efnkafka úmß; mdIdK h' úmß; mdIdKj,g
1'4 rEmh - úmß; mdIdK
khsia" lsß.re~" Èhuka;s" ñksrka" fvd,uhsÜ jeks ^ñksrka&
mdIdK ksoiqka fõ'

úmß; mdIdKj, m%fhdack

² Èhuka;s - wdNrK iE§u i|yd Ndú; lsÍu'
² lsß.re~ - m%;sud" úis;=re NdKav jeks foa ks¾udKh i|yd fhdod .ekSu'
² ñksrka - ,sysis øjH jd;a;= wÉpq" ;Ska; j¾. ksmoùug fhdod .ekSu'
² fvd,uhsÜ - fmdfydr ksIm
a dokh i|yd fhdod .ekSu'

4
 khsia mdIdKj, oDV nj ksid mer‚ isoaOia:dk bÈlsÍu i|yd tu mdIdK
iys; ia:dk f;dard f.k we;'

lsh
% dldrlï
01' m%Odk mdIdK j¾. kï lr tA tla tla j¾.h i|yd ksoiqka fol ne.ska
bÈßm;a lrkak'
02' úúO mdIdKj,ska ,nd .kakd m%fhdack we;=<;a fldg fmdaiagrhla
ks¾udKh lrkak'

Lksc
iajdNdúl iïm;a w;r Lksc iïm;aj,g o jeo.;a ;ekla ysñ fõ'

Lksc hkq iajdNdúl j ks¾udKh jk ksh; ridhksl ixhq;h s la we;s iaMál

iajNdjhlska hql;
a l%udkql,
+ wNHka;r jHqyhlska iEÿKq wldnksl ix>glhls'

mDÓúh mdIdKj,ska o mdIdK Lkscj,ska o ks¾udKh ù we;s neúka Lksc

yd mdIdK w;r ukd ine¢hdjla mj;S' wd.afkah" wjidÈ; yd úmß; mdIdK iE§
we;af;a jákd Lkscj,sks' Lksc iïm;aj, jákdlu ;SrKh jkafka bka ,nd .;
yels m%fhdack u; h'

f,dalfha Lksc j¾. 2000la muK y÷kd f.k ;snK q o ñksid úiska
m%fhdackhg .kq ,nkafka iq¿ m%udKhla mu‚' ñksia YsIg
a dpdrfha tla tla hq.j,
§ wdhqO yd WmlrK ks¾udKh lr .ekSu i|yd úúO Lksc j¾. Ndú; lr ;sfí'

Lksc iïm;a my; i|yka mßÈ j¾. l< yels h'

bkaOkuh Lksc .,a wÕ=re

f,dayuh Lksc hmia" uex.kSia" ;U

f,day fkdjk Lksc ñksrka" je,s" yqKq.,A" fmdiafmaÜ

hmia" ñksrka jeks b;d jeo.;a iïm;a ms<sn| j muKla fuys § wjOdkh
fhduq flf¾'

hmia - udkj YsIagdpdrfha ÈhqKqjg m%n, idOlhla jQfha hlv Ndú;h hs'
hlv ,nd .kafka hmiaj,sks' hmia msßisÿ lr WKq lsÍfuka wk;=re j hlv o"
5
hlv" ridhksl l%shdj,shg fhduq lsÍfuka jdfka o ksmoùu isÿ flf¾' hlv
yd jdfka" tAjdfha we;s iqúfYaIS .=Kh ksid l¾udka;" lDIsl¾udka;h" bÈlsÍï
yd m%jdyk jeks lafIa;% i|yd w;HjYH øjHhla njg m;a ù ;sfí'

fyughsÜ" ue.akghsÜ" ,sfudkhsÜ wdÈh m%Odk hmia j¾. fõ' hmia

ksêhla wd¾Ól jYfhka m%fhdackhg .; yels jkafka tu hmia ksêfhys Wiia
j¾.fha hlv 30]la j;a wvx.= fõ kï mu‚' f,dalfha hmia ksmojk m%Odk
m%foaY yd rgj,a 1'1 is;shfuys oelafõ'

1'1 is;shu - hmia ksê jHdma; m%foaY yd rgj,a

lsh
% dldrlu

—hmiaj,ska ksmojkq ,nk hlv yd jdfka" ld¾ñl" lDIsld¾ñl yd m%jdyk

lafIA;% i|yd w;HjYH iïm;ls˜' ksoiqka foñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

ñksrka
ñksrka b;d jeo.;a Lksc iïm;ls' f,dal hqoO
a iufha § ñksrka l¾udka;hg
jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ úh' Lksc j¾.SlrKfha wf,dayuh Lksc j¾. hg;g .efkk
ñksrka" fmdf<dfõ ;ekam;a ù we;s iajNdjh wkqj m%Odk j¾. ;=klg fnÈh yels h'

² Ouks ñksrka ^b;d msßisÿ l=Üá jYfhka mj;S&

6
 ² laIqø iaMál ñksrka ^m;=re wdldrfhka mj;S&
² mdIdKj, úisÍ mj;sk ñksrka

f,dalfha ñksrka ksmojk m%Odk rgj,a

bkaÈhdj ;=¾lsh
fldßhdj n%iS,h
fulaisfldaj gekaidkshdj
Y%S ,xldj uev.ialrh

f,dalfha jd¾Isl ñksrka ksIamdokfhka 60]la muK ksmojk bkaÈhdj"

m%Odk ñksrka ksIamdolhd jk w;r Wiia j¾.fha ñksrka ,efnk rgla f,i
Y%S ,xldj o jeo.;a fõ'

ld¾ñl wuqøjHhla jk ñksrka" bf,lafg%dksl l¾udka;h" f,day wdjrK

iE§u" ,sysisf;,a ksmoùu" mekai,a l+re yd ;Ska; jeks foa ksmoùu i|yd Ndú;
flf¾' ;dmh yd úoHq;a ikakdhlhla f,i o ñksrka jeo.;a fõ'

lsh
% dldrlï
01' ñksrka j¾. ;=k kï lrkak'
02' iïm;la f,i ñksrkaj, we;s jeo.;alu ksoiqka weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

03' f,dal wdlD;s is;h

s ul f,dalfha ñksrka ksmojk rgj,a yd f,dalfha m%Odk
hmia ksê ,l=Kq fldg kï lrkak'

mi

fMkaøSh øjH §¾> ld,hla ;siafia Èrdm;a ùfuka yd mdIdK Ô¾Kh u.ska
iemfhk Ô¾KdjfYAI ñY% ùfuka mi ks¾udKh fõ'

mi" ñks i dg m% f hda c kj;a w;HjYH iïm;ls ' Ydl yd i;a ; a j ixy;s f ha
meje;a u r|dmj;s k a f ka fuu mia ;Ügq j u; h' Ydl j¾Okhg wjYH fmda I H
mod¾: o" c,h o imhka f ka mi u.s k s ' fmdf<da ; ,h u;= m s g ;= k S ;Ügq j la
f,i mdxY= ia ; rh ms y s g d we;' fuu mdxY= ia ; r" ia : dkfhka ia : dkhg úúO
>kluls k a hq l a ; fõ'
7
 mi ks¾udKhg n,mdk idOl uõmdIdKh - uõmdIdKh Ô¾Kh ùfuka
² uõmdIdKh fyda ksêidOkfhka tl;= jk wjidÈ;j,ska
mig Lkscuh øjH tl;= fõ' uõ mdIdKfha
² N+ úIu;dj
iajNdjh wkqj mi" mfia ixhq;sh" mia j¾. yd
² foaY.=Kh mfia j¾Kh o fjkia fõ'
² ld,h
² Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia N+ úIu;dj - N+ úIu;djg wkql, + j mi
u;=mgs isÿ jk L - dokh" ksêidokh fuka u
² udkqI l%shd
mi ;=<g c,h ldkaÿùu jeks l%h s dj,Sk"a mdxY=
ks¾udKh flf¾ n,mdhs' hï m%foaYhl we;s nEjqu" mfia iajNdjh fjkia ùug fuka
u c,jykh flfrys o n,mdk idOlhls'

foaY.=Kh - -mi ks¾udKh ùug n,mdk foaY.=‚l idOl w;r j¾Idm;kh

yd WIaK;ajh o b;d jeo.;a fõ' mfia wNHka;r WIaK;ajh" j¾Ihla ;=< mfiys
f;;ukh mj;sk ld,h" mi ;=< r|dmj;sk c, m%udKh o mi ks¾udKh iy
mfiys iajNdjh flfrys n,mdhs'

Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia - mdxY= Ôùka iy Ydl wdjrKh mig fMkaøSh øjH tl;=
lrk uQ,dY% fõ' ñka Ydl wdjrKh m%Odk fõ' fMkaøSh moaO;s nyq, m%foaYj,
b;d flá ld,hla ;=< idrj;a ysHquia iys; mia uy,la ks¾udKh fõ'

ld,h - mfia iajNdjh yd mßK;Ndjh ;SrKh lsÍfï § ld,h jeo.;a fõ' §¾>
ld,hla ;=< fMkaøSh øjH ;ekam;a ùfuka mfia ire nj jeä fõ' tn÷ miaj, wvx.=
Lksc ,jK m%udKh jeä neúka me<Eá j¾Okhg o ys;lr fõ'

udkqI l%shd - mfiys iajNdjh fjkia ùu yd mdxY= j¾Okh flfrys udkqI

ls%hdldrlï o n,mdkq ,nhs' udkqI l%shdldrlï u.ska mfiys .=Kdx.
iïmQ¾Kfhka u fjkia l< yels w;r tu.ska mi ksire ùug o bv we;'

ñksid iaÓ r ckdjdi msysg qj d .;a wjêfha is g u lDIs l d¾ñl lghq ; =

i|yd mi m%fhdac khg f.k we;s w;r ckixLHdj jeä ùu;a " ñks ia wjYH;d
jeä ùu;a iu. mi jeä jeäfhka Ndú;hg f.k we;' úúO fNda . fjkq j g
tl u ìul tl fNda.hla muKla j.d ls Í u ks id ffcj úúO;a j h yS k ù
hdfuka mi ksi re ù ;sf í'

8
 mi" ñksidf.a lDIs lghq;=j,g w;HjYH neúka mi ixrlaIKh flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq ù ;sfí'

mdxY= me;slv
by; i|yka idOl fya;=fldg f.k l,la ;siafia ks¾udK jk mil"
olakg ,efnk ia;r iuQyh mdxY= me;slv f,i ye¢kafõ' tf,i ks¾udKh jQ
mdxY= me;slvla 1'5 rEmfhys ±lafõ'
A uy,

fkdÈrE me<Eá úfYAI yd i;a;aj fldgia o w¾O

jYfhka Èrdm;a jQ øjHj,ska o A uy, iukaú; fõ'
uõmdIdKh uq¿ukska u Ô¾Kh ù fMkaøSh øjH jeä
m%udKhla wvx.= j we;' hg we;s uy,aj,g jvd
l¿ j¾Khla .kS' fuu mi ysHquia f,i ye¢kafõ'

B uy,

w¾O jYfhka Èrdm;a jQ A uy,ska ldkaÿ jk ,jK

j¾. iy ueá j¾. B uyf,ys ;ekam;a ù we;' A
uy,g jvd ,d j¾Kfhka hq;= mils' fMkaøSh øjH
m%udKfhka wvq h'

C uy,

uõ mdIdK øjH" Ô¾KdjfYa I fyda úúO ldrl

u.sk a f.fkk øjH ;eka m ;a ùfuka fuu uy,
ks¾udKh ù ;s f í'
1'5 rEmh - mdxY= me;slv

ls%hdldrlï
01' mi ks¾udKh ùug n,mdk idOl kï lr bka ;=kla fláfhka úia;r
lrkak'
02' mdxY= uy,l rEm igykla we| tla tla uyf,ys we;s ,laIK ms<sn| j
fláfhka úia;r lrkak'
03' Ydl yd i;a;aj ixy;sfha meje;au i|yd mi jeo.;a jk wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
04' mdxY= ixrlaIKh i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. ;=kla bÈßm;a lrkak'
9
c, iïm;
c,h ñksidg fuka u wfkl=;a iajdNdúl mßir moaO;Skaf.a meje;aug
o w;HjYH iïm;ls' c,h fkdue;s j ñksidg Èk .Kklg jvd Ôj;a úh
fkdyels h' ñksidf.a Ôú;fha ish¨ lghq;= i|yd jl% j fyda iDcq j u odhl
jk iïm;la f,i c,h" y÷kajd Èh yels h'

wm Ôj;a jk mDÓúh" ks,a .%yhd

f,i y÷kajkafka c,h mj;sk tl u
.%yf,dalh ùu ksid h' mDÓú ;,fhka
71'8]la u c,fhka jeiS mj;sk w;r
fuu c,h id.r" uqyÿq " .x.d" ú,a"
jeõ" fmdl=Kq wdÈfha ;ekam;a j
we;' mDÓúfhys we;s c, m%udKfhka
97]la lrÈh f,i o 03]la ñßÈh
f,i o mj;S' tu ñßÈh m%udKfhka
ñksidg myiqfjka m%fhdackhg .;
yelafla 01]la ;rï iq¿ m%udKhls' 1'6
rEmh u.ska f,dalfha c,h jHdma; ù
we;s wdldrh oelafõ'
1'6 rEmh - f,dalfha c, jHdma;sh
uQ,dY%h ( http://artoflonewolf.blogspot.-2015/06/17

1'7 rEmh - c,pl%h

uQ,dY%h ( http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/2015/06/16

10
 1'7 rEmfhys oelafjk c,pl%h u.ska o c,h .nvd ù we;s ia:dk
lsysmhla y÷kd .; yels h'

c,h ,efnk uQ,dY%

² id.r
² j¾Idm;kh
² wNHka;r c,dY
² ú,a
² N+.; c,Or
² .a,eish¾
² W,am;a

iïm;la jYfhka c,fha we;s jeo.;alu

ñksidf.a tÈfkod lghq;= i|yd;a lDIsl¾uh" l¾udka; yd m%jdykh
jeks lafIa;% i|yd;a c,h w;HjYH fõ' ñksil=g Èklg c,h ,Sg¾ ;=kla
muK wjYH jk w;r c,h ke;s jQ úg ñksidf.a ldhsl ;=,H;dj mj;ajd .;
fkdyels ù úc,kh fõ'

1'8 rEmh - iïm;la f,i c,fha we;s jeo.;alu

11
 m%fhdackhg f.k wmú;% jQ c,h" .x.d" we< fod<j,g uqod yeÍu ksid
c,h ¥IKh fjñka mj;S' fuu wmsßisÿ c,h ñksidg" i;=kag yd ffcj moaO;sj,g
m%fhdackhg .; fkdyels ;;a;ajhg m;a ù ;sfí' fï ksid c,h ÿ¾,N iïm;la
njg o m;a j we;' fï ;;a;ajh ksid kqÿre wkd.;fha hï Èkl c,h ,nd .ekSu
yd m%fhdackhg .ekSu ms<sn| m%Yak úi|d .ekSu i|yd ñksiqka yd cd;Ska w;r
wr., we;s ùug bv lv we;s njg o woyia bÈßm;a ù ;sfí'

l%shdldrlï

01' ñksidg c,h ,nd .; yels c, uQ,dY% ;=kla kï lrkak'

02' N+.; c,h" N+;, c,h yd mdxY= c,h fláfhka úia;r lrkak'

03' —Ôùkaf.a meje;au i|yd c,h w;HjYH fõ˜ fuh ikd: lsÍug lreKq
;=kla bÈßm;a lrkak'

04' c, iïm; ixrlaIKh i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. ;=kla fhdackd lrkak'

jkdka;r

iajdNdúl jDlaI,;d w;r b;d jeo.;a mßir moaO;shla f,i jkdka;r

y÷kajd Èh yels h'

jkdka;r hkq m%Odk jYfhka ;=re,;dj,ska iukaú; ñksidg yd i;=kag úúO

m%fhdack ,nd .; yels f.dvìï mßir moaO;shls'

w;S;fha isg j¾;udkh olajd u úúO wjYH;d i|yd m%fhdackhg .kq

,nk iajdNdúl iïm;la f,i jkdka;r y÷kajd Èh yels h' iajdNdúl j jevqKq
jkdka;r fuka u frdamKh lrñka mj;ajd f.k hk jkdka;r o j¾;udkfha
olakg ,efí'

foaY.=Kh" mi wd§ idOl wkqj jkdka;rj, iajrEmh ráka rgg"

m%foaYfhka m%foaYhg úúO fõ' f,dalfha úúO jkdka;r olakg ,enqK o fuys §
m%Odk jkdka;r j¾. ;=kla ms<sn| j muKla wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'

² ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r

² fi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;r
² fla;=Or jkdka;r

12
 1'2 is;shu - f,dalfha jkdka;r jHdma;sh

ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r

jkdka;r jHdma; m%foaY jkdka;rj, ,laIK jk Ôùka
² l¾lgl ksj¾;kh ² ffcj úúO;ajh by< ² Ñïmkaishd
yd ulr ksj¾;kh uÜgul mj;S' ² fldáhd
w;r ksj¾;k l,dmh ² me<Eá j¾Okh fõ.fhka ² f.daß,a,d
isÿ fõ'
;=< jHdma; j we;' ² óñkakd
² jkdka;r ia;r lsysmhls'
² weu¾ika føda‚h ² j,yd
² .iaj, m;% nyq, ùu
² jdkr j¾.
² uOHu weußldj yd m;% m<,a ùu úfYaI
,laIKhls' ² i¾m úfYaI
² fldxf.da føda‚h
² je,a j¾. fuka u há ² lgqiq úfYaI
² wdishdkq m%foaY frdamK we;' wms Ydl ² Wr. úfYaI
nyq, h'
² úúO ud¿ j¾.
² uefyda.kS" l¿jr" WK"
y÷ka" weflaIh s d" ;d,
j¾.fha .ia j¾." hqle,smg
a ia
jeks Ydl o we;'

13
 fi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;r
jkdka;r jHdma; m%foaY jkdka;rj, ,laIK jk Ôùka
² W;=re yd ol=Kq ² iÞyß; fuka u ² f.dakd
wlaIdxY 30 isg m;kYS, .ia o we;'
² j,id
50 w;r m%foaYj, ² ffcj úúO;ajh wvq h'
jHdma; j we;' ² jDlhd
² ;o wrgq iys; h" m;%
² ihsîßhdkq
² ngysr yd uOHu m<,a h' fldáhd
hqfrdamh" W;=re weußldfõ ² meyeÈ,s ia;r fkdue;' ² uqjd
kef.kysr fjr<nv
² isisr iD;=fõ § .iaj, ² mlaIs úfYaI
m%foaYh" ´iafÜ%,shdj"
fld< yef,a'
ol= K q weußldfõ ² Wr. úfYaI
wd¾ckaákdj" ol=Kq ² wd¾Ól jYfhka jákd
Ökh wd§ m%foaY oej jk ´la" fpiakÜ"
ksoiqka fõ' mhsk"a hqle,smg
a ia"
v.a,ia*¾" îÉ" wEIA" ,hsï
jeks .ia j¾. we;'
fla;=Or jkdka;r
jkdka;r jHdma; m%foaY jkdka;rj, ,laIK jk Ôùka
² .ia jeä m%udKhla ² msksuqjd
² W;=re w¾Of.da,fha
wlaIdxY 50 isg fla;= rEmdldr fõ' ² mekavd
60 w;r l,dmfha ² oeä iS;,g yd úh<s ² ysu j,id
jHdma; j we;' njg Tfrd;a;= fok fia
² f.dakd
.ia yev .eiS we;'
² W;=re weußldfõ
² ñkala
ngysr fjrf<a isg ² b¢lgq jeks Ydl m;%
kef.kysr fjr< we;' ² kß úfYaI
olajd W;=re m%foaYh ² Ydl iDcq l|ka iys; ² iS,a uiqka
jk w;r ±j uDÿ fõ' ² mlaIs úfYaI
² W;=re hqfrdamh yd
wdishdfõ W;=re ² ´la" fïm,a" îÉ" iamDDia"
fldgi *¾" ,dÉ" fivd¾"
fmdma,¾ jeks Ydl we;'

14
jkdka;rj, jeo.;alu
² ffcj úúO;ajh wdrlaId ùu'
² jk Ôùkaf.a wdrlaIdj yd meje;au ;yjqre ùu'
² c, fmdaIl m%foaY f,i jeo.;a ùu yd N+.; c, .nvdj wdrlaId lsÍu'
² Ôùkag wdydr" T!IO" oej" bkaOk ,nd .ekSug WmldÍ ùu'
² msßisÿ jdhqf.da,hla mj;ajd .ekSu iy mßir iu;=,s;;dj wdrlaId ùu'
² fi!kao¾hd;aul jgmsgdjla ks¾udKh ùu'
² foaY.=K ;;a;ajhka flfrys n,mEï we;s lsÍu'
² mdxY= Ldokh wju lsÍu yd mfia idrj;a nj wdrlaId lsÍu'

jkdka;r yd jk Ôùka uqyqKmdk .eg¨

² jeä jk ckixLHdj;a iu. úúO wjYH;d i|yd jkdka;r t<s lsÍu'
² mßir ¥IKh u.ska Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI úkdY ùu'
² jdkscuh wruqKq i|yd i;a;j
a yd Ydl úfYaI tl;= lsÍu ksid tAjd j| ùu'
² wdl%uKYS,S Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI fnda ùu'
² iajdNdúl Wmøj yd udkqI l%shd ksid jkdka;r úkdY ùu ^<eõ.sks" kshÕ"
kdhhdu" iq<x" .sks;eîï&
² ud¾. ;ekSu" ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s jeks lghq-;= i|yd jkdka;r m%foaY fhdod
.ekSu ksid jkdka;r úkdY ùu'
² foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi ksid Ydl yd i;a;aj úfYaI j| ù hEfï ;¾ckhg
uqyqK §u'

l%shdldrlï

01' my; i|yka jkdka;r m%foaY f,dal wdlD;s is;shul ,l=Kq lrkak'
weu¾ika jkdka;r" fldxf.da jkdka;r" hqfrdamfha m;kYS, jkdka;r
l,dmh" W;=re wdishdfõ fla;=Or jkdka;r

02' ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r úkdY ùug n,mdk fya;= folla úia;r lrkak'
03' jkdka;r yd jk Ôùka uqyqKmdk .eg¨ folla meyeÈ,s lrkak'

15
 mejreï

01' wod< mska;+r yd m%ldYk we;=<;a lrñka Tn leu;s iïm;a j¾.SlrKhla

ks¾udKh lrkak'
02' Tng ióm mßirfhys we;s úúO iïm;a ms<sn| j fidhd n,d Tn úiska
ks¾udKh lrk ,o j¾.SlrKhg we;=<;a lrkak'
03' iïm;aj, jákdlu yd ixrlaIKh ms<sn| wdo¾Y mdG ilia fldg mdi,a
N+ñfhys m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
04' —jkdka;r wfma Ôjh hs˜ hk uefhka ì;a;s mqj;am;lg ,smshla ilia lrkak'

wdY%s; .%ka: iy uQ,dY%

² ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfõoh I fldgi ^2013&" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;j
= "
fld<U'
² N+f.da, úoHdj" 11 fY%a‚h ^2014&" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U'
² udkqI N+f.da, úoHdj II fldgi ^2009&" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
fld<U'
² Natural Resources of sri lanka (2000), National Science Foundations.
² http://artoflonewolf.blogspot.com/2015_06_17_archive.html
² http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=30580

mdßNdIsl jpk
² mdIdK - Rocks - £õøÓPÒ

² Lksc - Minerals - PÛ¯[PÒ

² mi - Soil - ©s

² jDlaI,;d - Vegetation - uõÁµ¨ ÷£õºøÁ

² laIh jk iïm;a - Exhaustible resources - AÈÄÖ® ÁÍ[PÒ

² laIh fkdjk iïm;a - Non – exhaustible resources - AÈÁøh¯õu ÁÍ[PÒ

² fmdis, bkaOk - Fossil fuel - E°ºa _Ámk G›ö£õ¸Ò

² f,dayuh Lksc - Metal minerals - E÷»õPU PÛ¯[PÒ

16
² wf,dayuh Lksc - Non metal minerals - E÷»õP©À»õu PÛ¯[PÒ

² mqk¾ckkSh iïm;a - Regenarative resources - «Ð¸ÁõUP ÁÍ[PÒ

² Ôù iïm;a - Living resources - E°¸ÒÍ ÁÍ[PÒ

² wÔù iïm;a - Non Living resources - E°µØÓ ÁÍ[PÒ

² Woï - Tides - ÁØÖ¨ ö£¸USPÒ

² mDÓú mDIAGh - Surface of the earth - ¦Â ÷©Ø£µ¨¦

² mdIdK ixhq;sh - Rock composition - £õøÓa ÷\ºUøP

² wd.afkah mdIdK - Igneous Rocks - w¨£õøÓPÒ

² wjidÈ; mdIdK - Sedimentary rocks - Aøh¯À £õøÓPÒ

² úmß; mdIdK - Metamorphic rocks - E¸©õÔ¯ £õøÓPÒ

² iaMálrEmS mdIdK - Crystalline rocks - £Î[S¨ £õøÓPÒ

² ue.aud - Magma - ©U©õ

² ;dmh - Heat - öÁ¨£®

² mSvkh - Pressure - A•UP®

² >kSNjkh - Condensation - Jk[PÀ

² wjidÈ; - Sediments - Aøh¯ÀPÒ

² Èh¿ - Alluvial - ÁshÀ

² l=U,a l¾udka;h - Pottery industry - ©m£õshU øPzöuõÈÀ

² lsß.re`v - Marble - \»øÁU PÀ

² Èhuka;s - Diamonds - øÁµ®

² m%;sud - Statues - ]ø»

² ,sysis øjH - Lubricants - ©\S Gsön´

² jd;a;= wÉpq - Casting moulds - E¸UQ ÁõºzuÀ

² fMkaøSh øjH - Organic matter - ÷\uÚ¨ ö£õ¸Ò

² wffkkaøSh øjH - Inorganic matter - A÷\uÚ¨ ö£õ¸Ò

² hmia - Iron ore - C¸®¦z uõx

² úoHq;a ikakdhl - Electric conductors - C»zvµÛ¯À PhzvPÒ

² Ô¾KdjfYaI - Decomposed matter - E¸USø»¢u ö£õ¸Ò

17
 ² uõmdIdKh - Parent rock - uõ´¨ £õøÓ

² ksêidOkh - Deposition - £iuÀ

² mfia j¾Kh - Soil colour - ©s {Ó®

² Ldokh - Erosion - vßÚÀ/ A›¨¦

² ldkaÿùu - Infiltration - FkÁiuÀ

² c,jykh - Drainage - ÁiPõ»ø©¨¦

² f;;ukh - Humidity/ Moisture - Dµ¨£uß

² ysHquia - Humus - EUPÀ

² mßK;Ndjh - Maturity - •xø©

² ixrlaIKh - Conservation - ÷£o¨ £õxPõzuÀ

² mdxY= me;slv - Soil Profile - ©s£UP¨ £õºøÁ

² N+.; c,Orh - Ground aquifer - uøµURÌ }÷µ¢v

² ffcj moaO;s - Biological system - E°›¯À öuõSv

² c,pl%h - Water cycle - }º Ámh®

² jdIamSlrKh - Evaporation - B¯õUP®

² W;aiafõokh - Transpiration - B²°º¨¦

² W,am;a - Springs - }¹ØÖ

² mdßißl ;=,H;dj - Environmental balance - ö£ÍvPa \©{ø»

² mßir moaO;sh - Ecological system - E°º `ÇÀ öuõSv

² ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r - Tropical rain forest - A¯Ú ©øÇUPõk

² fi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;r - Temperate forests - CøhöÁ¨£U PõkPÒ

² fla;=Or jkdka;r - Coniferous forests - F]°ø»U PõkPÒ

² ffcj úúO;ajh - Biodiversity - E°›Ú¨ £ÀÁøPø©

² háfrdamKh - Undergrowth - RÌ {»ÁÍ›

² iodyß; - Evergreen - GßÖ® £_ø©¯õÚ

² m;kYS, - Deciduous - Cø»²vº

² c, fmdaIl m%foaY - Catchment areas - }÷µ¢x £SvPÒ

18
² N=.; c, .nvdj - Ground water store - uøµU RÌ }º÷\ª¨¦

² wdo¾Y mdG - Motto - Áõ\P®

² ì;a;s mqj;am; - Wall paper - _Áº uõÒ

19
 2 Y%S ,xldfõ iajdNdúl iïm;a

Y%S ,xldj iajdNdúl iïm;a w;ska fmdfydi;a rgls' tu iïm;a w;r id.rh"
N+ñh" mdIdK" mi" Lksc" c,h yd jkdka;r wdÈh jeo.;a fõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ iajdNdúl iïm;a mßyrKh yd ixrlaIKh ms<sn| j wOHhkh

lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha wruqK fõ'

id.rh

Y%S ,xldfõ ksYaÑ; N+ñ m%foaYhg f.dvìu muKla fkdj id.rfha fldgila
o wh;a fõ' rglg wh;a uqyqÿ iSudj ;SrKh lrk wka;¾cd;sl id.r kS;sh" 1994
fkdjeïn¾ 16 jk Èk f,dj mqrd l%shd;aul úh' ta wkqj iEu fjr<nv rdcHhlg
u fjr< iSudfõ isg kdúl ie;mqï 12la fkdblaujk fia uqyqÿ iSudjla wh;a fõ'
tu uqyqÿ iSudj —rdIaà%h uqyqÿ iSudj˜ f,i ye¢kafõ'

tu iSudfõ mj;sk .=jk" uqyoq yd tys wNHka;rfha we;s ish¨ iïm;a Y%S ,xldjg
wh;a fõ' ¥m;a" l,mq" fndl=" ;=v"q fldr,amr" uqyÿq je,s" .,amrj,ska iukaú; fuu
l,dmh" ëjr l¾udka;h yd ixpdrl l¾udka;hg o b;d m%fhdackj;a fõ'

kdúl ie;mqï 12-24 olajd jQ l,dmh" hdno l,dmh f,i ie,fla' fuu
l,dmh ;=< isÿ jk f¾.=" ëjr" ixl%uKh yd ikSmdrlaIl kS;s Í;s lv lsÍu
je<elaùu i|yd l%h
s dud¾. .ekSug rchg yels jk w;r o~qjï lsÍfï whs;h
s o we;'

kdúl ie;mqï 24-200 olajd jQ l,dmh" mru wd¾Ól l,dmh f,i ye¢kafõ'
tA ;=< mj;sk Ôù yd wÔù iajdNdúl iïm;a" uqyqÿ m;a, yd uqyqÿ m;a,g by<ska
mj;sk c, wxY= jeks fldgiaj, o iajdëk whs;sh Y%S ,xldj i;= h'

fï yereKq úg ft;sydisl c, m%foaYhg wh;a jkakd jQ ukakdrï iuqø

ikaêh" fmdala iuqø ikaêh" fnx.d, fndlal hk l,dmfha uqyqÿ iSudj" bkaÈhdj
yd Y%S ,xldj w;r we;s lr .kakd ,o .súiqulska fnod fjka lr f.k we;' forfÜ
tlÕ;dj u; fuu l,dm ;=< ish¨ lghq;= isÿ flf¾'

20
 l%shdldrlï
01' Y%S ,xldj i;= m%Odk iajdNdúl iïm;a kï lrkak'
02' —rdIaà%h uqyqÿ iSudj˜ hkq l=ula oehs y÷kajkak'
03' Èjhsk jgd we;s id.rh" Y%S ,xldfõ b;d jákd iajdNdúl iïm;ls˜
ksoiqka foñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

N+ñh
Y%S ,xldfõ iajdNdúl iïm;a w;r N+ñh o b;d jeo.;a iïm;ls' 65610km2la
muK jQ N+ñ m%udKhla Y%S ,xldj i;= jk w;r Y%S ,xldj jgd we;s ¥m;a iuQyh
o thg we;=<;a fõ' N+ úIu;dj" foaY.=Kh" iajdNdúl jDlaI,;d c, iïm; jeks

21
idOlj, úúO;ajh wkqj N+ñh úúO whqßka mßyrKhg f.k we;' ksoiqka f,i
ckdjdi" f.j;=" uxudj;a" lDIs fNda. bvï" wNHka;r c,dY" jkdka;r" ,÷ le<E
jeks foa oelaúh yels h'

2'2 rEmh ksÍlaIKh fldg Y%S ,xld N+ñh úúOdldrfhka mßyrKhg f.k
we;s wdldrh y÷kd .kak'

2'2 rEmh - N+ñh mßyrKhg f.k we;s wdldrh

Y%S ,xldfõ N+ñfhys úIu;dj lemS fmfkk m%Odk l,dm lsysmhla we;s
w;r tA tA l,dmj,g iqúfYaIS jQ ,laIK o y÷kd .; yels h' úh<s l,dmSh
N+ñfhys úYd, l=Uqre hdhka" jdßud¾. moaO;s hkdÈh o l÷lr N+ñfhys f;a j.dj"
fy,au¿ l%uh hgf;a ù j.dj hkdÈh o kd.ßl N+ñfhys úYd, ;Ügq f.dvke.s,s"
ud¾. moaO;s hkdÈh o fjr<dikak N+ñfhys ëjr l¾udka;h yd tAjdg wdfõ‚l
,laIK o ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yels h'

22
Y%S ,xldfõ N+ñ mßyrKh yd iïnkaO .eg¨ iy N+ñ ixrlaIK l%fudamdh

.eg¨ N+ñ ixrlaIK l%fudamdh

² jkdka;r yd nEjqï iys; m%foaY ² bvï mßyrK m%;sm;a;s ie,iqï

t<s lsÍu ksid ffcj iïm;aj,g lsÍu'
ydks isÿ ùu' ² k.r l%uj;a j ie,iqï lsÍu'
² mßirhg ys;lr fNda. j.d
² my;a ìï f.dv lsÍu" ldKq moaO;s
lsÍu'
wjysr lsÍu jeks lghq;= ksid c,
² fNda. j.d lsÍfï kj wdrlaIK
.e,Sïj,g ,la ùu'
l%u we;s lsÍu ^fida,aÜ l%uh&'
² c,dY f.dv ùu' ² jkdka;r m%;sfrdamKh lsÍu'
² fjr<nv mßir moaO;s úkdY ùu' ² fjr< iSud we;s lsÍu yd tA yd
iïnkaO kS;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu'
² kd.ßl m%foaYj, mdßißl" fi!LH ² fldr,a" ysß.,amr leãu ;ykï
yd ikSmdrlaIl .eg¨ we;s ùu' lsÍu'
² ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu'

l%shdldrlï
01' Y%S ,xldfõ N+ñh úúO whqßka mßyrKhg f.k we;s wdldrh fláfhka
úia;r lrkak'
02' iïm;la f,i N+ñfha we;s jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrkak'

mdIdK
Y%S ,xld N+ñh wd.afkah" wjidÈ; yd úmß; hk mdIdKj,ska iukaú; h'
w;S;fha isg u fï mdIdK úúO lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lr we;' .%ekhsÜ úmß; ùfuka
iEfok khsia mdIdK" Y%S ,xldfõ f.dvke.s,s yd uydud¾. bÈlsÍï lghq;=j, §
nyq, j Ndú; flf¾' ñyska;,h" wkqrdOmqrh jeks úúO wd.ñl isoaOia:dkj,
we;s msh.egfm<" fodrgqmd, rEm" .,a lKq wdÈh bÈlsÍug o iudê yd wjqlk jeks
m%;sud ks¾udKh i|yd o b;d oeä khsia mdIdK fhdod f.k we;'

hdmk w¾Ooaùmfha yd jhU È. uqyqÿ ;Srfha jHdma; j we;s wjidÈ;

mdIdK jk ufhdaiSk yqKq.,a" isfuka;s iE§u" hmia WKq lsÍu" f.dvke.s,s
l¾udka;h i|yd Ndú; flf¾' ksß; È. fjrf<a we;s fldr,amr" yqKq ,nd

23
.ekSu i|yd fhdod .efka' ud;f,a" uykqjr" n,kaf.dv" kd,kao" È.k" ynrK
wdÈ m%foaYj, we;s úmß; mdIdKhla jk fvd,uhsÜ mdIdK" fmdfydr jYfhka
Ndú; jk w;r ùÿre yd msÕka l¾udka;h i|yd o f.dvke.s,sj,g wjYH w¿
yqKq ,nd .ekSug o Ndú; flf¾'

khsia yqKq.,a fldr,amr fvd,uhsÜ

2'3 rEmh - úúO mdIdK j¾.

mdIdK mßyrKfha § u;= jk .eg¨

² mdIdK lekSfï § iy m%jdykfha § we;s jk mdßißl ¥IKh'
² fjr< Ldokh ùu yd uqyqo f.dv .e,Su'
² mdIdK lekSu ksid we;s jk lïmkh u.ska kdhhEu" f.dvke.s,s bß;e,Sï
we;s ùu'
² j.djg kqiqÿiq wdka;sl ìï we;s ùu'

mi
jir oyia .Kkla ;siafia uõ mdIdK yd Ydl i;a;aj fldgia Èrdm;a
ùfuka mi ks¾udKh fõ' foaY.=Kh" uõ mdIdKh" jDlaI,;d jeiau yd nEjqï
m%foaY" mi ks¾udKh flfrys n,mdk m%Odk idOl fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ mdxY= j¾Ok
l%shdj,sfha § jeo.;a u idOlh jkafka j¾Idm;k m%udKh yd tys iD;=uh jHdma;sh
hs' ksr;=re j ,efnk j¾Idm;kh yd wêl WIAK;ajh u.ska mdIdK Ô¾Kh ùu
fõ.j;a fõ' Y%S ,xldj l=vd ¥m;la jqj o úúO idOlj, n,mEu ksid úúOdldr
mia j¾. ks¾udKh ù ;sfí' tAjd w;ßka jvd;a nyq, j olakg ,efnk mdxY= l,dm
y;la ms<sn| j muKla úuid ne,Su fuys § isÿ flf¾'

² r;= ÿUqre mi ² r;= ly ,egfida,a mi

² pQ¾Kuh fkdjQ ÿUqre mi ² Èh¿ mi

² r;= ÿUqre ,egfida,a mi ² fid,sfvlaia iy fid,fkÜia mi

² r;= ly fmdâfida,a mi

24
 mi m%fhdackhg .kakd whqre
² r;= ÿUqre mi - úh<s l,dmhg
iSud jQ mila jk fuh úh<s
fNda. j.djg iy fyaka
f.dú;ekg iqÿiq fõ'

² pQ¾Kuh fkdjQ ÿUqre mi -

wïmdr" uvl,mqj Èia;%slalj,
wNHka;r m%foaY yd fjr<nv
m%foaYj, olakg ,efnk fuu
mi OdkH" t<j¿ iy ;DK
j.djg iqÿiq fõ'

² r;= ÿUqre ,egfida,a mi -

f;;a l,dmhg wdfõKsl
mia j¾.hla jk fuu mi
f;a" rn¾" fldams" fldfldajd"
lrouqx.=" tkid,a" lrdnqkeá
iy m,;=re jeks j.dj,g
iqÿiq h'
2'1 is;shu - Y%S ,xldfõ mia j¾. jHdma;sh

² r;= ly fmdâfida,a mi - my; rg f;;a l,dmSh Èia;%slalj, jHdma; j we;s

fuu mi f;a" rn¾" fmd,a jeks iaÓr fNda. i|yd o t<j¿" m<;=re j.djka
i|yd o iqÿiq h'

² r;= ly ,egfida,a mi - úh<s l,dmfha jhU È. fjrf<a mq;a;,fï isg

uq,;sõ olajd m%foaYfha o hdmk w¾Ooaùmfha o olakg ,efí' fmdfydr yd
c, iïmdokh u.ska m,;=re j.dj id¾:l j l< yels h'

² Èh¿ mi - f;;a yd úh<s l,dm foflys u m%Odk .x.d ñáhdj;aj, iy tA

wjg ;eks;,dj, jHdma; j we;' ù j.dj i|yd nyq, j fhdod .efka'

² fid,sfvlaia iy fid,fkÜia mi - ouk" ;ukalvqj m%foaYj, nyq, j mj;S'

ù j.dj iy ;DK j.dj i|yd ilia lr .; yels h'

25
mi mßyrKh yd iïnkaO .eg¨ iy ixrlaIK l%u

.eg¨ N+ñ ixrlaIK l%fudamdhka

² wêl f,i mdxY= Ldokh ùu' ² lDIsúoHd uQ,O¾uj,g wkql+, j
² mi ,jŒlrKh ùu' mig iqÿiq fNda. f;dard .ekSu
² mfia c,h r|jd .; yels m%udKh yd l<ukdlrKh'
wvq ùu' ² fmdfydr Ndú;h úêu;a lsÍu
² mi ksrdjrKh ùu ksid mfiys yd fMkaøSh fmdfydr Ndú;h
idrj;a nj wvq ùu' jeäÈhqKq lsÍu'
² ridhksl fmdfydr" lDñkdYl ² mi wdjrK fNda. jeùu'
iy lDIskdYl Ndú;h ksid mi
² ifudaÉp f¾Ld wdldrhg nEjqï
ydhkhg ,la ùu'
yryd mi fmr<Su'
² kdhhEï" .xj;=r jeks iajdNdúl
úm;a we;s ùu' ² ;Sre j.d l%uh'
² N+.; c, .nvdjg we;s lrk- ² fNda. wjfYaI" fmdfydr f,i
fjkialï fhdod .ekSu'
² mdxY= Ôùka úkdY ùu' ² l=Üá ldKq lemSu yd .,a jeá
oeóu" Ôj jeá l%uh'

l%shdldrlï

01' Y%S ,xldfõ olakg ,efnk m%Odk mdIdK j¾. kï fldg tA tla tla mdIdK
j¾.j,g ksoiqka fol ne.ska ,shkak'
02' Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk mia j¾. kï fldg tA tla tla mia j¾.j, j.d l< yels
fNda. we;=<;a f,aLkhla ms<f
s h, lrkak'
03' tu mia j¾. jHdma; m%foaY Y%S ,xldfõ is;shul ,l=Kq lrkak'

Lksc
iajNdjO¾ufhka ,eî we;s iïm;la f,i Lksc o y÷kajd Èh yels h'
ñksrka" ue‚la" ueá" yqKq.,a yd Lksc je,s Y%S ,xldfõ Lksc j¾. w;r m%Odk
fõ' tÈfkod Ôú;fha úúO wjia:dj, § fuu Lksc j¾. yd Lkscj,ska ksIamdÈ;
NdKav m%fhdackhg .efka' tjeks Lksc fhdod f.k lrkq ,nk ksIamdok
NdKav lsysmhla 2'4 rEmfhys oelafõ'

26
 2'4 rEmh - Lksc Ndú;fhka ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk úúO NdKav

Y%S ,xldj ;=<

olakg we;s Lksc
iïm;a m%Odk fldgia
follg fnÈh yels h'
tkï f,dayuh Lksc
yd f,dayuh fkdjk
Lksc jYfhks' fï
Lksc iïm;a w;=ßka
lsysmhla muKla fuys
§ úia;r flf¾'

27
ñksrka

Y%S ,xldj wE; w;S;fha isg u Wiia j¾.fha ñksrka i|yd m%isoaêhla
Wiq,hs' Y%S ,xldfjka ,nd .kakd ñksrka m%Odk jYfhka wmkhkh lrk w;r
my; i|yka foaYSh l¾udka; i|yd o iq¿ jYfhka fhdod .efka'
² ;Ska; j¾. iE§u ² W÷ka wdf,am lsÍu
² jd;a;= wÉpq ksmoùu ² mekai,a l+re ksmoùu
² uqøK lghq;= i|yd fhdod .ekSu ² mqmqrk øjH ksmoùu
² úÿ,s yd bf,lafg%dksl l¾udka;h i|yd fhdod .ekSu

l=reKE., Èia;%slalfha lyg.y iy fldf,dka.y" lE.,a, Èia;%slalfha

fnda., Y%S ,xldfõ ñksrka ,efnk m%Odk m%foaY folls' Bg wu;r j fnda;f,a"
óf.dv" lyg.iaÈ.s,sh" leì;sf.d,a,Ej" wl=/iai" ngfmd<" fokshdh wd§ m%foaYj,
o ñksrka jHdma; j we;'
ue‚la
wE; w;S;fha isg u Y%S
,xldj ue‚la iïnkaO j m%isoaêhla
Wiq,k w;r úYd, úfoaY úksuhla
Wmhk Lksc j¾.h f,i o y÷kajd
Èh yels h' ue‚laj, we;s ldka;sh"
j¾Kh iy ;o .;sh ksid wfkla
.,a j¾.j,g jvd iqúfYaI fõ' Y%S
,xldfõ úúO ue‚la j¾. we;s
w;r r;= leg" ks,l a eg" ffjfrdaä"
mqIamrd." f;daru,a,s wdÈh
jákdlñka jeä ue‚la j¾. fõ'
ue‚laj,ska ,nd.kakd m%fhdack
lsyms hla u;= oelafõ'
² wdNrK iE§u
² Trf,daiq fnhdßka iE§u
² NdKav w,xldr lsÍu

2'2 is;shu - Y%S ,xldfõ ñksrka iy ue‚la jHdma; j Y%S ,xldfõ ue‚la iy ñksrka
we;s m%foaY ,efnk m%foaY 2'2 is;h
s fuys oelafõ'

28
 ls%hdldrlï Lksc je,s

01' Èia;%sla udhsï iys; Y%S ,xldfõ úúO l¾udka; i|yd

is;h
s ul ue‚la iy ñksrka ,efnk wuqøjHhla f,i fhdod .kq ,nk
m%foaY ;=k ne.ska ,l=Kq lrkak' Lksc je,s" Y%S ,xldfõ fjr< wdY%s;
m%foaYj, o .x.d ksïk wdY%s; j
02' ue‚la iy ñksrka wdY%s; l¾udka; o nyq, j olakg ,efí' tAjd w;r
kï lr tu l¾udka; ÈhqKq lsÍfuka is,sld" b,aukhsÜ" i¾fldka iy
,nd .; yels m%fhdack i|yka lrkak' rEghs,a jeo.;a fõ'

2'3 is;shu - Lksc je,sj, jHdma;sh

29
 l%shdldrlï

01' Y%S ,xldfõ olakg ,efnk Lksc je,s j¾. y;r kï lrkak'

02' tAjd jHdma; j we;s m%foaY Y%S ,xld is;shul ,l=Kq lr kï lrkak'

03' Y%S ,xldfõ ld¾ñl wuqøjHhla f,i Lksc je,s jeo.;a jk wdldrh ksoiqka
foñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

Lksc iïm;a Ndú;fha § uqyqKmdk .eg¨

² Lksc iïm;a lekSSfï § Ndú; lrkq ,nk we;eï ;dlaI‚l l%u u.ska
mßirh ¥IKh ùu'
² .x.d wdY%s; je,s bj;a lsÍu ksid .x.d bjqre Ldokh ùu" .x.d msgdr .e,Su"
,jK c,h rg ;=<g meñŒu ksid j.d ydks isÿ ùu'
² m;,a lekSï ksid j,j,a we;s ùu" mia lvd jeàu" kdhhEï we;s ùu'
² c,h msreKq j<j,a wdY%;
s j uÿre jix.; frda. fndaùu" nelaàßhd j¾. we;s ùu'
² .x.d we< fod<j, frdka uv ;ekam;a ùu ksid c,.e,Sï we;s ùu'
² mdßißl jYfhka jDlaI,;dj,g ydks isÿ ùu" j.d ìï úkdY ùu" c,h"
f.dvìu" jdhqj ¥IKh ùu'
² c,c Ôùka yd mdxY= Ôùka úkdY ùu'

Lksc iïm;a ixrlaIKh

Lksc iïm;a m%fhdackhg .ekSu;a iu. u l%ufhka laIh jk neúka tu
iïm;a ixrlaIKh l< hq;= h' tA i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. lsysmhls'
² lekSï úêu;a lsÍu i|yd n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍu'
² mj;sk iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%fhdack ,nd .ekSu'
² Lksc lekSu" m%jdykh yd Ndú;h úêu;a j isÿ lsÍu'
² Lksc iïm;a lekSfï § wmf;a hdu j<lajd,Su'
² úNj Lksc iïm;a .fõIKh lsÍu'
² ;dlaIKh jvd;a ld¾hlaIu lsÍu'
l%shdldrlï
01' Y%S ,xldfõ ld¾ñl wuqøjHhla f,i Ndú;hg .kakd Lksc j¾. kï lrkak'

02' —Lksc ixrlaIKh l< hq;= iïm;ls˜ fya;= olajkak'

30
c,h
Y%S ,xldj c, iïm;a nyq, rgls' Y%S ,xldfõ c, uQ,dY% fmdaIKh
jkafka m%Odk jYfhka j¾Idm;kh u.sks' fudaiï" ixjyk yd jdiq<s u.ska Y%S
,xldjg j¾Idm;kh ,efí' 2'4 is;shfuka Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH jd¾Isl j¾Idm;k
jHdma;sh ±lafõ' úúO m%foaYj,g ,efnk j¾Idm;k m%udKfhys úIu;d mj;sk
nj tu.ska meyeÈ,s fõ'

2'4 is;shu - Y%S ,xldfõ j¾Idm;k jHdma;sh

Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk c, uQ,dY% f,i"

² .x.d" we< fod< ² N+.; c,h ^<sx" W,am;a" k, <sx& jeo.;a fõ'
² jeõ yd c,dY

31
 .x.d" we< fod<

Y% S ,xldj l= v d
Èjhs kla jq j o .x.d
ks ï k 103ls ka fmda I Kh
fõ ^2'5 is ; s h u&'
rfÜ c, wjYH;d
uQ ,s l j u imq r d,kq
,nka f ka fuu .x.dj,
c,fhks ' w;S ; fha is g
u c, wjYH;d imq r d
.ekS u i|yd fuu
.x.dOdrj, ckdjdi
ms y s g q j d .ka kd ,È'

jeõ yd c,dY

j¾Idm;kfha
wúksYaÑ; nj iy we;eï
.x.d úh<s ld,fha is£
hdu fya;=fldg f.k
w;S;fha isg u jdß c,
iïmdokh flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq ù ;s f í'
c, ys Õ hg ms < s h ula
2'5 is;shu - Y%S ,xldfõ .x.d f,i Y% S ,xldfõ úh<s
m%foaYj, jeõ rdYshla bÈlr we;' j¾Id ld,fha § fuu jeõj, /ia lr .;a
c,h j¾Idj ysÕ ld,fha § m%f hdac khg .ekq ‚ ' ñka f ka ß h" ljq v q ,a ," mrdl% u
iuqø h" fhdaO jej" l,d jej" kdÉp¥j hkdÈh úh<s l,dmfha bÈlrk ,o jeõ
ls ysmhls' j¾;udkfha jqj o tu m%f oaYj, c, wjYH;d imq r d,kq ,nka f ka fuu
jeõ u.sks'

f;;a l,dmSh l÷lr m%foaYj, o uE; ld,fha § úYd, c,dY bÈlr we;'
fld;auf,a" úlafgdaßhd" rkafoks.," rkagefò hkdÈh ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yels h'
fuu c,dYj, c,h lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd muKla fkdj úúO wjYH;d i|yd
o fhdod .efka'

32
N+.; c,h
Y%S ,xldfõ hdmkh" ls,sfkdÉÑh" ukakdru" mq;a;,u wd§ Èia;%slalj,
N+.; c,h b;d jeo.;a fõ' tu m%foaYj, we;s yqKq.,a mdIdK ia;rj, jeä
u N+.; c, m%udKhla r|jd ;nd .ekSfï yelshdjla mj;sk w;r N+.; c,h
.eUqre føda‚ jYfhka mej;Su o úfYaI ,laIKhls' jkd;ú,a¨" ukakdru yd
uq¨kaldú,a tjeks N+.; c, føda‚j,g ksoiqka fõ' N+.; c,h j.d <sx" k, <sx
yd wdçhd <sx u.ska m%fhdackhg .efka'

c,fhka ,efnk m%fhdack

² mdkSh wjYH;d yd .Dyia: lghq;= i|yd fhdod .ekSu'
² c,úÿ,s n,d.dr u.ska úÿ,sh ckkh lsÍu'
² lDIs lghq;= i|yd fhdod .ekSu'
² úfkdao lghq;=j,g fhdod .ekSu'
² ksIamdok l¾udka; i|yd fhdod .ekSu'
² m%jdyk udOHhla f,i jeo.;a ùu'
² ëjr lghq;= i|yd m%fhdackj;a ùu'
² mßirfha iu;=,s; nj wdrlaId lsÍu yd WIaK;ajh md,kh lsÍu'

c,h m%fhdackhg .ekSfï § u;= jk .eg¨

² c,h iSñ; iïm;la ùu'
² c,h wmf;a hdu'
² lDIsld¾ñl yd ld¾ñl wmøjH u.ska c,h ¥IKh ùu'
² msßisÿ mdkSh c,h ysÕ ùu'
² c,h wmú;% ùu ksid frda. ldrl Ôùka fndaùu
² kshx ld,j, § c,h fnod yeÍfï .eg¨ we;s ùu
² c, uQ,dY% ¥IKh ùu" ,jŒlrKh ùu'
² c, W,am;a is£hdu' k, <sxj, c,h wmsßisÿ ùu'

c, uQ,dY% ixrlaIK ls%hdud¾.

² c, l<ukdlrK ie,iqï l%u l%shdjg kexùu'
² c,h wrmsßueiafuka Ndú;h yd kdia;sh wju lsÍu'

33
 ² .x.d fmdaIl m%foaYj, c, uQ,dY% wdrlaId lsÍu'
² jeõ yd úYd, c,dY we;s lsÍu'
² lDIsld¾ñl ìïj,g l%uj;a c,iïmdokhla we;s lsÍu'
² jeis c, gexls Ndú; lsÍu'
² c,h msßisÿ lr h<s Ndú;hg .ekSu ^m%;spl%SlrKh&'
² c,fha jákdlu ms<sn| j ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu'
² c, ¥IKh wju lsÍu'
² wmøjH c,hg neyer lrk l%u úêu;a lsÍu'
² c,.e,Sï md,kh lsÍu'
² c,h Ndú;fha § fhdod .kakd c, lrdu jeks WmlrK c, ixrlaIKh
i|yd fhda.H jk mßÈ ks¾udKh lsÍu'

l%shdldrlï

01' my; oelafjk Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk .x.d ksïk 10" Y%S ,xld is;shul ,l=Kq
fldg kï lrkak'
uyje,s .Õ hdkaTh le,‚ .Õ j,fõ .Õ
oeÿreTh l=Uqlalka Th l¿ .Õ .sx .Õ
u,aj;= Th udÿre Th

02' —Ôùkaf.a meje;au i|yd c,h w;HjYH iïm;ls˜ meyeÈ,s lrkak'

jkdka;r
Y%S ,xldfõ jkdka;r moaO;sh .;a úg tys Wm moaO;s rdYshla we;' tAjd kï"

² ksj¾;k f;;a jkdka;r

² úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r
² w;rueÈ iodyß; jkdka;r
² l÷lr úh<s l,dmSh jkdka;r
² l÷lr f;;a l,dmSh jkdka;r
² lgq m÷re yd ,÷ le<E
² lfvd,dk
34
 2'5 rEmh - Y%S ,xldfõ jkdka;r jHdma;sh
ksj¾;k f;;a jkdka;r
² Y%S ,xldfõ f;;a l,dmSh my;a ìïj, iy l÷lr m%foaYj, jHdma; j
we;' foÈh.," lkafk,sh" kdlshdfoksh" reyqKqlkao" .s,Suf,a" tr;ak"
fudrmsáh jeks m%foaYj, fuu jkdka;r
olakg ,efí'
² wjqreoao uq¿,af,a u Ydl jeãug wjYH
j¾Idm;khla yd WIaK;ajhla mej;Su
úfYaI ,laIKhls'
² jkdka;r ;o fld< meye;s jk w;r úhka
ia;r lsym
s hlska hql;
a fõ' háfrdamK nyq,
fõ' w;ßka m;r ;o wrgq iys; .ia we;' 2'6 rEmh - ksj¾;k f;;a jkdka;r

35
 ² fydr" lSk" f.dvmr" lsßyeô,sh" ngqkd" ñ,a," ñfo,a," keÿka" ojg wd§
Ydl nyq, h'

úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r

² úh<s l,dmSh m%foaYj, m%Odk jYfhka olakg ,efí'
² m%Odk j¾Id iD;=j BYdk È. fudaiu jk w;r tu ld,fha § Ydl jefâ'
² j¾Id ld,fha .ia jefvk w;r úh<s
ld,fha § we;eï Ydlj, fld< yef,a'
² wd¾Ól jYfhka jákd oej jk nqre;"
l¨jr" ñ,a," iQßhudr" f;alal" y,añ,a,
wd§ Ydl fï l,dmfha nyq, h'

w;rueÈ iodyß; jkdka;r

2'7 rEmh - úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r
² f;;a yd úh<s l,dm fjka jk l%dka;s l,dmfha jHdma; j we;'
² úh<s yd f;;a l,dmj, jefjk Ydl ñY% j mj;S'
² fldia" neÈfo,a" msysôh" uefyda.kS" Ækqñfo,a, jeks jákd .ia j¾. we;'

l÷lr f;;a l,dmSh jkdka;r

² f;;a l,dmfha 1200m jeä Wia ìïj,
jHdma; j we;' iuk, lkao" msÿre;,d.,"
fyda¾gka ;ekak jeks m%foaYj, olakg
,efí'

² N+ñfha Wi wkqj .iaj, Wi o l%ufhka

wvq fõ' .ia uqÿka úhkla fia iE§ we;'
.ia >k j fkdjefvk w;r .iaj,
wmsYdl nyq, fõ'
2'8 rEmh - l÷lr f;;a l,dmSh
jkdka;r

² imq" lSk" ñysßh" j,afo,a" fj,x" fudr" yq,xysla jeks Ydl olakg ,efí'

36
l÷lr úh<s l,dmSh jkdka;r
² úh<s l,dmfhys 1400m jvd Wia l÷lr
ìïj, jHdma; j we;'
² fyd¾gka;ekak" i|;ekak" iS;dt<sh"
wfòfõ," l|fmd< jeks m%foaYj,
olakg ,efí'
² j¾Idj wvq ksid m;k j¾.fha Ydl 2'9 rEmh - l÷lr úh<s l,dmSh
jkdka;r
nyq, h' .ia weUreKq iajrEmhla .kakd
w;r ;o iq<Õg Tfrd;a;= foa' ;ekska ;ek .ia úisreKq iajdNdjhla .kSs'
² uyr;au,a" wr¿" nq¿" fk,a,s" fodU" .=relSk" lyg jeks Ydl nyq, h'

lgq m÷re yd ,÷ le<E

² Y%S ,xldfõ jhU yd .sksfldkÈ.

m%foaYj, olakg ,efí'

² WIaK;ajh 270C jeä ksid kshÕhg

Tfrd;a;= fok Ydl nyq, fõ' lgq
iys; Ydlj, m;% W,a jk w;r m;%
>k fõ' ^mf;dla&

² m¨" ùr" trñ‚hd" lrU" iQßh jeks

.ia j¾. we;'

lfvd,dk
2'10 rEmh - lgq m÷re yd ,÷ le<E
² Y%S ,xld fjr< jgd we;s .x.d" fudah"
l,mq" jeõ jeks c,dY%s; m%foaY wdY%s; j
jHdma; j ;sfí'

² uq,a nyq, ùu yd tu uq,a c,fhka by<g

úys§u fuu Ydlj, úfYaI ,laIK fõ'
² lfvd,a" lsr," Èhlÿre" .sxfmd,a wd§
Ydl nyq, fõ'
2'11 rEmh - lfvd,dk

37
jkÔù rlaIs;
jkdka;rj, fjfik i;=ka iuia; ffcj úúO;ajfha b;d jeo.;a fldgils'
mßir moaO;s yd i;a;aj ixy;sh wdrlaId lr .ekSu" iajdNdúl fi!kao¾h wdrlaId
lr .ekSu" úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK lghq;= isÿ lsÍug wjldY ie,iSu jeks fya;= u;
jkÔù rlaIs; m%foaY we;s lr ;sfí' tjeks rlaIs; j¾. lsysmhls'
² cd;sl WoHdk (National Park)
² oeä iajdNdúl rlaIs; (Strict Natural Reserve)
² wNh N+ñ (Santuary)
² iajdNdúl rlaIs; (Natural Reserve)
² jk rlaIs; (Forest Reserve)

cd;sl WoHdk

Y%S ,xldfõ fujeks jfkdaoHdk 20la muK msysgqjd we;' hd," ú,am;a;=" .,aTh"
l=uk" Wvj,j" jia.uqj" ¨Kq.ïfjfyr" udÿreTh" fidaudj;sh" fyd¾gka;ekak"
nQkao," ñkafkaßh bka lsysmhls' fuu jfkdaoHdk ;=< jk Ôùkag mQ¾K wdrlaIdj
,nd fok w;r uyck;djg jkÔùka yd iajdNdúl mßir moaO;s keröug" wOHhk
lghq;= lsÍug bv lv i,id ;sfí'

oeä iajdNdúl rlaIs;

y.a.," hd, yd ßá., ±ä iajdNdúl rlaIs; ;=kls' jk i;=kaf.a wdrlaIdj

i|yd uq¿ukska u rchg wh;a j mj;sk fuu m%foaYj,g úoHd;aul yd m¾fhaIK
lghq;= i|yd muKla we;=¿ ùug uyck;djg wjir ,nd § ;sfí'

wNhN+ñ
jk i;=kaf.a wdrlaIdj i|yd fjka jQ N+ñ m%foaYhls' Y%S ,xldfõ wNhN+ñ
62la muK we;' tAjd w;r ùrú," l;r.u" ljqvq,a," ñkafkaßh" Wvj;a; lef,a"
ú,am;a;=" .,aTh" ;%sl=Kdu,h" uvqmdr" rdjKd we,a," úlafgdaßhd" rkafo‚.,"
rkagefò" iS.sßh" fn,a,kaú," uÿkd., wd§ wNh N+ñ jeo.;a fõ' jk Ôùka yd
Tjqkaf.a iajdNdúl mßirh wdrlaId jk mßÈ idudkH ñksia ls%hdldrlïj,g bv
lv i,id foñka ,sys,a kS;s moaO;shla hgf;a wNhN+ñ ls%hd;aul fõ'

iajdNdúl rlaIs;

iajdNdúl rlaIs; f,i" ;%sfldaKuvq" ñkafkaßh" .ssß;f,a" jegysßhdlkao

jeks m%foaY y÷kajd Èh yels h' fuu m%foaYj, we;s ish¨ u Ôù iy wÔù iïm;a

38
rch u.ska wdrlaId flf¾' rcfha wjir fkdue;s j fuu m%foaYj,g we;=¿ ùug
uyck;djg wjir fkd,efí'

jk rlaIs;

kl,aia" isxyrdch" lkafk,sh" foÈh.," kdlshdfoksh jeks m%foaYj, we;s

jkdka;r fuhg wh;a fõ'

2'6 is;shu - Y%S ,xldfõ jk rlaIs;

uQ,dY%h - Y%S ,xld cd;sl is;shï ix.%yh" 2007

39
jkdka;r yd jk Ôù rlaIs;j, we;s m%fhdack
² ffcj úúO;ajh wdrlaId lrhs'
² jk Ôùkag wNh N+ñhla imhhs'
² ÿ¾,N jk Ôùka oel.ekSug uyck;djg wjia:dj ,nd fohs'
² c, W,am;a c, fmdaIl m%foaY ixrlaIKh lrhs'
² mßir WIAK;ajh jeä ùu j<lajhs'
² cdk ixÑ;hla fia l%shd lrhs'
² wdydr" T!IO ,ndfok m%Njhla f,i l%shd lrhs'
² ÿïu," ,dgq" bá" ls;=,a me‚" ó me‚ jeks jd‚c ksIamdok ,ndfohs'
² mßir ¥IKh j<lajd,hs'
² ldnkavfhdlaihsâ wjfYdaIKh lr .kshs'
² ñksidg wjYH jk ksjdi" .Dy NdKav ;ekSug oej iy bkaOk i|yd or imhhs'
² fijK" isis, yd mßirh w,xlrKh yd udkisl iqjh ,ndfohs'
² mdxY= ixrlaIKh yd mi fidaodhdu j<ld,hs'
² iq<x l=Kdgq" kdhhEï" c,.e,Sï md,kh lrhs'

l%shdldrlï

01' Y%S ,xldfõ is;h

s ul cd;sl WoHdk" oeä iajdNdúl rlaI;
s " wNhN+ñ" iajdNdúl
rlaI; s yd jk rlaIs; fol ne.ska ,l-=-Kq lr kï lrkak'
02' Y%S ,xldfõ jkdka;r weiqßka u;= oelafjk ud;Dld hgf;a yel=¿ïm;la
ks¾udKh lrkak'
² jkdka;r j¾.j, jHdma;sh
² jDlaI,;dj, iajNdjh
² Y%S ,xldfõ jkdka;r iy jk Ôù rlaIs;j, we;s jeo.;alu

jk ixrlaIK l%shdud¾.
Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdj jeä ùu;a Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d jeä ùu;a iu. u
jkdka;rj,g t,a, jk n,mEï jeä ù ;sfí' ckixLHd j¾Okhg idfmalaI j
we;s fjñka mj;sk jk úkdYh ksid foaY.=Khg" mßirhg yd ck Ôú;hg fuka
u jk Ôùkag o wys;lr n,mEï we;s ù ;sfí' tu ksid jk iïm;a yd jk Ôùka
wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd my; i|yka l%shdud¾. f.k we;'

40
 ² cd;sl rlaIs; yd wNhN+ñ mj;ajd f.k hdu'
² jk j.d jHdmD;s we;s lsÍu'
² jk ixrlaIK Wmdh ud¾. wkq.ukh lsÍu ^fida,aÜ l%uh" f;;a ìï /l
.ekSu" lfvd,dk ìï /l .ekSu&'
² m%cd iyNd.s;aj jk j.dj Èß .ekaùu'
² rela frdamKh iy jkdka;rj, M,odhs;dj j¾Okh lsÍu'
² jk úkdYfha wys;lr m%;sM, ms<sn| j ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu'
² mßir ixfõ§ l,dm we;s lsÍu'
² jk iïm;a wdrlaId lsÍu yd mj;sk kS;s Í;s n,.ekaùu'

n,Yla;sh
n,Yla;sh ksmoùu i|yd fhdod
.kakd Yla;s W;amdol lsysmhls'
² ffcj ialkaO
² fmfg%da,shï
² c,h
² .,a wÕ=re
² iq<x" iQ¾h Yla;sh

fuu Yla;s m%Njhka n,Yla;s 2'1 m%i;

a drh - Y%S ,xldfõ n,Yla;s m%Nj Ndú;h
W;amdokhg odhl jk wdldrh 2'1 uQ,dY%h - http://www.info.energy.gov.
m%ia;drfhka oelafõ' tA wkqj n,Yla;s lk/2015/04/23
m%Nj w;ßka ffcj ialkaO yd fmfg%da,shï
jeä jYfhka Ndú; jk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

ffcj ialkaO

Y%S ,xldfõ Ndú; jk ffcj ialkaO f,i oej" lDIs wmøjH" i;a;aj
wmøjH yd Ôj jdhqj jeo.;a fõ' ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk fndfyda rgj, fuka
u Y%S ,xldfõ o nyq, j Ndú; lrkq ,nkafka oej bkaOk h' f.j;=j,ska ,nd
.kakd or" fmd,a j.dj wdY%s; oej" rn¾ oej" iajdNdúl jkdka;r yd jk j.d
wdY%fhka ,nd .kakd oE" bkaOk f,i Ndú; flf¾' óg wu;r j ,S l=vq" oyhshd"
Wla frdvq" or wÕ=re" fmd,algq wÕ=re hkdÈh o bkaOk f,i fhdod .efka'

41
iQ¾hYla;sh
Y%S ,xldj jeks ksj¾;k l,dmSh
rgj,g iQ¾hdf,dalh ksrka;rfhka u
,efnk neúka iQ¾hYla;sh myiqfjka
ksmojd .; yels h' uE;l § yïnkaf;dg
nre;lkafoa iQ¾h n,d.drhla msysgqjd
we;' Bg wu;r j iQ¾h fldaI yd iQ¾h
mek, fhdod .ksñka .Dyia; j o iQ¾h
Yla;sh Ndú; flf¾' tfy;a fuu Yla;sh 2'12 rEmh - iQ¾h mek, yd fldaI
,nd .ekSfï § wêl uQ,sl msßjehla oeÍug isÿ ùu ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk
Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj,g n,j;a .eg¨jla ù we;' tfia jQjo iQ¾hYla;sh mßir
¥IKh msgq oelSug uy;a fia bjy,a jk n,Yla;s uQ,dY%hls'

iq<x n,Yla;sh
iq<x n,h laIh fkdjk iïm;la
neúka b;d jeo.;a iïm;ls' iQ¾hYla;sh
fuka u uQ,sl j wêl msßjehla oeÍug
isÿ jQjo n,Yla;s ksIamdokfha § mßir
¥IKh wju uÜgul we;s Yla;s uQ,hls'
Y%S ,xldfõ mq;a;,u yd yïnkaf;dg hk
m%foaYj, fujeks n,d.dr ls%hd;aul fõ'
tu.ska l=vd mßudKfha jHdmD;sj,g Yla;sh
,nd foa' 2'13 rEmh - iq<x n,d.dr

fmfg%da,shï
Y%S ,xldjg wdkhkh lrk Yla;s iïm;la f,i fmfg%da,shï jeo.;a fõ'
wdkhksl fndr f;,a imq.ialkafoa f;,a msßmyÿj u.ska msßisÿ lsÍfuka miq j
,nd.kakd fmfg%da,shï fldf<dkakdfõ f;,a .nvdfjka rg mqrd fnod yeÍu isÿ
flf¾' fndr f;,a msßisÿ lsÍfï § fmfg%da,shï" ãi,a" t,a'mS .Eia" .=jka hdkd f;,a"
oeú f;,a yd N+ñf;,a fjka lr .kS' Y%S ,xldfõ fmfg%da,shï Ndú; jk wdldrh
2'2 m%ia;drfhka fmkakqï flf¾' tA wkqj m%jdyk" ld¾ñl yd jd‚c lghq;= i|yd
fmfg%da,shï jeä jYfhka Ndú; jk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

42
 iuia;hla jYfhka .;a
l< Y%S ,xldfõ n,Yla;s b,a¨u
Èfkka Èk jeä fjñka mj;S'
fuu b,a¨u imqrd,Su fuka u wvq
úhoï n,Yla;s W;amdokh flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu i|yd iqks;H
úÿ,s n,Yla;s wêldßh msysgqjd we;'
tu.ska .%dóh m%foaYj, l=vd n,Yla;s
jHdmD;s flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ù
;sfí' fï yereKq úg fkdfrdÉfpda,"
flrj,msáh jeks ia:dkj, bÈlr
we;s .,a wÕ=re n,d.dr u.ska o
n,Yla;sh ksmojkq ,efí'

2'2 m%ia;drh - fmfg%da,shï Ndú;h c, úÿ,sh

uQ,dY%h - uqo,a yd l%uiïmdok wud;HdxYh" 2013
Y%S ,xldfõ .Dy wjYH;d"
l¾udka; iy jd‚c lghq;= i|yd
c, úÿ,sh nyq, j fhdod .efka' ^2'3
m%ia;drh& Y%S ,xldfõ ksmoúh yels
c, úÿ,sn, Odß;dj fu.d fjdÜ 2000
muK fõ' ,laImdk" úu,iqf¾kaø"
iuk<" leksfhdka" rkafoks.,"
fld;auf,a" úlafgdaßhd" Wl=fj< wd§
n,d.dr u.ska fï jk úg c, úÿ,sh
fu.d fjdÜ 1200la muK ksmojd we;'

YS% ,xldfõ úÿ,s n, b,a¨u

jd¾Isl j 7]--8]l m%udKhlska jeä
fjñka mj;S' ckixLHd j¾Okh"
mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d by< hdu yd
l¾udka; j¾Okh ùu fuf,i b,a¨u
2'3 m%ia;drh - c, úÿ,sn, mßfNdackh
uQ,dY%h - http://www.info.energy.gov. jeä ùug fya;= ù ;sfí'

43
 2'7 is;shu - Y%S ,xldfõ úÿ,s n,d.dr
uQ,dY%h - .=Kfiak *s,smaia f,dal is;shï fmd; ^2003& weiqßka ilia lrk ,È'

44
n,Yla;s mßyrKfha § u;= jk .eg¨
² msßjeh wêl ùu'
² iq<x" iQ¾hYla;sh jeks we;eï n,Yla;s iïm;a" mdßißl idOl u; ;SrKh
ùu iy tA i|yd wêl uQ,sl msßjehla fhoùug isÿ ùu'
² Lksc f;,a wdkhkh i|yd wêl uqo,la jeh ùu'
² n,Yla;s mßyrKfha § kdia;sh yd wmf;a hdu jeä ùu'
² iajdNdúl wdmod u.ska ydks isÿ ùu'

n,Yla;s iïm;a ixrlaIKh lsÍfï jeo.;alu

² úfoaY úksuh b;sß lr .; yels ùu'
² rfÜ ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu
² wOHdmk yd iudchSh ixj¾Ok lghq;=j,g odhl ùu'
² n,Yla;s iïm;a wrmsßueiafuka Ndú; lsÍu ksid jeä jk b,a¨ug
iemhSug yels ùu yd ;srir meje;aug odhl ùu'
² mdßfNda.sl ck;djf.a tÈfkod lghq;= ld¾hlaIu ùu u.ska ld,h b;sß
ùu yd uqo,a kdia;sh wju ùu'
² mßir ydks wju ùu
² iajdNdúl Wmøj yd foaY.=‚l úm¾hdij,ska t,a, jk n,mEï wju lr
.ekSug yels ùu'

ls%hdldrlï

01' Y%S ,xldfõ jeä jYfhka Ndú; jk n,Yla;s uQ,dY% ;=kla i|yka lrkak'
02' Y%S ,xld wdlD;s is;shul my; i|yka oE ,l=Kq lr kï lrkak'
² Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk c,úÿ,s n,d.dr myla
² iq<x n,d.dr folla
² .,a wÕ=re n,d.drhla
03' —n,Yla;h
s wrmsßueiafuka Ndú; lsÍfuka rfÜ ixj¾Okhg odhl úh yels h˜'
fuu m%ldYh ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

45
 mejreï

01' Tn m%foaYfha N+ñ mßyrKh wdY%s; .eg¨ ;=kla ,shkak'

02' tu .eg¨ úi£u i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. we;=<;a lr m;%sldjla ilia
lrkak'

03' i. Tn m%foaYfha mj;akd Lksc iïm;a lsysmhla kï fldg" tAjdhska ,nd

.kakd m%fhdack we;=<;a lrñka j.=jla ilia lrkak'
ii. tu Lksc iïm;a leŒfï § yd Ndú;hg .ekSfï § mßirhg isÿ ù we;s
ydks ms<sn| fidhd n,d igykla ilia lrkak'

04' i. Tn m%foaYfha c, Ndú;h iïnkaOfhka u;= ù ;sfnk .eg¨ ms<sn|

f;dr;=re /ia lrkak'
ii. tu .eg¨j,g fhÈh yels ms<shï lsysmhla fhdackd lrkak'

05' .=re Wmfoia ,nd .ksñka mdi,a N+ñfhys wmf;a hk c,h m%fhdackhg
.ekSu i|yd l%shdldrlula ie,iqï fldg tys ksr;jkak'
06' i. Tn m%foaYfha olakg ,efnk jkdka;r" Y%S ,xldfõ jkdka;r Wm
moaO;sj,ska l=uk j¾.hg wh;a fõ o@

ii. tu jkdka;rj, olakg ,efnk úfYaI ,laIK ;=kla ,shkak'

07' Tn m%foaYfha we;s iajdNdúl iïm;a ms<n

s | j f;dr;=re /ia fldg" tAjdhska
oekg ,efnk m%fhdack iy ,nd .; yels m%fhdack ms<n s | j ck;dj oekqj;a
lsÍu i|yd w;am;%sldjla ilia lrkak'

wdY%s; .%ka: iy uQ,dY%

² .=Kfiak *s,sma is;shï f,dal fmd; ^2003&" iSudiys; weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy
iud.u'
² n,Yla;sh oefha Ôjkd,shhs .%ka:h ^2015&" iqks;H n,Yla;s wêldßh'
² uqo,a yd l%uiïmdok wud;HdxYh ^2013&" jd¾Isl jd¾;dj'
² Y%S ,xld cd;sl is;shï ix.%yh ^2007&" Y%S ,xld ñkskafodare fomd¾;fïka;=j"
fld<U'
² http://www.info.energy.gov.lk/

46
mdßNdIsl jpk

² uqyqÿ iSudj - -Maritime boundary - PhÀ GÀø»

² kdúl ie;mqï - Nautical miles - PhÀ ø©À

² rdIaà%h uqyqÿ iSudj - Territorial boundary - Bm¦» PhÀ GÀø»

² ft;sydisl c, m%foaYh - Historic waters - Áµ»õØÖ }öµÀø»

² N+ñ mßyrKh - Use of land - {»¨ £¯ß£õk

² mßyrK rgd - Consumption patterns - ~PºÄ¨ £õ[SPÒ

² ,÷ le<E - Scrub lands - £ØøÓU PõkPÒ

² fy,au¿ l%uh - Terraced method - £iUPmk •øÓ

² fldr,a - Corals - •¸øPU PÀ

² ysß.,a mr - Coral reefs - •¸øPU PØ£õº

² m%;sfrdamKh - Replant - «ß |køP

² msh.egfm< - Steps - £iUPmkPÒ

² fodrgqmd, rEm - Guard stone - PõÁÀ PÀ

² ufhdaik
S yqK.
q ,a - Miocene limestone - ©÷¯õ^ß _snU PÀ

² mdIdK lekSu - Rock excavation - £õøÓ APÌÄ

² lïmkh - Resonation - AvºÄ

² mdxY= j¾Ok l%shdj,sh - Soil development process - ©s ¸zva ö\¯ß•øÓ

² .x.d ñáhdj; - River valley - BØÖ¨ £ÒÍzuõUS

² .xfudah - River mouth - BØÖ •P®

² wdjrK fNda. - Cover crop - ‰k £°º

² ;Sre j.d l%uh - Stripe cultivation method - £iUPmk £°ºaö\´øP •øÓ

² l=Üá ldKq lemSu - Block drain mowing - PõÀÁõ¯ öÁmkuÀ

² ;U - Copper - ö\®¦

² ue.akSishï - Magnesium - ©UÜ]¯®

47
 ² b,aukhsÜ - Ilmenite - CÀ©øÚØ

² rEghs,a - Rutile - ¹øh°À

² ue.akghsÜ - Magnetite - ©UÚøµØÖ

² ñksrka - Graphite - PõŸ¯®

² yqKq.,a - Limestone - _snU PÀ

² ueá - Clay - PΩs

² wemghsÜ - Apatite - A¨£øuØ

² is,sld - Silica - ]¼UPõ

² frdka uv - Sediments - Aøh¯ÀPÒ

² c,c Ôùka - Aquatic organisms - }º\õº A[QPÒ

² mdxY= Ôùka - Soil organisms - ©s A[QPÒ

² c,føda‚ - Water basins - }º Ái{»®

² k, <sx - Tube wells - SÇõ´ QnÖ

² wdçhd <sx - Sweep wells - BÇ©ØÓ QnÖPÒ

² ksj¾;k f;;a jkdka;r - Tropical rain forests - A¯Ú ©øÇU PõkPÒ

² úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r - Dry mixed ever green forests - GßÖ® £_ø©¯õÚ Áµsh
P»¨¦U PõkPÒ

² w;rueÈ iodyß; jkdka;r - Intermediate evergreen forests - GßÖ® £_ø©¯õÚ

Cøh{ø»U PõkPÒ

² l÷lr úh<s l,dmSh jkdka;r - Montane dry zone forests - ö©õ¢uõøÚ E»º Á»¯U
PõkPÒ

² l÷lr f;;a l,dmSh jkdka;r - Wet montane forests - Dµ ö©õ¢uõøÚU PõkPÒ

² lgq m÷re yd ,÷ le<E - Thorny bushes and scrublands - •m¦uºPЮ, £ØøÓU

PõkPЮ

² lfvd,dk - Mangroves - PshÀPÒ

² j¾Id iD;=j - Rainy season - ©øǨ £¸Á®

² l%dka;s l,dmh - transitional Zone - ©õÓÀ Á»¯®

48
² cd;sl WoHdkh - National park - ÷u]¯ §[Põ

² oeä iajdNdúl rlaI;

s - Strict natural reserve areas - uøhö\´¯¨£mh JxUS¨ £SvPÒ

² wNhN+ñh - Sanctuary - \µnõ»¯®

² iajdNdúl rlaIs; - Natural reserves - C¯ØøP JxUSPÒ

² jk rlaIs; - Forest reserves - ÁÚ JxUS

² cdk ixÑ; - Gene pool - ©µ£q

² iq<x l=Kdgq - Storms - ¦¯ÀPÒ

² rela frdamKh - Tree culture - ©µ|køP

² mßir ixfõ§ l,dm - Environment sensitivity zones - `ÇÀ EnºvÓß Á»¯®

² ffcj ialkaO - Bio mass - E°º voÄ

² iQ¾h Yla;sh - Solar energy - `›¯ \Uv

² iQ¾h n,d.dr - Solar power stations - `›¯ Á¾ {ø»¯®

² iQ¾h fldaI - Solar cells - `›¯U P»[PÒ

² iQ¾h mek,h - Solar panel - `›¯ öuõSv

² úÿ,sh ckkh lsÍu - Generation of electricity - ªß E¸ÁõUP®

² n,Yla;s wêldßh - Energy Authority - ªß \Uv BønU SÊ

² .,a wÕ=re n,d.drh - Coal power station - {»UP› Á¾ {ø»¯®

² ;srir meje;au - Sustainable existence - {ø»¯õÚ ÁõÌÄ vÓß

49
 3 f,dal ckixLHdj

mDÓúh u; fjfik uq¿ ñksia .ykh f,dal ckixLHdj f,i ye¢kafõ'

3'1 rEmh - ckixLHdj

ckixLHdj hkq m%udKd;aul j fuka u .=Kd;aul j o fjkia jk m%mxphls'

f,dal ckixLHdfõ úYd,;ajh" j¾Okh iy jHdma;sh jeks ,laIK ms<sn| j

f;dr;=re úuid ne,Su fuu mßÉfþofha uQ,sl wruqK fõ'

ckixLHdj ms<sn| j ie,lSfï § m%Odk jYfhka jeo.;a jk lafIa;% folla

y÷kd .; yels h' tkï"

² ñksidg Wm;ska u ysñ jk mqñ;sßnj" udkj j¾.h" jhi wd§ ,laIK

² miqj Wreu lr .kq ,nk cd;sh" wd.u" NdIdj" idlaIr;dj jeks ,laIK'

mDÓúh u; we;s ish¨ fN!;sl iïm;a ksYp a h lrk fyda mßfNdackh

lrk ñksid iïm;ls' th udkj iïm; f,i ye¢kafõ' ta wkqj ´kE u rgl
ixj¾Ok l%h
s dj,sh ;=< udkj iïm; b;d jeo.;a fõ' tfia jkafka f,dj ish¨
ld¾hhka ñksid u; mokï ù we;s neúks' f,dalfha ckixLHdj YS>f% hka j¾Okh
fjñka mj;S' j¾;udkfha § f,dj we;eï rgj,g ckixLHdj YS>f % hka j¾Okh
ùu .eg¨jls' ;j;a iuyr rgj,g wvq ckixLHd j¾Okh o .eg¨jls' úfYaIfhka

50
ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, ckixLHd j¾Okh" ixj¾ê; rgj,g idfmalaI j
fõ.j;a j isÿ fõ' tneúka ´kE u rgl ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh ;=< ckixLHdj m%Yia;
uÜgul mj;ajd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ' ta i|yd úúO l%ufõo iy ie,iqï ilia
lsÍu;a ckixLHd m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lsÍu;a f,dj iEu rgla ;=< u olakg ,efí'
N+f.da, úoHd;aul wOHhkhkays § ckixLHdj b;d jeo.;a ud;Dldjla njg m;aj
we;af;a tneúks'

f,dal ckixLHdfõ úYd,;ajh

oekg wjqreÿ 200lg muK fmr f,dal ckixLHdj b;d l=vd m%udKhla úh'
tfy;a j¾;udkh jk úg f,dal ckixLHdj ì,shk y; blaujd we;' idudkHfhka
oekg mj;akd j¾Ok fõ.h wkqj j¾Ihlg ñ,shk 80la muK jQ ckixLHdjla
f,dal ckixLHdjg tl;= jk nj .Kkh lr we;'

3'1 m%ia;drh - uydoaùm wkqj f,dal ckixLHdfõ úYd,;ajh

uQ,dY%h ( http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/2014.12.03 o;a; wkqj ilia lrk ,È'

f,dalfha uydoaùm wkqj ckixLHdj jHdma; ù we;s wdldrh 3'1 rEmh u.ska
oelafõ' tA wkqj"

² uq¿ ckixLHdfjka 76]la muK jdih lrkafka wdishd yd wm%sld hk uydoaùm

foflys h' b;sß 24] wfkl=;a uydoaùmj, úisÍ mj;S' f,dalfha" ckixLHdj
ñ,shk 100g jeä rgj,a 23la muK fõ' ckixLHdfõ úYd,;ajh wkqj m%uqL
rgj,a 10la 3'1 j.=fõ oelafõ'

² wdishd uydoaùmfhys rgj,a w;=ßka Ökh yd bkaÈhdfõ jeä ckixLHdjla

jdih lr;s' tA yereKq úg mdlsia:dkh" nx.a,dfoaYh" bkaÿkSishdj jeks
rgj, o ckixLHdj wêl fõ'
51
 3'1 j.=j - ckixLHdfõ úYd,;ajh wkqj m%uqL rgj,a

rg ckixLHdj m%;sY;h
Ökh 1"393"783"836 19'24
bkaÈhdj 1"267"401"849 17'50
weußld tlai;a ckmoh 322"583"006 4'45
bkaÿkSishdj 252"812"245 3'49
n%iS,h 202"033"670 2'79
mlsia:dkh 185"132"926 2'56
khsÔßhdj 178"516"904 2'46
nx.a,dfoaYh 158"512"570 2'19
reishdj 142"467"651 1'97
cmdkh 126"999"808 1'75
uQ,dY%h - http://www.worldometers.info/2015.07.20
f,dal ckixLHdfõ j¾Okh
mDÓúh u; fjfik ñksia j¾.hdg jir ñ,shkhlg jvd È.= b;sydihla
mej;-=K o ckixLHdj ms<sn| ksYaÑ; o;a; we;af;a jir 200l muK isg h'
mqrdúoHd;aul idlaIs mokï lr f.k uq,a hq.fha ckixLHdj ms<sn| ks.ukj,g
t<U we;' fuu ld, iSudj ;=< jqjo ckixLHd o;a; msßlaiSfï § meyeÈ,s jkafka
f,dal ckixLHdj wLKav j j¾Okh ù we;s nj hs'

f,dal ckixLHdfõ j¾Okh ms<sn| ft;sydisl o;a; msßlaiSfï § ckixLHd

j¾Okfha lemS fmfkk wjê folla y÷kd .; yels h'

1' §¾> ld,hla ;siafia ukao.dó j¾Okhla isÿ jQ wjêh' ^udkj ixy;sh
wdrïNfha isg l%s'j 1750 muK olajd&'

iajdNdúl j¾Ok fõ.h my< uÜgul mej;Su ksid §¾> ld,hla ;=<
f,dal ckixLHdj ukao.dó j j¾Okh úh' Bg fya;=j jQfha Wm;a wkqmd;slh
by< uÜgul mej;=K o" urK wkqmd;slh o by< uÜgul mej;Su hs ^3'2
m%ia;drh&'

52
 3'2 m%ia;drh - f,dal ckixLHdj j¾Okh jQ wdldrh
uQ,dY%h ( http://singularityhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/image2.jpg 2015.07.02

2' ls%'j' 1750 muK isg flá ld,hla ;=< YS>% j¾Okhla isÿ jQ wjêh
fuu ld,mßÉfþoh ;=< urK wkqmd;slh wvq ùu;a Wm;a wkqmd;slh
by< uÜgul mej;Su;a ksid ckixLHdfõ YS>% j¾Okhla isÿ úh' fuh ckixLHd
iafMdagkh (Explosion) f,i ye¢kafõ' 3'2 j.=j iy 3'3 m%ia;drh u.ska o ckixLHdj
YS>%fhka j¾Okh jQ wdldrh oelafõ'
3'2 j.=j - ckixLHdfõ YS>% j¾Okh

j¾I ckixLHdj ^ñ,shk&

1750 700
1800 1"000
1850 1"200
1900 1"600
1950 2"550
1975 4"000
1985 4"850
1995 5"700
2006 6"500
2009 6"800
2011 7"000
uQ,dY%h - http://geography.about.com 2015.07.22 weiqßka ilia lrk ,È'
53
 3'3 m%ia;drh - f,dal ckixLHdj ì,shkfhka ì,shkh j¾Okh ùug .; ù we;s ld,h
uQ,dY%h ( http://www.usfunds.com/media/images2014.12.06

ls%'j 1800 § ì,shk tlla jQ f,dal ckixLHdj" ls%'j 2011 § ì,shk y;la
olajd j¾Okh ù ;sfí' tfuka u ckixLHdjg ì,shkh ne.ska tl;= ùu i|yd .;
ù we;s ld,h l%ufhka wvq ù we;s w;r j¾;udkh jk úg ckixLHdjg ì,shkhla
tla ùu i|yd .; ù we;af;a wjqreÿ 12la ;rï flá ld,hla nj 3'3 m%ia;drfhka
meyeÈ,s fõ' fuu Y;j¾Ih wjidkh jk úg f,dal ckixLHdj ì,shk 11la jkq
we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'

f,dal ckixLHd
j¾Okfha ;j;a úfYaI
,laIKhla jkafka l%s'j
1950ka miq ld,mßÉfþoh
;=< ixj¾Okh fjñka
mj;sk rgj, ckixLHd
j¾Okh ixj¾ê; rgj,g
idfmalaI j jvd;a
fõ.j;a j isÿ ùu hs'
^3'4 m%ia;drh&

3'4 m%ia;drh - f,dal ckixLHd j¾Okh

uQ,dY%h ( http://www.sustainablescale.org/images/2015.07.20

54
 l%shdldrlï

01' i' f,dal ckixLHd j¾Okfhys y÷kd .; yels m%Odk wjê fol kï lrkak'
ii' tu wjê fol ;=< ckixLHd j¾Okfha fjkialï we;s ùu flfrys
n,md we;s idOl ljf¾±hs meyeÈ,s lrkak'
02' i' zzckixLHd iafMdagkhZZ hkq l=ula±hs y÷kajkak' ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk
rgj, ckixLHd iafMdagkh flfrys n,md we;s idOl meyeÈ,s lrkak'
ii' 3'4 m%i;
a drh wOHhkh fldg f,dalfha ixj¾ê; rgj,a iy ixj¾Okh
fjñka mj;sk rgj,a w;r ckixLHd j¾Okfha olakg ,efnk úIu;d
meyeÈ,s lrkak'

f,dal ckixLHdfõ jHdma;sh

ckixLHdfõ jHdma;sh hkqfjka woyia jkafka mDÓúh u;=msg ñksid
N+f.da,Sh jYfhka jHdma; ù we;s wdldrh hs' mDÓú ;,h u; ñksia jdihg fN!;sl
jYfhka ys;lr jQ ìï we;af;a iq¿ m%udKhls' úúO fN!;sl iy udkqI idOl
n,mEu ksid f,dalfha ckixLHd jHdma;sfhys wiu iajNdjhla olakg ,efí' tA
wkqj mDÓú ;,h u; wêl ck ixflakaøK l,dm fuka u ck ySk l,dm o we;'
ck >k;ajh weiqfrka ckixLHd jHdma;sh meyeÈ,s fõ'
f,dalfha ckdêl l,dm
ck >k;ajh hkq lsihs ï ìï tAllhla ;=<
fyj;a m%Odk ck ixflakaøK
Ôj;a jk ckixLHdj hs' idudkHfhka th j¾.
y;rla y÷kd .; yels h'
lsf,daógrhlg .Kkh lr olajkq ,efí'
² kef.kysr wdishdj
ck >k;ajh } ckixLHdj
² ol=Kq yd w.aksÈ. wdishdj
ìï m%udKh
² jhUÈ. hqfrdamh
wêl ck ixflakaøKhla f,i fuf;la ² weußldfõ BidkÈ.
y÷kd .;a weußldfõ BidkÈ. fjr<nv l,dmh fjr<nv l,dmh
j¾;udkfha § f,dal uÜgñka oaú;Shsl ck
ixflakaøKhla njg m;a ù ;sfí'
fuu ck ixflakaøK ish,a, u fjr<nv m%foaY wdY%s; j msysgd ;sîu
úfYaI ,laIKhls' ñksia jdihg ys;lr fN!;sl mßirhla ;sîu" .ukd.uk
myiqj" fjf<|du yd fjk;a wd¾Ól l%shdjkag fhda.H ùu jeks idOl" tu
m%foaYj,g ck;dj tAlrdYS ùug fya;= ù ;sfí' f,dalfha ñ,shk k.rj,ska
jeä ixLHdjla fuu l,dm ;=< msysgd we;'

fuu ck ixflakøa K l,dmj,g f,dal N+ñ m%udKfhka wh;a jkafka 10]

muKla jqjo f,dal ckixLHdfjka 64]la u tu m%foaYh ;=< Ôj;aùu úfYaI ,laIKhls'
55
56
f,dalfha ckixLHd jHdma;sh

3'1 is;shu - f,dalfha ckixLHd jHdma;sh

uQ,dY%h - http://education.randmcnally.com/images/edpub/World_Population.png2014.12.10
f,dalfha oaú;Shsl ck ixflakaøK
fuu wêl ck ixflakaøKj,g wu;r j iEu uydoaùmhl u jdf.a wêl
ck >k;ajhlska hq;a oaú;Shsl ixflakaøK rdYshla olakg ,efí'

² W;=re weußldfõ kef.kysr" ngysr yd Bidk È. fjr<nv l,dmfha

ixflakaøK ^weußld tlai;a ckmofha ksõfhda¾la" fndiagka yd
iekam%ekaisiaflda k.rh wdY%s;&
² ol=Kq weußldfõ kef.kysr fjr<nv l,dmfha ixflakøa K ^n%i,
S fha ßfhda o
cefkhsfrda k.rh wdY%s;&
² khs,a .x.d fudah wdY%s; l,dmh ^Bðma;=fõ lhsfrda k.rh wdY%s;&
² ngysr wm%sldfõ isfhard ,sfhdka" ,hsîßhdj" whsjß fldaiaÜ" >dkdj hk
rgj,a wdY%s; ixflakaøK fuys § lemS fmfka'

by;ska olajk ,o wêl ck ixflakaøK iy oaú;Shsl ck ixflakaøK

wdY%s; j f,dalfha uq¿ ckixLHdfjka 80]la muK Ôj;a fõ' fuu m%foaYj, j¾.
lsf,daógrhlg 65lg jvd jeä ck >k;ajhla mj;S'

f,dalfha ck ySk m%foaY

f,dalfha uq¿ ìï m%udKfhka 65]la muK ck ySk m%foaY fõ' tjeks m%foaY f,i"

² YS; ldka;dr m%foaY ^ wdlaála iy wekagdlaála m%foaY&

² WIAK ldka;dr m%foaY ^wm%sld uydoaùmfha iyrd" uOHu ´iafÜ%,shdj&
² l÷lr m%foaY ^ysud,h" wka§ia" frdlS jeks&
² ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r m%foaY ^weu¾ika" fldxf.da& oelaúh yels h'

fuu m%foaYj, ck>k;ajh j¾. lsf,daógrhlg mqoa.,hka mylg jvd

wvq h' tu m%foaY ck ySk ùu flfrys r¿ úIu;dj iy foaY.=Kh jeks fN!;sl
idOl n,md we;'

ckdêl l,dm iy ck ySk l,dm yereKq úg f,dalfha fiiq m%foaYj,

uOHia: ck jHdma;shla olakg ,efí' fuu m%foaYj, ck>k;ajh j¾.
lsf,daógrhlg 5-65;a w;r fõ'

57
ckixLHdfõ wiu jHdma;sh flfrys n,mdk idOl

ckixLHdfõ wiu jHdma;sh flfrys n,mdk idOl /ils' tu idOl m%Odk

jYfhka j¾. follg fnod oelaúh yels h'
1' fN!;sl idOl
2' udkqI idOl

fN!;sl idOl

ckixLHd jHdma;sh flfrys n,md we;s fN!;sl idOl f,i foaY.=Kh"

N+ úIu;dj iy c,jykh oelaúh yels h'

mDÓúfhys olakg ,efnk foaY.=K úúO;ajh u; ñksia jdihg ys;lr yd

wys;lr mdßißl ;;a;j a hka wkqj ckixLHdj jHdma; ù ;sfí' ksj¾;k yd fi!uH
foaY.=Khla we;s ;eks;,d yd .x.d ksïk" ire mia iys; m%foaY" ckdêl m%foaY njg
m;a ù ;sfí' khs,a .x.d ksïkh" bkaÿ .x.d ksïkh ckdêl m%foaYj,g ksoiqka fõ'

wvq WIAK;ajhla yd wêl YS;,lska hq;a O%ejdikak m%foaY" wêl WIAK;ajhla

yd j¾Idm;kh b;d wvqfjka ,efnk Y=Ial m%foaY" by< WIAK;ajhla yd wêl
j¾Idm;khla ,nk weu¾ika iy fldxf.da føda‚ jeks m%foaY ck ySk m%foaY
njg m;a ù we;' N+ úIu;dj wkqj mDÓúfha r¿ úIu;dj iys; iq.u;dj wvq b;d
Wia l÷ moaO;s iys; m%foaY o ck ySk m%foaY f,i mj;S' ysud,h" wka§ia" frdlS
l÷ moaO;s wdY%s; m%foaY ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yels h' by; idOlj,g wu;r
j iajdNdúl iïm;aj, jHdma;sh" iajdNdúl jDlaI,;d jHdma;sh jeks idOl o
ckixLHd jHdma;sh flfrys n,mdk fN!;sl idOl f,i oelaúh yels h'

fN!;sl idOl fuka u udkqI idOl o ck jHdma;sh flfrys n,md

;sfí' úúO l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùu" kd.ÍlrKh" fjf<| uOHia:dk yd jrdh
msysàu" há;, myiqlï j¾Okh" úúO fiajdjka tAlrdYS ù ;sîu" mßmd,k lghq;=
ia:dk.; ùu jeks idOl o ckixLHd jHdma;sh flfrys n,mdk udkqI idOl
f,i jeo.;a fõ'

úoHd;aul oekqu iy ;dlaI‚l Ys,amSh l%u ÈhqKq ùu;a iu. fuu idOlj,
n,mEu wju lr .ekSug iu;a j we;'

58
 l%shdldrlï

01' f,dalfha m%Odk ck ixflakaøK iy oaú;Shsl ck ixflakaøK kï lr tAjd

f,dal is;shul ,l=Kq lrkak'

02' ckixLHdfõ wiu jHdma;sh flfrys n,mdk idOl" ksoiqka weiqßka

meyeÈ,s lrkak'

03' f,dalfha wêl ck ixflakaøK wdY%s; ñ,shk k.r tl ne.ska kï lrkak'

04' f,dalfha wêl ck ixflakaøK l,dm wdY%s; j u;= ù we;s .eg¨ we;=<;a
f,aLkhla ms<sfh, lrkak'

mejreu

f,dal ckixLHdj ft;sydisl wjêfha isg fï olajd j¾Okh isÿ jQ wdldrh

oelafjk m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh lrkak'

wdY%s; .%ka: iy uQ,dY%

² http://worldpopulationreview.com/continents
² http://singularityhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/image2.jpg
² http://www.usfunds.com/media/images/frank-talk-images/2011-frank-talk/
jul-dec-2011/WorldPop-7billion-102811.gif
² http://www.sustainablescale.org/images/uploaded/Population
² http://www.prb.org/images12/world-trends.gif
² United Nations, World population prospects, the 1998-Revi.Population
Reference Bureau, population data sheet 2011
² http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country/
² http://education.randmcnally.com/images/edpub/World_Population.png
² http://geography.about.com/od/obtainpopulationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm

59
mdßNdIsl jpk

² mqñ;sßnj - Gender - £õ¼Ú

² idlaIr;dj - Literacy - GÊzuÔÄ

² ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh - Development process - A¤Â¸zva ö\¯ß•øÓ

² m%Yia; uÜgu - Optimum level - Ezu© ©mh®

² mqrdúoHd;aul idlaIs - Archaeological evidences - öuõÀ¼¯À \õßÖPÒ

² ft;sydisl o;a; - Historical data - Áµ»õØÖz uµÄPÒ

² ckixLHd iafMdagkh - Population explosion - Siz öuõøP öÁi¨¦

² mDÓú ;,h - Earth’s surface - ¦Â ÷©Ø£µ¨¦

² ck>k;ajh - Population density - Siz öuõøP Ahºzv

² ck ixflakaøK l,dm - Population conglomerate zones - SizöuõøP Tmk Á»¯[PÒ

² oaú;Shsl ixflakaøK - Secondary conglomeration - Cµshõ® {ø»U Tmk

² ck ySk m%foaY - Less populated regions - SøÓÁõÚ SizöuõøP¨

¤µ÷u\[PÒ

² r¿ úIu;dj - Rugged relief - Pµk•µhõÚ uøµz÷uõØÓ®

² foaY.=K úúO;ajh - Diversity of climate - Põ»{ø»¨ £ÀÁøPø©

² Y=Ial m%foaY - Arid regions - Áµsh ¤µ÷u\[PÒ

² iq.u;dj - Even terrain - \©©õÚ uøµ¯ø©¨¦

² l¾udka; ia:dk.;ùu - Location of industry - øPzöuõÈÀ Aø©Âh®

² kd.ÍlrKh - Urbanization - |PµõUP®

² há;, myiqlï - Infrastructure facilities - Em Pmk©õÚ Á\vPÒ

60
 4 Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdj

Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdj ms<sn| j úêu;a j o;a; tla/ia lrkq ,nkafka ck

yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska mj;ajkq ,nk ck yd ksjdi ix.Kk
u.sks' tA wkqj uq,a u úêu;a ck ix.Kkh 1871 j¾Ifha § mj;ajd we;s w;r
idudkHfhka jir oyhlg jrla ck yd ksjdi ix.Kk mj;ajkq ,efí'

YS% ,xldj" wd¾Ól jYfhka ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgla jqjo <ore urK"
ud;D urK" wdhq wfmalI a dj" idlaIr;dj jeks ckixLHdfõ we;eï .=Kd;aul ,laIK
wkqj ixj¾ê; rgl ,laIK fmkakï q flf¾' tA wkqj ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk
rgj,a yd ii|k úg úfYaI ;;a;j a hla Y%S ,xldfõ olakg ,efí' wOHdmk iy fi!LH
lafIa;j
% , m%.;sh fuu ;;a;j a hg m%Odk jYfhka fya;= ù ;sfí'
Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdj" ckixLHdfõ úYd,;ajh" ckixLHd j¾Okh"
ckixLHd jHdma;sh" ck ixhq;sh yd ckixLHd jHqyh ms<sn| j wOHhkh
lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha wruqK fõ'

ckixLHdfõ úYd,;ajh
2012 j¾Ifha Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdj ñ,shk 20'2la muK úh' tu ix.Kk
o;a; wkqj wm rfÜ idudkH ck >k;ajh j¾. lsf,daógrhlg mqo.
a ,hka 323 fofkls'
ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha wfkla rgj,a iu. iei£fï § ckixLHdfõ
úYd,;ajh wkqj Y%S ,xldj miajk ia:dkfha miq fõ' tfuka u tu rgj,a w;ßka
jd¾Isl j¾Ok fõ.h wvq u rg o Y%S ,xldj hs' ^4'1 j.=j&
4'1 j.=j - ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj, ckixLHdj" ck >k;ajh iy idudkH jd¾Isl j¾Okh - 2013
rg ckixLHdj ck >k;ajh idudkH jd¾Isl j¾Ok
^ñ,shk& 1km2 g fõ.h
bkaÈhdj 1,252 381 1.3
mlsia:dkh 182 229 1.8
nx.a,dfoaYh 156 1087 1.1
fkamd,h 27 189 1.2
Y%S ,xldj 21 324 0.8
N+;dkh 0.75 16 1.9
ud,Èjhsk 0.34 1158 1.8
uQ,dY%h ( un Population chart, 2013, www.unpoulation.org 2015-07-03.

61
ckixLHd j¾Okh
ckixLHd j¾Okh
hkq hï ksYaÑ; N+ñ
m%udKhl isák ckixLHdj
jeä ùu hs' Y%S ,xldfõ
1871 ix.Kkfha isg fï
olajd mj;ajk ,o ish¨
u ix.Kk jd¾;d wkqj
fmkS hkafka ckixLHdj
fkdlvjd j¾Okh fjñka
mj;sk nj hs' 1871 m%:u 4'1 m%ia;drh - ix.Kk j¾I wkqj ixLHdfõ j¾Okh
ix.Kkfha § ñ,shk 2'4la uQ,dY%h ( ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2012'
jQ Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdj"
2012 § ñ,shk 20'2la njg m;aj we;' ckixLHdj wLKav j j¾Okh ù we;s
wdldrh 4'1 m%ia;drfhka jvd;a meyeÈ,s fõ' fï ld,mßÉfþoh ;=< uq¿ ckixLHdj
yd ckixLHdfõ idudkH jd¾Isl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh 4'2 j.=fõ oelafõ'
4'2 j.=j - 1871 - 2012 olajd YS% ,xldfõ ckixLHdj yd
idudkH jd¾Isl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh m%:u ix.Kkfha
ix.Kk ckixLHdj idudkH jd¾Isl isg fï olajd ckixLHdj
j¾Ih j¾Ok wkqmd;slh fkdlvjd j¾Okh jQjo
1871 2,400,380 j¾Ok YS>%;dj fjkia
1881 2,759,738 1.4 ù we;s nj 4'2 j.=j iy
1891 3,007,739 0.9 4'2 m%ia;drh wOHhkh
1901 3,565,954 1.7 lsÍfuka meyeÈ,s fõ' tkï
1911 4,106,350 1.4 ls%'j 1871 isg 1946 olajd
1921 4,498,605 0.9 ld,h ;=< ckixLHdj
1931 5,306,871 1.7 b;d fifuka j¾Okh ù
1946 6,657,339 1.5 we;s w;r 1946ka miq ld,
1953 8,097,895 2.8
mßÉfþoh ;=< ckixLHd
1963 10,582,064 2.6
j¾Okh jvd fõ.j;a j
1971 12,689,895 2.2
14,846,750 1.7 isÿ ù ;sfí' by< u jd¾Isl
1981
2001 18,797,257 1.2 j¾Ok wkqmd;slh jQ 2'8"
2012 20,277,597 0.7 1946-1953 w;r ld,fha
uQ,dY%h ( ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2012' jd¾;d ù we;' miq j th
62
l%ufhka wvq ù 2012 j¾Ifha jd¾Isl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh 0'7 njg m;a ù ;sfí'
Wm;a wkqmd;slh yd urK wkqmd;slh w;r fjki u.ska isÿ jk iajdNdúl
j¾Okh my< neiSu iy Èjhsfkka msg;g isÿ jk ixl%uK o" ckixLHd j¾Ok
wkqmd;slh my< neiSug fya;= ù ;sfí'

4'2 m%ia;drh - ckixLHdfõ jd¾Isl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh

uQ,dY%h ( ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2012 wkqj ilia lrk ,È'

Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd j¾Okh wdY%s; m%dfoaYSh fjkialï rdYshla olakg

,efí' úh<s l,dmhg wh;a Èia;%slalj, ckixLHdfõ jd¾Isl j¾Okh" f;;a
l,dmhg wh;a Èia;%slalj,g jvd idfmalaI j by< uÜgul mj;S' Y%S ,xldfõ
ckixLHdfõ idudkH jd¾Isl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh 0'7]la jqjo th wkqrdOmqr
Èia;%slalfha 1'33la o" yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha 1'17]la o" fudKrd., Èia;%slalfha
1'15]la o f,i by< w.hla f.k we;' f;;a l,dmfha fld<U ^0'35]&" kqjrt<sh
^0'05]& iy nÿ,a, ^0'39]& Èia;%slalj, wvq ckixLHd j¾Ok wkqmd;slhla olakg
,efí' tfia jqjo f;;a l,dmhg wh;a niakdysr m<df;a l¿;r ^1'23]& iy .ïmy
^1'02]& hk Èia;l s% l a jeä ckixLHd j¾Ok fõ.hla we;s Èia;l s% l
a f,i y÷kd .;
yels h' fuu Èia;l s% la foflys ckixLHd j¾Ok fõ.h by< w.hla .ekSug fya;=
f,i fld<Ug wdikak Èia;%slal ùu" ck ixl%uK hk lreKq n,md we;s nj
ix.Kk jd¾;dj, i|yka fõ' (http://www.statistics.gov.lk/2015/06/17)

63
 l%shdldrlï
01' 4'1 j.=fõ o;a; weiqßka ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj, ckixLHd úYd,;ajh
oelafjk ;Sre m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh lrkak'

02' l%'s j 1871 isg fï olajd Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd j¾Okh wdY%;
s ld,Sk m%jK;d
ljf¾ o@
03' Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd j¾Okfha m%dfoaYh
S úIu;d ksoiqka u.ska úia;r lrkak'

ckixLHdfõ jHdma;sh
Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd jHdma;sh wiu iajNdjhla olakg ,efí' m<d;a
wkqj ckixLHd jHdma;sh i,ld ne,Sfï § Èjhsfka uq¿ ckixLHdfjka 1$4lg
jeä m%udKhla tkï 28'8]la muK niakdysr m<d; ;=< tAlrdYS ù we;' uOHu
^12'6]&" ol=K ^12'2]& iy jhU ^11'7]& m<d;aj, o jeä ckixLHdjla jHdma; j we;'
Èjhsfka uq¿ ckixLHdfjka 5'2]la ;rï jQ wvq u ckixLHdjla jHdma; j we;af;a
W;=re m<d; ;=< hs' ^4'3 m%ia;drh&

4'3 m%ia;drh - m<d;a wkqj ckixLHd jHdma;sh

uQ,dY%h ( ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2012 wkqj ilia lrk ,È'

Èjhsfka jeä u ckixLHdjlska hq;a Èia;%slalh jkafka fld<U Èia;%slalh hs'

2012 ck ix.Kkhg wkqj tys ckixLHdj 2"323"826ls'

Èjhsfka m%Odk;u jd‚c yd mßmd,k lghq;"= wOHdmk lghq;= yd fiajd

tAlrdYS ù we;s m%Odk;u Èia;l
s% l
a h fld<U Èia;l
s% l
a h ùu Bg fya;j
= hs' .ïmy

64
Èia;l
s% l
a fha o wêl
ckixLHdjla ^2"298"588&
olakg ,efí' lgqkdhl
yd ìh.u ksoyia
fjf<| l,dmj,g isÿ
jk ixl%uKh iy
myiqfjka fld<Ug <Õd
úh yels ùu ksid .ïmy
Èia;%slalh mÈxÑh i|yd
f;dard .ekSu" .ïmy
Èia;%slalfha ckixLHdj
idfmalI a j jeä ùug
fya;= ù ;sfí' fld<U
iy .ïmy Èia;l s% l
a
yereKq úg ms<f s j<ska
l=reKE., ^1"611"407&"
uykqjr ^1"368"216&"
l¿;r ^1"214"880&"
r;akmqr ^1"082"299&"
.d,a, ^1"059"046&
hk Èia;l s% l
a j, o jeä
ckixLHdjla tAlrdYS ù
we;' tA iEu Èia;l
s% l
a hl 4'1 is;shu - Y%S ,xldfõ ck>k;ajh - 2012
u ckixLHdj ñ,shkh uQ,dY%h ( http://i.imgur.com/lfSi1.jpg2015/07/20
blaujd we;s nj jd¾;dj,ska fy<s fõ'
W;=re m<df;a uq,;sõ" ukakdru" ls,sfkdÉÑ iy jõkshdj" ckixLHdj
b;d wvq Èia;%slal fõ'

uq,;sõ ckixLHdj wvq u Èia;%slalh jk w;r tys ckixLHdj 92"228ls'

ck>k;ajh u.ska ckixLHd jHdma;sh meyeÈ,s j y÷kd .; yels h' 4'1

is;shfuka Y%S ,xldfõ 2012 j¾Ifha ck>k;ajh oelafõ'

2012 ix.Kkhg wkqj Èjhsfka idudkH ck>k;ajh 323la jqjo we;eï Èia;l
s% l
a j,
wêl ck>k;ajhla iy we;eï Èia;%slalj, b;d wvq ck>k;ajhla olakg ,efí'
65
 l%shdldrlï

01' 4'1 is;shu ksÍlaIKh fldg Y%S ,xldfõ ck>k;ajh jeä iy wvq
Èia;%slal ;=k ne.ska kï lrkak'

02' i. Y%S ,xldfõ wdlD;s is;shul ckixLHdj jeä u yd wvq u Èia;%slal fol
fiahd lr olajkak'
ii. ckixLHdfõ wiudk jHdma;shg fya;= meyeÈ,s lrkak'

03' Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd jHdma;sfhys wiudk;d wju lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh
l< yels ls%hdud¾. ;=kla fláfhka úia;r lrkak'

Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd jHdma;sh kd.ßl" .%dóh iy j;= f,i o j¾. lr

y÷kd .efka' tA wkqj .%dóh ckixLHdj 77'3]la o" kd.ßl ckixLHdj 18'3]la o"
j;= ckixLHdj 4'4]la o jk nj 4'4 m%ia;drfhka meyeÈ,s fõ'

ck ixhq;sh
Y%S ,xldj" nyq jd¾.sl yd
nyq wd.ñl ck;djla jdih lrk
rgls' ck j¾. wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ
ckixLHdj isxy," Y%S ,xld fou<"
bkaÈhdkq fou<" uqia,sï yd fjk;a
f,i ldKAv mylg fnfoa' uef,a"
n¾.¾ iy hqfrdamSh cd;slhka
fjk;a ck j¾. ksfhdackh flf¾'
4'4 m%ia;drh - kd.ßl" .%dóh iy j;= jYfhka wd.ï wkqj ckixLHdj fn!oaO"
ckixLHd jHdma;sh
bia,dï" yskaÿ iy l%sia;shdks f,i
uQ,dY%h ( ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;j= " 2012
m%Odk wd.ï y;rlg fn§ we;' 4'5
wkqj ilia lrk ,È'
yd 4'6 m%ia;dr u.ska ck j¾. yd
wd.ï ixhq;sh oelafõ'

ckixLHdj" úúO ck j¾. iy úúO wd.ï ksfhdackh l< o tA ish¨

fokd u Y%S ,dxlslfhda (Sri Lankans) h'

66
 4'5 m%ia;drh - jd¾.sl ckixhq;sh" 2012 4'6 m%ia;drh - wd.ï wkqj ckixLHdj" 2012
uQ,dY%h ( Y%S ,xld iudc wd¾Ól o;a;" 2013'

ckixLHd jHqyh

ckixLHdjla Wm;ska u Wreu lr .kakd jhia jHqyh iy mqñ;sß nj jeks

,laIK ckixLHdjl jHqyd;aul ,laIK f,i ye¢kafõ' 2012 ck ix.Kk jd¾;d
wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ jhia jHqyh iy mqñ;sß nj wkqj ckixLHdj my; oelafõ'

jhia ldKav wkqj ckixLHdj mqñ;sß nj wkqj ckixLHdj

jhi wjqreÿ 15g wvq- - 25'8] mqreI - 48'5]
jhi wjqreÿ 15-59 - 62'0] ia;%S - 51'5]
jhi wjqreÿ 60g jeä - 12'2]

ckixLHd jHqyfha iqúfYaIS ,laIK

jhia jHqyh wkqj nd, jhia ldKavj,g wh;a ixLHdj l%ufhka wvq fjñka
mej;Su;a úhm;a ldKavj, ixLHdj l%ufhka jeä ùu;a Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd
jHqyh wdY%s; j olakg ,efnk úfYaI ,laIKhls' jhi wjq( 59g jeä" jeäuy,a
hefmkakkaf.a ixLHdj jeä ùu" ckixLHdj úhm;a ùu f,i ye¢kafõ' Wm;a
wkqmd;slh l%ufhka wvq ùu iy wdhq wfmalaIdj by< hdu fuhg fya;= ù we;'
fuys wys;lr m%;sM,h jkafka Y%u n,ldh o l%ufhka wvq ùu hs' tneúka f,dalfha
fndfyda rgj, fuka u YS% ,xldj o ckixLHdj úhm;a ùfï .eg¨jg uqyqK
foñka isà' tfia u Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdj ;=< ia;%Ska ysñ lr f.k we;s m%;sY;h
o jeä fjñka mj;S'

jhia jHqyh wkqj mqñ;sß wkqmd;slh wOHhkh lsÍu u.ska rgl ixj¾Okh
i|yd jeo.;a jk Y%u n,ldh" m%ckk jhfia miq jk ia;%Ska ixLHdj iy hefmkakka
ixLHdj" jeks ,laIK ms<sn| j f;dr;=re wkdjrKh lr .ekSfï yelshdj ,efí'

67
 l%shdldrlï

01' 2012 ix.Kk o;a; wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHd jHqyfha y÷kd .; yels
úfYAI ,laIK ljf¾ o@

02' zzf,dalfha fndfyduhla rgj, fuka u Y%S ,xldj o ckixLHdj úhm;a

ùfï .eg¨jg uqyqK foñka isàZZ' ckixLHdj úhm;a ùu hkqfjka woyia
lrkafka l=ulaoehs y÷kajd tA wdY%s; j rglg uqyqK mEug isÿ jk .eg¨
meyeÈ,s lrkak'

03' Y%S ,xldfõ ckixLHdfõ wd.ñl yd jd¾.sl ixhq;sh jg m%ia;dr weiqßka

bÈßm;a lrkak'

wdY%s; .%ka: iy uQ,dY%

² ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^2012&" ck yd ksjdi ix.Kk

jd¾;dj'

² Y%S ,xld iudc wd¾Ól o;a; ^2013&" Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j'

² un Population chart, 2013, www.unpoulation.org

² http://i.imgur.com/lfSi1.jpg2015/06/22

² http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/sm/CPH%20
2011_R1.pdf

mdßNdIsl jpk
² ck yd ixLHd f,aLk - Department of - öuõøP©v¨¦ ¦ÒΣµz
fomd¾;fïka;=j Census and Statistics vønUPÍ®

² ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a - Developing countries - A¤Â¸zv Aøh¢x Á¸® |õkPÒ

² <ore urK - Infantile mortality - ]_ ©µn®

² ud;D urK - Maternal mortality - Pؤozuõ´ ©µn Ãu®

² wdhq wfmalI
a dj - Life expectancy - ¤µ\Á ©µn®

² ck ixhq;sh - Population composition - \ÚzöuõøP Tmk

68
² ckixLHd jHqyh - Population structure - \ÚzöuõøPU Pmhø©¨¦

² ix.Kk jd¾;d - Census reports - öuõøP ©v¨¦ AÔUøP

² jd¾Isl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh - Annual growth rate - ®Á¸hõ¢u Áͺa] Ãu

² j¾Ok YS>;
% dj - Growth rate - Áͺa] Ãu®

² Wm;a wkqmd;slh - Birth rate - ¤Ó¨¦ ÂQu®

² urK wkqmd;slh - Death rate - CÓ¨¦ ÂQu®

² iajdNdúl j¾Okh - Natural growth - C¯ØøP AvP›¨¦

² Y%u n,ldh - Labour force - Fȯ¨ £øh

² hefmkakka - dependents - u[Q°¸¨÷£õº

69
 5 ixj¾Okh

ixj¾Okh hkq .;sl ixl,amhls' idlaId;a lr f.k wjika l< fkdyels

wLKav jQ l%shdoduhls'

ixj¾Okfha uQ,sl ixl,am iy Y%S ,xldfõ ixj¾Ok l%shdud¾. ms<sn| j

wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha wruqK fõ'

ixj¾Okh hk ixl,amh ld,Sk j fjkia jQjls' 20 jk ishjfia ueo Nd.h jk

f;la u rgl mej;s wd¾Ól ÈhqKqj" zzixj¾OkhZZ f,i y÷kajkq ,eî h' ^5'1 rEmh&'

miq lf,l zzixj¾OkhZZ hkak

lafIa;% .Kkdjla ksfhdackh
lrk mq¿,a w¾:hla f.k fok
ixl,amhla njg m;a úh' 20 jk
ishjfia w. Nd.h jk úg
ixj¾Okh hkq yqfola fN!;sl
fyda wd¾Óluh ;lafiarejla u
fkdjQ w;r udkqI ixj¾Okhg
wjYH ixrplhka o Bg we;=<;a
5'1 rEmh - ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd ,o lrkq ,eî h'
uq,a ld,Sk ñkqï

5'2 rEmh - ixj¾Okh uekSfï j¾;udk ñkqï

70
 ixj¾Okh ms<sn| j bÈßm;a lr we;s ks¾jpk lsysmhla wOHhkh lsÍfuka
ixj¾Okh hkafkys w¾:h jvd;a meyeÈ,s fõ'
zzrgl wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh iu. iudchSh ixj¾Okhla o we;s úh hq;= h'
iudchSh ixj¾Okh isÿ úh hq;af;a wdydr yd fmdaIKh" fi!LH" wOHdmkh" ksjdi"
iudc iqrlaIs;;dj" we÷ï me<÷ï" úfõlh yd udkqIsl ksoyi hk lafIa;%j, hZZ'
^1978 hqfkiaflda m%ldYh&
zzixj¾Okh hkq ckixLHdj iudchSh" ixialD;sl yd iodpdrd;aul hk
idOl we;=<;a fjkia ùï yd j¾Okh ms<sn| ls%hdoduhlsZZ' ^f;jk ixj¾Ok
o¾Ylh 1981$90 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh&
ixj¾Okh hk ixl,amh w¾: oelaùfï § 80 oYlfha mßir wdrlaIdj
yd ixrlaIKh flfrys o 90 oYlfha § ;srir ixj¾Okh flfrys o wjOdkh
fhduq ù ;sfí' ;srir ixj¾Okfha § wd¾Ól" iudc yd mßir hk wxYj, wka;¾
iïnkaO;dj" ixj¾Ok ixl,amhg we;=<;a úh' fuf,i ixj¾Okh hk ixl,amh
ld,Sk j fjkia ù we;s neúka ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd o l,ska l,g úúO ñkqï
Ndú; lr we;'
ls%hdldrlï

01' ixj¾Okh jvd;a w¾: .ekafjk mßÈ ir, ks¾jpkhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
02' .=re Wmfoia ,nd .ksñka ixj¾Okh hk ixl,amh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd
Ndú; jk ;j;a ks¾jpk lsysmhla tla/ia lrkak'

ixj¾Ok ñkqï
ixj¾Okh" ixl,amhla f,i i,lkq ,enqj o" tlsfkl rgj, ixj¾Ok
uÜgu y÷kd .ekSu i|yd úúO ñkqï fhdod .efka' ixj¾Okfha wre; mq¿,a j
y÷kd .ekSu;a iu. u úúO wdh;k" ixúOdk yd mqoa.,hka úiska fï i|yd
jvd;a .=Kd;aul ñkqï y÷kajd fok ,È' tjeks ñkqï lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
ixj¾Ok ñkqï

mer‚ ñkqï kQ;k ñkqï

² uQ¾; o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h ² fN!;sl Ôjk ;;a;ja o¾Ylh (P Q L I)
² m%;sYS¾I o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h ² udkqI ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh (H D I)
² o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fha j¾Ok ² udkqI oßø;d o¾Ylh (H P I)
fõ.h ² udkqI mSvl o¾Ylh (H S I)
uq,a ld,fha mej;s ñkqï ;=<ska ixj¾Okfha h:d¾:h t<soelaùula isÿ
fkdjQ w;r ÈhqKq" uOHu iy wvq hk ixj¾Ok uÜgï lsysmhla y÷kd .ekSug

71
muKla th iSud úh' miq lf,l th ;jÿrg;a jeäÈhqKq ù zztlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixj¾Ok jevigykZZ ^1990-1999& hgf;a y÷kajd fok ,o zzudkqI ixj¾Ok
o¾YlhZZ ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd ,È' tu.ska tf;la mej;s ÿ¾j,;d
u. yer ixj¾Okfha h:d¾:h y÷kd .ekSug yels úh' udkqI ixj¾Okfha uQ,sl
wx. ;=kla we;=<;a jk fuh" ix.Dys; o¾Ylhls' udkqI ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh
.Kkh lsÍfï §" Wmf;a § wdhq wfmalaIdj" idlaIr;dj iy l%hYla;sh yd .e<mQ
tAl mqoa., o< cd;sl ksIamdokh m%Odk ks¾Kdhl f,i fhdod .kakd ,È'

0-1 olajd jQ mrdihl úysfok fuu o¾Yl w.h wkqj f,dalfha rgj,a
ixj¾Ok ldKav y;rla hgf;a y÷kd .kq ,efí'
1' b;d by< udkqI ixj¾Okhla we;s rgj,a
2' by< udkqI ixj¾Okhla we;s rgj,a
3' uOHia: udkqI ixj¾Okhla we;s rgj,a
4' my< udkqI ixj¾Okhla we;s rgj,a
zzY%S ,xldj" 2012 j¾Ifha § udkqI idla rgj,a w;ßka by< u udkqI
ixj¾Ok o¾Yl w.h 0'715la njg m;a ixj¾Okhla iys; rg Y%S ,xldj jk
lr f.k f,dalfha rgj,a 187la w;=frka w;r by< ixj¾Ok ldKavfha we;s
92 ia:dkh ysñ lr f.k we;ZZ ^Y%S ,xld tl u idla rg o Y%S ,xldj hs' ^uqo,a yd
uy nexl= jd¾;dj - 2012& l%u iïmdok wud;HdxYh" 2013&

ls%hdldrlï

01' ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd mer‚ ñkqï yd kQ;k ñkqï fol
ne.ska ,shkak'

02' —ixj¾Okh hkq rgl wd¾Ól jYfhka isÿ jk ÈhqKqj u fkdfõ˜ ksoiqka
foñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

03' rgl ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd b;d iqÿiq ñkqula f,i —udkqI ixj¾Ok
o¾Ylh˜ fhdod .ekSug fya;= olajkak'

04' rgl ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh mßir iu;=,s;;djg ndOdjla fkdjk whqreka isÿ
l< yels whqre fláfhka úia;r lrkak'

;srir ixj¾Okh
w;S;fha § f,dalfha rgj,a fndfyduhla ixj¾Okh f,i i,lKq ,enqfõ
wd¾Ól wxYfha isÿ jk jeäÈhqKj
q la f,isk's fuu woyi 21 jk ishjfia § o uq¿ukska
u bj;a fkdjQ neúka wys;lr jQ m%;súmdl /ilg uqyqK §ug isÿ úh' ^5'3 rEmh&'

72
 ixj¾Okfha m%;súmdl

ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha § iïm;a

iajdNdúl iïm;a iajdNdúl iïm;a wê

úix;=,kh mßfNdackh

iïm;a ysÕh iïm;a fõ.fhka laIhùu

úl,am iïm;a fiùu iïm;a ysñ lr .ekSfï ;r.h

mßirhg we;s jk
n,mEu

mßir ¥IKh

f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh ´fidaka úhkg ydks

jeä ùu isÿ ùu

foaY.=K úm¾hdi

iajdNdúl úm;a ffcj iïm;g ydks isÿ ùu

;srir ixj¾Ok
jevms<sfj<l wjYH;dj

5'3 remh - ixj¾Okfha m%;súmdl

ckixLHdfõ YS>% j¾Okh;a wjYH;d jeä ùu yd ixlS¾K ùu;a ksid

kj ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha mq¿,a ùula isÿ úh' úêu;a md,khlska f;dr j isÿ jQ
ld¾ólrKh fya;=fldg f.k we;s jQ mdßißl úix;=,kh ñksia l%shdldrlï
flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mEfõh' tneúka mdßißl úix;=,kh je<elaùu iy
mdßißl iu;=,s;;dj wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd ;srir ixj¾Okh flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq úh'
73
 ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha § mßir l<ukdlrKh iy ixj¾Ok l<ukdlrKh
tAldnoaO lsÍu ;srir ixj¾Okfhys wruqK fõ' wkd.;h ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq
lrñka ñksidf.a meje;au yd Ôjk rgdj Wiia lsÍu tu.ska isÿ fõ' tfuka u
f,dalfha ish¨ u rgj,a mßirh iq/lSfï l%shdoduhg iDcqj u odhl ùu ;srir
ixj¾Okh u.ska wfmalaId flf¾'
ls%hdldrlu

rgl meje;au i|yd ;srir ixj¾Ok l%shdoduhl wjYH;dj ksoiqka foñka

meyeÈ,s lrkak'

mejreï
01' ckudOH f;dr;=re weiqßka f,dalfha rgj,a ixj¾Okh ùfï § u;= ù we;s
úúO .eg¨ fidhd f,aLkhla ilia lrkak'
02' tu .eg¨ úi£u i|yd iqÿiq fhdackd bÈßm;a lrkak'

Y%S ,xldfõ uE;ld,Sk ixj¾Ok l%shdud¾.

c,dY%s; YsIagdpdr iufha iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ólhla j mej;s Y%S ,xldj"
ngysr cd;Skaf.a hg;a úð;hla ùfuka miq j wdkhk wmkhk wd¾Ólhla
njg m;a úh' ksoyi ,nd .ekSfuka miq j Y%S ,xldj ;=< f.dú ckmo jHdmdr"
.x.d ksïk ixj¾Ok jHdmdr" nyqld¾h ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%u" uyd mßudK
l¾udka;" ksoyia fjf<| l,dm" wmkhk .ïudk" ld¾ñl ckmo wd§ jYfhka
úúO lafIA;% .Kkdjla Tiafia ixj¾Ok lghq;= isÿ úh'

j¾;udk ixj¾Ok lghq;=j, § há;, myiqlï jeäÈhqKq lsÍu flfrys

úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq ù ;sfí' rgl ixj¾Ok wjYH;djla fia ie,flk
há;, myiqlï jeäÈhqKq lsÍu" udkj iïm; ixj¾Okhg o bjy,a fõ'
² rfÜ kj m%foaY ixj¾Okhg újD; fõ'
há;, myiqlï jeäÈhqKq

² fjf<|fmd< mq¿,a fõ'

² kj ksIm
a dok läkñka fjf<|fmd<g ,efí'
² u.S yd NdKav ixp,kh fõ.j;a fõ'
lsÍu u.ska

² fN!;sl ÿr wvq ùu u.ska ld,h b;sß fõ'

² wNHka;r ixl%uK rgdj fjkia fõ'
² kj /lshd wjia:d Wod fõ'
² mej;s NdKav yd fiajd iemhqï ud¾. cd,fhys fjkila
we;s fõ ^fudag¾ r:" .=jka" jrdh&'

74
 5'4 rEmh
Y%S ,xldfõ uE;ld,Sk ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s

uydud¾. iy ÿïßh ud¾. ixj¾Okh

² kj ud¾. .Kkdjla bÈ ùu ^fld<U - ud;r"
fld<U - lgqkdhl" fld<U msgrjqï mdr&

² fhdað; wêfõ.S ud¾. ^fld<U - hdmkh"

fld<U - uykqjr" ud;r - yïnkaf;dg&

² W;=re m%foaYj, ud¾. m%;sixialrK

jHdmD;sh hgf;a uykqjr - hdmkh"
mrka;ka - mqkÍka" udkal=,ï - fj,a,kal=,ï"
uvl,mqj - -;%sl=Kdu,h jeks ud¾. /il
5'5 rEmh
wêfõ.S ud¾. yqjudrejla bÈlsÍï lghq;= ksu lr ;sîu'
² fuu ud¾.j, u.S m%jdykh i|yd kùk myiqlï iys; nia r: fhoùu
u.ska ld,h yd fN!;sl ÿr wju ùu'

² mej;s uydud¾. mq¿,a lsÍu yd ldmÜ we;sÍu'

75
 ² .=jka md,ï bÈlsÍfuka ud¾. ;onoh wju lsÍu' ^kqf.af.dv" rd.u"
fõhkaf.dv wdÈh&
² N+.; Wux ud¾. ^rïfndv& yd mÈl udre ^uykqjr" fnd/,a,& bÈlsÍu'
² wkjir mÈl bÈlsÍï bj;a fldg u.S mÈl fõÈld ia:dms; lr §u' ^fld<U
fldgqj" msgfldgqj" uykqjr&
² olaIsK ÿïßh ud¾.h jeäÈhqKq lsÍu'
² le,‚ je,s ud¾.h mq¿,a lsÍu'
² W;=re ÿïßh ud¾.h h<s bÈlsÍu'
² ud;r - l;r.u fhdað; ÿïßh ud¾.fha Èlaje,a, olajd jevlghq;= wdrïN lsÍu'
² fld<U - hdmkh ÿïßh ud¾.h kej; bÈlsÍu'

ls%hdldrlï

01' Y%S ,xld wdlD;s is;shul oekg bÈlr we;s wêfõ.S ud¾. iy bÈfjñka
mj;sk wêfõ.S ud¾. ,l=Kq lrkak'

02' uydud¾. iy ÿïßh ud¾. ÈhqKq lsÍfuka rglg ,efnk m%fhdack i|yka
lrkak'

.=jka f;dgqm< yd jrdh ixj¾Okh

² cd;Hka;r .=jka f;dgqm<la f,i mej;s lgqkdhl nKavdrkdhl cd;Hka;r
.=jka f;dgqm< kùk myiqlï iys; j mq¿,a lsÍu'
² u;a;, cd;Hka;r .=jka f;dgqm< w¨;ska bÈlsÍu'
² wNHka;r .=jka f;dgqm< ^r;au,dk" m<d,s" wkqrdOmqrh wd§& ixj¾Okh lsÍu'

² .=jka f;dgqm< wdY%s; ÿïßh" fudag¾ r:

yd há;, myiqlï jeäÈhqKq lsÍu'

² cd;Hka;r .=jka fiajdj ;=< yÈis

wjYH;d i|yd fiajd myiqlï iemhsh
yels uOHia:dk f,i lgqkdhl iy
u;a;, .=jka f;dgqm<j,a ÈhqKq lsÍu'

5'6 rEmh
² fld<U jrdh" T¨ú,a jrdh jeäÈhqKq
fld<U jrdh ^kj ceáh iu.& fldg fiajd ;;a;ajhka mq¿,a lsÍu'

76
 ² ud.ïmqr uyskao rdcmlaI jrdh kùk wxf.damdx. iys; j bÈlsÍu' tA wdY%s; j
m%;swmkhkh" keõj,g bkaOk" c,h jeks myiqlï iemhSu i|yd wjYH
lghq;= ie,iSu yd bkaOk .nvd" jdyk wx.k" nyd¨ï m¾hka; jeks
myiqlï tu mßirh wdYs%; j bÈlsÍug lghq;-= ie,iqï lsÍu'

² Y%S ,xldj cd;Hka;r uqyqÿ fiao udjf;a

flakaø.; j msysàfï jeo.;alu y÷kd f.k
nyd¨ï m%jdyk lafIa;%fha m%;swmkhk
uOHia:dkhla njg m;a ls Í u'
² fld<U jrdh k.rh wdY%; s j ksjdi
ixlS¾K" idmamq ixlS¾K" fydag,a ixlS¾K"
fiajd uOHia:dk" úfkdaoh i|yd myiqlï
5'7 rEmh imhk ia:dk we;=<;a jk mßÈ ilia lsÍug
nyd¨ï kejla ie,iqï lsÍu'
² úh<s ;gdx.k myiqlï jeäÈhqKq lsÍu'
² W;=re" kef.kysr yd .d,a, we;=¿ mer‚ jrdhkays myiqlï jeäÈhqKq lsÍu'

fï ksid f,dj úYd, m%udKfha keõ fuka u w;s kùk iqfLdamfNda.S

ixpdrl keõj, o kej;=ïfmd<la njg Y%S ,xldj m;ajkq we;'

udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh

rgla ixj¾Okh lsÍfï § jeo.;a u iïm; f,i ie,flkafka ñksid h'
nqoê
a h yd l=i,;d u.ska fN!;sl mßirfha we;s ish¨ u iïm;a Wmfhda.s lr f.k
kj ks¾udK yd ksIm a dok ilia lsÍug ñksid iu;a ù we;' tkï fN!;sl mßirh
u; ixialD;sl mßirh ks¾udKh lrkq ,nkafka ñksid úisk's tneúka ñksidf.a
ldhsl" udkisl l=i,;d fuka u wOHd;añl .=Kj.djla we;s jk mßÈ udkj iïm;
ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd jevigyka l%h s d;aul lsÍu ixj¾Okfha § w;HjYH fõ'
Y%S ,xldj w;S;fha isg u udkj ys;jd§ rgls' ksoyi ,enQ od isg u wOHdmk"
fi!LH" wdrlaIdj fkdñf,a ,nd ÿka w;r iyk fiajd hgf;a ÿïßh" fudag¾ r:
m%jdykh jeks fiajdjka o f;dard .;a msßia i|yd imhd ;sfí' n,hg m;a jQ iEu
rchla u fmdÿ fiajd myiqlï fkdñf,a ,nd §u ksid iqNidOl rdcHhla f,i o
Y%S ,xldj ye¢kafõ'
udkqI ixj¾Okh i|yd ckiúh" iuDoaê" Èúke.==u" m%cd uQ, fi!LH
jevigyka" ksjdi ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s hkdÈh l,ska l,g wdrïN lrk ,È' .%dóh
uÜgfï ud¾. ixj¾Okh i|yd zzu.ke.==uZZ jeks jHdmD;s o iajhx /lshd wjia:d

77
i|yd .%dóh uÜgfï úúO jHdmD;s o wdrïN lrñka
m%cdjg ixj¾Ok m%;s,dN ,nd §ug mshjr f.k
we;' úfõlh yd úfkdaoh M,odhs f,i .; lsÍfï
wjia:d mq¿,a lsÍu o fï hgf;a isÿ fõ'

rfÜ úúO lafIa;%j, isÿ jk ÈhqKqj fuka

u .%dóh" kd.ßl" m<d;a jYfhka o fkdfhl=;a
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s hgf;a ixj¾Ok jevigyka
5'8 rEmh
l%shd;aul fõ'
Èhjkakd WoHdkh
rgla ixj¾Okh lsÍfï § ck;dj ixj¾Okhg iqodkï lsÍfï yelshdj
j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkh k.disgqùu o w;HjYH fõ' fuys §
ieug wOHdmkh ,nd §u" wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul nj jeäÈhqKq lsÍu" fjkia jk
Y%u fjf<|fmd<g .e<fmk fia wOHhk wjia:d ie,iSu jeks l%shdud¾. flfrys
úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq ù ;sfí' fï i|yd f.k we;s mshjr rdYshls'

² YsIHdOdr ,nd §u
² kùk úoHd.dr myiqlï
² kfjdaoHd mdi,a
wOHdmk lafIa;%fhys ixj¾Okh

² ld¾ñl úoHd,
² nyq ;dlaI‚l úoHd,
² mdi,a yerhkakka i|yd jD;a;Sh mqyqKq uOHia:dk
² úYajúoHd, m%udKh yd YsIH ixLHdj jeä lsÍu
² ;dlaI‚l úIhhka w'fmd'i Wiia fm< i|yd y÷kajd §u
² mdi,a oyfia jev ie,eiau
² Wiia wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,a ùu
² úoHd mSG
² mß.Kl mqyqKq wdh;k
5'9 rEmh - Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkh k.disgqùu i|yd f.k we;s l%shdud¾.
ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha § ksfrda.S ck;djla ìys lr .ekSu o w;HjYH
idOlhls' tA i|yd rgl fi!LH myiqlï jeäÈhqKq lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= fõ' iqNidOk
fiajdjla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ fi!LH lafIa;%fhka isÿ jk fiajh w.h l< hq;a;ls'
fi!LH lafIa;%fha isÿ jQ m%.;sh u;= oelafõ'

78
 by; oelafjk
fiajd myiqlï miq .sh
oYlhl muK ld,hla
;=< § Y%S ,xldj ;=<
isÿ jQ udkqI ixj¾Okh
b,lal lr .;a ixj¾Ok
jevigyka fõ' ksfrda.S
is r erla yd ks f rda . S
ukila we;s wh
wOHdmkfha m% ; s , dN
Wreu lr .ekSug iu;a
jk w;r Tjqka ixj¾Ok
ld¾hhg fhduq lsÍu
myiq fõ' tfuka u
fjkia ùug" fjki
ord .ekSug yd m%;s,dN
ú| .ekSug o Tjqyq
iu;a fj;s' tjka
msßila ìys lr .ekSu
u.ska iudchSh mßirhla
f.dvke.Su" fi!LH yd
wOHdmk ixj¾Okh
;=<ska wfmalaId flf¾'

ls%hdldrlï

01' Y%S ,xldfõ udkj iïm; ixj¾Okh i|yd f.k we;s l%shdud¾. myla
,shkak'
02' tu l%shdud¾. rfÜ ixj¾Okhg odhl jk wdldrh ksoiqka foñka
meyeÈ,s lrkak'

m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh
m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok ld¾hh myiq lsÍu i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ .u" .%du
fiajl fldÜGdih" m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdih" Èia;%slalh" m<d; wd§
jYfhka mßmd,kuh fn§ï ilia lr we;' tfia u cd;sl uÜgfï isg m%dfoaYSh
uÜgu olajd ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh o úúO ls%hoduhkaf.ka hqla; fõ'
79
 úúO m%foaYj, flakaø.; j we;s iïm;a iy fN!;sl mßirh
m%fhdackhg .ksñka úIu;dj wju jk mßÈ udkqI iqNidOkh i|yd lghq;=
lsÍu m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okfha uQ,sl wruqK fõ'
fuys§ .u iy k.rh w;r mj;sk mr;rh wju lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu
jeo.;a fõ' tA i|yd ksoyiska miqj oYl .Kkdjla ;siafia Y%S ,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh
ixj¾Okh i|yd úúO ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lrk ,È' ^5'1 j.=j&'
5'1 j.=j - Y%S ,xldfõ úúO ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s
.u k.rh
• ckiúh" iuDoaê yd Èúke.=u jHdmD;s • ud¾. ixj¾Ok wêldßh u.ska kd.ßl
u.ska .%dóh È<s÷ ck;dj iúu;a lsÍu' m%foaYj, ud¾. mq¿,a lsÍu'
ksoiqka f,i tu.ska ksjdi .eg¨jg • mÈl wkjir bÈlsÍï bj;a lr mÈl
úi÷ï ,nd §u' fõÈld mÈlhka i|yd u ksoyia lsÍu'
• weÕ¿ï lïy,a 200 jHdmD;sh u.ska .%dóh • k.r ixj¾Okh yd w,xlrKh
/lshd úrys; nj úi£ug mshjr .ekSu' ^fld<U" Y%S chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ"
.d,a," kqjr'''''' wd§&
• ;dr" ldmÜ" fldkalÜ S% " .,a hkdÈh w;=rd
.%dóh ud¾. moaO;s m%;i s xialrKh lsÍu' • kd.ßl mßirh ;=< úfõlh yd
úfkdaoh ,nd .ekSfï wjia:d mq¿,a lsÍu'
• zztla .ulg tl jevlaZZhgf;a fmdÿ
myiqlï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu' • cd;sl ksjdi ixj¾Ok wêldßh
u.ska kd.ßl ksjdi ixlS¾K
• zzÈúke.==uZZ jHdmD;sh hgf;a .%dóh m%;i
s xialrKh" kj ksjdi ixlS¾K
uÜfï /lshd úrys; mqoa.,hkaf.a bÈlsÍu" isria jHdma;h s lska hq;a bÈlsÍï
wd¾Ól Yla;sh kxjd,Su i|yd uxfm;a fõ.j;a ùu yd me,am;a bj;a lsÍug
fy<s lr §u' lghq;= lsÍu'
• wE; ÿIalr yqol,d .ïudkj, ck
Ôú;h Wiia lsÍu i|yd .%dóh • kj fjf<| ixlS¾K bÈlsÍu'
l¾udka; ÈhqKq lsÍu iy zz.%dóh úÿ,s • kd.ßl j.=re ìï bj;a lr tu
jHdmD;sZZ we;s lsÍu' m%foaYj," l%v
S d msÜgks" c, ;gdl iy
• mdkSh c, wjYH;dj iy fNda. j.dj úfkda o WoHdk we;s lsÍu'
s c, jHdmD;sZZ we;s lsÍu' • kd.ßl r:.d,a bÈlsÍu'
i|yd jQ zzm%cd uQ,l

S d ix.ï" urKdOdr iñ;s • fmdÿ fiajd uOHia:dk wdY%s;

• mQckSh ia:dk" l%v
myiqlï jeäÈhqKq lsÍu'
jeks m%cd ixúOdk flakøa fldg f.k
zz.eñ ÈßhZZ jevigyka lsh % d;aul lsÍu' • m<d;a iNd" m%dfoaYh
S iNd" k.r iNd
iy uyk.r iNd wd§ jYfhka m<d;a
• .%dóh uÜgfï mjq,a tAll yd ne£ mßmd,k jHqyfha fjkialï isÿ lsÍu'
lghq;= lrk fiajdodhlhka m;a
lsÍu yd Tjqka Èß.ekaùfï jevigyka • li< l<ukdlrK jevigyka
lsh% d;aul lsÍu' l%h
s d;aul lsÍu'

80
 ls%hdldrlï

01' .%dóh m%foaYj, myiqlï jeäÈhqKq lsÍfuka ,nd .; yels jdis ;=kla
i|yka lrkak'

02' —.u$ k.rh ixj¾Okh ùu rfÜ ixj¾Okhg rel=,ls˜ ksoiqka foñka

meyeÈ,s lrkak'

oekqu mokï lr .;a ixj¾Okh yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

úúO lafIA;% ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu" .nvd lsÍu" úYaf,aIKh lsÍu yd
yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk fiajdjla f,i ikaksfõokh yd f;dr;=re
;dlaIKh ye¢kaúh yels h' tu.ska rfÜ ixj¾Okh fuka u udkj iudchg o
myiqlï /ila ysñ j we;'

² rfÜ wNHka;r yd ndysr iïnkaO;d jeäÈhqKq ùu'

² wOHdmkh i|yd kj ux fm;a fy<s lr §u'
² iDcq iy jl% /lshd wjia:djka we;s ùu$fiajdodhlhdg fuka u fiajd
fhdaclhdg o w;a Woõlrejl= ùu'
² idudkH ck;djf.a ±kqu mq¿,a lr .ekSu iy fiAjd wjYH;d imqrd .ekSfï
wjia:d mq¿,a ùu'
² wdmod wjia:dj, § läkñka odhl ùfï wjia:d ie,iSu' ^iq<s iq<x" c,.e,Sï"
kdhhdï" iqkdñ''''''''wd§&
² úoHq;a uQ,H fiajdjka u.ska .kq fokq blauka ùu yd iqrlaIs; ùu' hkdÈh
ksoiqka lsysmhls'

f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha fiajd myiqlï ,nd .ekSug fuj,ï

Ndú;h iy iqÿiq oE f;dard .ekSu ms<sn| j ukd oekqj;aNdjhla mqoa.,hd i;= ùu
jeo.;a h' uQ,sl wOHdmkh" ;dlaI‚l fuj,ï yeisrùu" o;a; /ia lsÍu" .nvd
lsÍu" úYaf,aIKh" ikaksfõokh wd§ jQ mshjr /ila ms<sn| oekqj;a ùu fï i|yd
wjYH fõ' f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh yd ;dlaIKh ;=<ska úúO jD;a;Ska i|yd o"
wOHdmkfha kshq;=jkakka i|yd o" kj ux fm;a újr lr .ekSfï wjia:d Y%S ,xldj
;=< Wod ù ;sfí'

81
 mdi,a moaO;shg f;dr;=re
ikakfs õok tAll yd
wka;¾cd, myiqlï

úYajúoHd, yd Wiia Y%S ,xld f;dr;=re

wOHdmk wdh;k u.ska yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK
,nd fok Wiia wOHdmk ksfhdað; wdh;k
wjia:d
f;dr;=re
ikaksfõok
;dlaIKh ms<sn| ;r.ldÍ fm!oa.,sl
oekqu ,nd .ekSu Wiia wOHdmk
2013 jif¾ isg l%h
s d;aul
i|yd uQ,dY% wdh;k
jk w'fmd'i ^Wiia fm<&
;dlaI‚l úIh Odrdj

keKi, uOHia:dk iy
B Y%S ,xld jevms<f
s j<
úÿ,s ikafoaY fldñIka u.ska fiajd myiqlï
iNdj u.ska ,nd fok
myiqlï

l%shdldrlï

01' Y%S ,xldfõ úúO lafIa;%j, ixj¾Okh i|yd uE; ld,Sk j isÿ jQ m%jK;d
we;=<;a m;%sldjla ilia lrkak'

02' rgl há;, myiqlï k.disgqùu ixj¾Okh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh

úia;r lrkak'

03' f;dr;=re ikaksfõok myiqlï jeäÈhqKq lsÍu ;=<ska ,nd .; yels

m%fhdack we;=<;a lr f,aLkhla ilia lrkak'
04' wka;¾cd, iïnkaO;dj,ska ,eìh yels jdis yd wjdis ;=k ne.ska ,shkak'

mejreu

Tn Ôj;ajk m%foaYfha k.r fyda .%dóh m%foaYj, myiqlï jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd
ls%hd;aul jk jevigyka ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lr lafIa;% fmd;la ms<sfh,
lrkak'

82
wdY%s; .%ka: iy uQ,dY%

² uqo,a yd l%u iïmdok wud;HdxYh^2013&" jd¾Isl jd¾;dj'

mdßNdIsl jpk
² .;sl ixl,amh - Static concept - {ø»¯õÚ GsnU P¸

² uQ¾; o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h - Gross national product - ö©õzuz ÷u]¯ EØ£zv

² m%;sYS¾I o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h - Gross national per-capita product- ö©õzuz ÷u]¯ uÛ|£º
EØ£zv

² o< cd;l
s kI
s m
a dÈ;fha j¾Ok fõ.h - Growth rate of G.N.P. - G.N.P. Cß Áͺa] Ãu®

² fN!;l
s Ôjk ;;;
a j
a o¾Ylh - Physical Quality of Life Index - ö£ÍvP ÁõÌUøP¨
£s¦a _möhs

² udkqI ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh - Human Development Index - ©Ûu A¤Â¸zva

_möhs

² udkqI oßø;d o¾Ylh - Human Poverty Index - ©Ûu ÁÖø©a _möhs

² udkqI mSvl o¾Ylh - Human Suffering Index - ©õÛh FPa _möhs

² ix.Dys; o¾Ylh - Composit Index - Tmka _möhs

² wdhq wfmalaIdj - life expectancy - B²Ò Gvº£õº¨¦

² idlaIr;dj - Literacy - GÊzuÔÄ

² l%h Yla;sh - Purchasing power - öPõÒÍÍÄ \Uv

² ;srir ixj¾Okh - Sustainable development - {ø»zv¸US® A¤Â¸zv

² ld¾ólrKh - Industrialization - øPzöuõÈÀ ©¯©õuÀ

² mdßißl úix;=,kh - Environmental disequilibrium - `ÇÀ \©{ø»°ßø©

² mdßißl iu;=,s;;dj - Environmental equilibrium - `ÇÀ \©{ø»

² c,dY%s; YsIagdpdrh - Hydraulic civilization - }ºÁÍ |õP›P®

² iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ólh - ußÛøÓĨ ö£õ¸Íõuõµ®

² f.dú ckmo - Agricultural Colonies - ÂÁ\õ¯U Põ»ÛPÒ

² wmkhk .ïudk - Export villages - HØÖ©vU Qµõ©[PÒ

83
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
83
 ² .x.d ksïk ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sh - River Valley - BØÖ¨ £ÒÍzuõUS
Development Project A¤Â¸zva ö\¯ØÔmh®

² nyqld¾h ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%u - Multi –Purpose - £À÷|õUS A¤Â¸zva

Development Projects ö\¯ØÔmh®

² ksoyia fjf<| l,dm - Free – trade zones - _u¢vµ ÁºzuP Á»¯®

² ld¾ñl ckmo - Industrial colony - øPzöuõÈÀ Põ»Û

² NdKav ixp,kh - Movement of goods - £sh[PÎß Aø\Ä

² wNHka;r ixl%uK - Internal migrations - EÒ|õmk Ch¨ ö£¯ºÄ

² N+.; Wux ud¾. - Underground tunnels - _¸[P¨ £õøuPÒ

² mÈl udre - Pedestrian crossings - £õu\õ›PÒ PhøÁ

² wkjir bÈlsÍï - Unauthorized structures - \mhÂ÷µõuU Pmhø©¨¦PÒ

² m%;swmkhk - Re-exports - «Ò HØÖ©v

² jdyk wx.k - Vehicle parks - ÁõPÚ {Özxªh®

² nyd¨ï m%jdyk - Container transport - öPõÒP»ß ÷£õUSÁµzx

² m%;swmkhk uOHia:dkh - Entrepot centre - PÍg]¯ {ø»¯®

² frda. ksjdrK jevigyka - Curative programmes - ÷|õ´ £›Põµ {PÌa]z vmh®

² ud¾. ixj¾Ok wêldßh - Road Development Authority - Ãv A¤Â¸zv AvPõµ \ø£

84
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
84
 6 f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj

f,dalfha fN!;sl mßirh" ld,Sk j b;d iq¿ mßudKfhka fyda úYd,

mßudKfhka iajNdúl j fjkiaùïj,g Ndckh fõ' fuu fjkiaùï we;eï úg
ixiqka j o pu;aldrckl j o" we;eï úg wkfmalaIs; j mßirhg úkdYldÍ
m%;sM, w;a lr foñka o isÿ fõ' l=uk wdldrfhka isÿ jqjo mDÓúh wdrïNfha isg u
wo olajd;a" bÈßhg;a iajNdúl j mßirh fjkiaùïj,g Ndckh jkq we;' fN!;sl
mßirh ;=< isÿ jk fujeks fjkialï w;r we;eï tAjd udkqI n,mEulska f;dr
j isÿ jQ wjia:d o" we;eï tAjd udkqI l%shdldrlï u; ;Sj% jQ wjia:d o we;' l=uk
wdldrhlska isÿ jqj o wkfmalaIs; j mßirhg ydks isÿ ùug we;s bv lv iajdNdúl
Wmøj f,i y÷kd .; yels h'

f,dalfha iajdNdúl Wmøj isÿ jk m%foaY yd Wmøj ksid u;= jk .eg¨

ms<sn| j idlÉPd lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha wruqK fõ'

² iajdNdúl Wmøjh (Natural Hazard)

ck;djg" wd¾Ól j;alïj,g fyda mßirhg

;¾ckhla jk wdmodjlg ;=vq Èh yels mßir
;;a;j
a hka iajdNdúl Wmøj f,i y÷kajd Èh yels h'

² iajdNdúl wdmodj (Natural Disaster)

6'1 rEmh - Wmøjh
lsishï iajdNdúl Wmøjhl n,mEu u; hï
m%cdjlg" Tjqkaf.a fN!;sl iïm;aj,g yd udkqI
l%shdldrlïj,g ydks muqKqjhs kï tAjd iajdNdúl
wdmod f,i ye¢kafõ' ;j;a f,ilska i|yka
l< fyd;a iajdNdúl wdmodjla hkq iajdNdúl
Wmøjhla l%shd;aul ùuls' m%cdjlg n,mEï lrk
hqoaOh" ;%ia;jdoh" f.dvke.s,s lvdjeàï" ud¾.
wk;=re jeks isÿùï o wdmod f,i y÷kajk w;r
tAjd iajdNdúl wdmod f,i fkdie,fla' 6'2 rEmh - wdmodj

85
 6'3 rEmh - iajdNdúl wdmod lsysmhla

iajdNdúl Wmøj"
mDÓúfhys Wm;
,nk wdldrh
mokï lr f.k
my; i|yka mßÈ
j¾. l< yels h'

86
fuu j¾. lsÍu yereKq úg" N+ñlïmd" .sksl÷" iqkdñ" iq<s iq<x" wl=Kq ier
jeks iajdNdúl Wmøj udkqI n,mEulska f;dr j ks¾udKh jk Wmøj f,i o
kdhhEï" kshÕ" c,.e,Sï" <eõ.sks" ysul÷ lvd jeàï jeks Wmøj" udkj l%shdldrlï
u; ;Sj% jk iajdNdúl Wmøj f,i o y÷kd .; yels h'
l%shdldrlï
01' iajdNdúl wdmodjla hkq l=ulaoehs y÷kajkak'
02' iajdNdúl wdmod yd Wmøj w;r olakg ,efnk fjki ksoiqka u.ska
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
03' my; i|yka Wmøj iajdNdúl j we;s jk yd udkj l%shdldrlï u; ;Sj%
jk Wmøj f,i j¾. fldg olajkak'
^c,.e,Sï" iqkdñ" iq<s iq<x" <eõ.sks" ysul÷ lvd jeàï" N+ñlïmd" kshÕ" kdhhEï&

N+ñlïmd (Earthquakes)
mDÓú mDIaGfha mdIdK ia;r ksr;=rej u p,kj,g Ndckh fõ' tAjd N+ p,k
f,i y÷kajk w;r laI‚l j úkdYldÍ m%;sM, w;alr foñka isÿ jk N+ p,k
N+ñlïmd f,i ye¢kafõ'

6'4 rEmh - N+ñlïmd we;s jQ wjia:djla

N+ñlïmd we;s ùug n,mdk fya;=

mDÓú mDIaGfha tla /ia jQ Yla;h
s " tys /|jqï Odß;dj blaujd hk wjia:dj, §
laI‚l j uqod yeÍu N+ñlïmd we;s ùug fya;= fõ' mDÓú mDIAGh ks¾udKh ù we;af;a
tlsfkl hd jk mdIdK ;eá fyj;a N+ ;eá rdYshlsk's tu N+ ;eá" m%Odk N+ ;eá
y;lska yd wm%Odk ;eá ^iq¿ ;eá& rdYshlska iukaú; fõ' ^6'1 is;h s u& fuu mdIdK
;eá úúOdldr ÈYdjkag mdfjñka mej;Su;a tAjd tlsfkl .eàu;a ksid tu ;eá
udhsïj, isÿ jk m%n, p,k o N+ñlïmd we;s ùug fya;= fõ' ;jo huy,a lsh % dj,shl
§ fyda mDÓú mdIaGfha we;s jk úfNao lsh % dj,Ska ksid o N+ñlïmd ks¾udKh fõ'
87
88
6'1 is;shu - f,dalfha N+ ;eá ks¾udKh ù we;s wdldrh
 ² N+ñlïmdj, ;Sj%;dj

N+ñlïmdjl m%n,;dj ke;fyd;a ;Sj%;dj N+ lïmk udkhlska (Seismometer)

ñkqï l< yels h' fuys § ,nd .kakd lïmk f;dr;=re" N+ lïmd m%ia;drhl
(Seismograph) igyka fõ' tfia igyka jQ w.hka mrsudKhlg we;=<;a l< yels
h' fuu l%uh 1935§ pd,aia t*a' ßÉg¾ (Charles F. Richter) úiska y÷kajd fok ,o
neúka th —ßÉg¾ mßudKh˜ hkqfjka kï lr we;' 6'1 j.=fjys oelafjkafka ßÉg¾
mßudKfha w.hkag wkqj N+ñlïmdjl ;Sj%;dj yd thska we;s úh yels m%;sM,
ms<sn| igykls'
6'1 j.=j - N+ñlïmdj, ;Sj%;dj yd tAjdfha m%;sM,

ßÉg¾ mßudKfha w.h m%;sM,h

2'0 -- 3'5 ñksiqkag fkdoefka' kuq;a udmlfha jd¾;d fõ'
3'5 -- 5'5 iEu wfhl=g u oefka'
5'5 -- 7'3 f.dvke.s,s úkdY ùula isÿ úh yels h'
7'4 -- 8'0 úYd, úkdYldÍ njla oel .; yels h
8'0 g jeä iïmQ¾Kfhka úkdYldÍ fõ'

f,dalfha N+ñlïmd we;s jk m%Odk l,dm

f,dalfha ;eá udhsï l,dm fndfyda úg N+ñlïmd isÿ jk l,dm f,i
6'2 is;shu ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka y÷kd .; yels h' f,dalfha N+ñlïmd isÿ jk
m%Odk l,dm y;rla tu is;shfuys oelafõ'
A - meis*sla id.rh jgd úys§
we;s meis*sla l,dmh
^meis*sla .sksj<,a,&
-B - uOHOr‚ - ysu,hd l÷
l,dmh
C - uOH w;aa,ka;sla id.ßl
jeá l,dmh
D - wm%sldkq iqúfNao ksïk
l,dmh

6'2 is;shu - N+ñlïmd isÿ jk l,dm

89
N+ñlïmdj,ska we;s jk n,mEï
² mDIaGfha úfNao yd me¨ï we;s ùu'
² l÷lr m%foaYj, kdhhEï" .s,d neiSï isÿ ùu'
² id.r m;=,aj, N+ñlïmd isÿùfï § iqkdñ ;;a;ajhka we;s ù fjr<nv
m%foaY úkdY ùu'
² ñksia Ôú; yd foam<j,g ydks isÿ ùu" iajdNdúl c,jykh yd há;,
myiqlï úkdY ùu'

l%shdldrlï

01' N+ñlïmdjla f,i ye¢kafjkafka l=ulao@

02' f,dalfha N+ñlïmd isÿ jk m%Odk l,dm kï fldg tAjd f,dal is;shul
fiahd lr olajkak'

iqkdñ (Tsunami)
id.rfha isÿ jk fkdfhl=;a lïmk fya;=fldg f.k" fjr< foig .uka .kakd
Wia jQ;a È.= jQ;a id.r ;rx. iuQyh" iqkdñ r< kñka ye¢kafõ'

iqkdñ r<la we;s ùug n,mdk fya;=

² id.r m;=,aj, .sksl÷ msmsÍu yd úYd, N+ñlïmd we;s ùu'
² id.r m;=,aj, kdhhEï isÿ ùu'
² id.rh u;g úYd, W,aldmd; lvd jeàu'
² úYd, ysul÷j, fldgia id.rhg lvd jeàu'
² id.r u; ñksiqka m%n, msmsrùï isÿ lSÍu'

fïjd w;ßka id.r m;=,aj, isÿ jk N+ñlïmd" iqkdñ ;rx. we;s ùu flfrys
n,mdk m%n, idOlh fõ' we;eï ;eá udhsïj, isÿ jk laI‚l yd m%n, p,k ksid
tA u; we;s id.r c,h le,öïj,g ,lajk w;r tu.ska id.r u;=msg úYd, id.r
;rx. ks¾udKh fõ' fuu id.r ;rx. f.dvìu foig .uka lsÍfï § ;rx.fha
Wi l%ñl j jeä ù fjr< wdikakfha § iqkdñ ;rx.hla njg mßj¾;kh fõ'
fujeks iqkdñ ;rx. u.ska fjr< mßirhg úYd, jYfhka ydks isÿ flf¾' iqkdñ
;rx.hla ks¾udKh jk wkqms<sfj< 6'5 rEmfhka oelafõ'

90
 6'5 rEmh - iqkdñ ;rx.hla ks¾udKh jk wkqms<sfj<

iqkdñ n,mEug nyq, j f.dÿre jk m%foaY

² meis*sla id.rh jgd jQ fjr< m%foaY
² bkaÈhka id.rh yd kef.kysr bka§h fjr< ;Srh
² leßìhdkq ¥m;a wdY%s; fjr< l,dmh'

N+ñlïmd we;s jk m%foaY wdY%;

s j iqkdñ wk;=re jeä jYfhka isÿ úh yels h'
iqkdñ wdmodj u.ska isÿ jk n,mEï
² ñksia Ôú;j,g ydks isÿ ùu'
² fjr< wdikakfha we;s fN!;sl yd udkqI N+ o¾Ykh úkdY ùu'
² ëjr lghq;=j,g ndOd we;s ùu'
² jix.; f,v frda. me;sÍ hdu'
² m%cdj wj;eka ùu yd udkisl n,mEï we;s ùu'

iqkdñ wdmodjlg fmr iqud;%d ¥m;aj, nKavd wdfÉ m%foaYh mej;s wdldrh
6'6 rEmh u.ska o tu m%foaYh iqkdñ wdmodfjka úkdY ù we;s wdldrh 6'7 rEmh
u.ska o my; oelafõ'

6'6 rEmh - iqkdñhg fmr iqud;%dj, nKavd 6'7 rEmh - iqkdñhg miq iqud;%dj, nKavd
wdfÉ m%foaYh wdfÉ m%foaYh
91
 l%shdldrlï

01' iqkdñhla hkq l=ula o@

02' iqkdñ we;s ùug n,mdk m%Odk fya;= ;=kla ,shkak'
03' f,dalfha iqkdñ Wmøjhg ,lajk m%foaY f,dal wdlD;s is;h
s ul ,l=Kq lr
kï lrkak'
04' iqkdñhlska isÿ úh yels ydks ksoiqka foñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

.sksl÷ (Volcanoes)
mDÓú wNHka;rfha isg by<g tk ue.aud mDÓú lfndf,a we;s N+ ;eá
udhsï" úfNao yd ÿ¾j, ia:dk Tiafia mDÓú;,h u;=msgg úodrKh ùu .sksl÷
f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' úodrKfhka miq j u;=msgg .,d hk ue.aud" z,djdZ f,i
ye¢kafõ'

.skslkaola ks¾udKfha § uq,ska u huy,a uqLfhka ÿï" w¿" úúO jdhq j¾.
yd ,djd len,s msmsÍï iys; j by< wjldYhg úysfok w;r tA iu. u ,djd o
úodrKh fõ' huy,a uqLfhka úodrKh jk ,djd" huy, wjg .,d f.dia isis,a
ù >K ,djd ;Ügq njg m;a fõ' bka wk;=re j .skslkao ksYap, fõ' ksYap,
.sks lkaola jqjo kej; úodrKh ùfï Wmøj ;;a;ajhla mej;sh yels h'

.skslkaola msmsÍfuka ñksia Ôú;"

foam< fuka u há;, myiqlïj,g
o úYd, jYfhka ydks isÿ úh yels h'
.skslkaolska wjldYhg uqod yßk úúO
øjH fya;= fldg f.k we;s lrk mdßißl
ydksh yd wdmod ;;a;ajh iq¿mgq fkdfõ'
fláld,Sk j we;s jk foaY.=‚l .eg¨
fuka u msmsÍu isÿ jk wjia:dfõ §
by< wjldYh wmeyeÈ,s ùfuka .=jka
.ukaj,g o wjysr;d we;s flf¾' 6'8 rEmh - .skslkaola úodrKh ùu

.sksl÷j, jHdma;sh
.sksl÷ fndfyda úg olakg ,efnkafka N+ ;eá udhsï Tiafia h' tfuka u
;eá ls|dnisk l,dm yd ;eá iSudjkaf.ka msg; l,dmj, o .sksl÷ olakg ,efí'
92
il%Sh .sksl÷j,ska 70]la muK meis*sla id.rh jgd we;s meis*sla ;eá udhsfï
jHdma; j we;' fï l,dmh" meis*sla .sks j<,a, kñka m%lg h'

6'3 is;shu - .sksl÷j, jHdma;sh

.sksl÷j,ska we;s jk n,mEï

.sksl÷ Wmøjh u.ska úúO wdmod we;s lrk nj my; j.=fjys i|yka
f;dr;=rej,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'
.skslkao úodrKh jQ j¾Ih we;s jQ wdmod ;;a;ajh
1' úiqúhia ^b;d,sh& l%s'j 79 uq¿ fmdïfmhs k.rh u úkdY jQ w;r
16000la muK ñksia Ôú; úkdY ùu'

2' úiqúhia ls%'j 1631 úodrKh Èk folla mej;s w;r wjg

k.r 15l muK jeishkag o wdmod
;;a;ajhla we;s ùu'

3' l%elfgdajd l%s'j 1883 úYd, msmsreï iys; j huy,a w¿ yd ÿï

^bkaÿkSih
s dj& msgùu ksid wyi Èk .Kkdjla w÷re ù
;sîu' .skl
s kao úodrKh wdY%;
s j we;s
jQ lïmk fya;f = ldg f.k yg .;a
iqkdñfhka 36"000la muK Ôú; wysñ ùu'
4' fma,S .sks lkao 30"000l muK ñksia Ôú; wysñ ùu'
l%'s j 1902
^udáksla ¥m;a&

93
5' mskdgqfnda 1991 úYd, f,i huy,a w¿ m;s; ùfuka
mdßißl ydks /ila we;s ùu' Odrdksmd;
jeis we;s ùu' 5000l muK ñksia
Ôú; wysñ ùu'
6' whsce*ac,a,d fcdal ,
= a ls%'j 2010 huy,a w¿ yd úúO jdhq j¾. fgdka
oyia .Kkla jdhqf.da,hg uqodyeÍu
^whsia,ka;h& ksid we;s jQ wdmod ;;a;ajfhka
hqfrdamd rgj, .=jka .uka Èk 06la
muK w;aysgqùug isÿ ùu'

l%shdldrlï

01' i. my; oelafjk .sksl÷ msysgd we;s rgj,a fidhd kï lrkak'

Ydka; fyf,akd" merl=àka" .,mf.daia" ls,sukacdfrda" fyla,d" úiQúhia"
*Qðhdud" mskdgqfnda-ufhdaka" l%elfgdajd" rejdfmyq

ii. tu .sksl÷ f,dal wdlD;s is;shul ,l=Kq lrkak'

02' .sksl÷ msmsÍfuka isÿ jk mdßißl ydksh ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

kshÕ (Drought)

wkfmalaIs; f,i Èk .Kkdjla

j¾Idm;kh fkd,eîu" m%Odk jYfhka kshÕ
Wmøjh we;s ùug fya;= fõ'

ì%;dkH ld,.=‚l úoHd{hska

úiska fkdlvjd Èk 15lg jeä j¾Idj
fkdue;s ld,mßÉfþoh" kshÕh f,i
fmkajd § we;' lekvdfõ § tu ld,h
Èk 30la f,i ie,fla' ´iafÜ%,shdfõ fuu 6'9 rEmh - kshÕ n,mE m%foaYhla
Èk.Kk ;j;a by< hhs' fï wkqj f,dalfha úúO m%foaYj, tlsfklg fjkia
wdldrfhka kshÕh w¾: olajd ;sfí' flfia jqjo n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ j¾Idj
fkdue;s ùu kshÕhg fya;= jk nj meyeÈ,s h'

,efnk j¾Idm;k m%udKh wvq ùu fyda j¾Id rgdfõ fjkialï u;

ck;djg wjYH c, iemhqu m%udKj;a fkdjk úg kshÕ wdmodjlg uqyK
q foa' c,h"
iïmdokh lsÍfuka kshÕ wdmodj hï m%udKhlg u.yrjd .ekSug yelshdj ,efí'

94
f,dalfha kshÕ wdmodj nyq, j ±lsh yels m%foaY
² uOHu wm%sldkq ify,a l,dmh
² W;=re weußldfõ ñâfjiaÜ m%foaYh
² uOHu ´iafÜ%,shdj
² bkaÈhdfõ uydrdIAg%" .=crdá" yhsødndoa m%foaY
² jhUÈ. Ökh

kshÕ wdmodfjka isÿ jk n,mEï

² ;Sj% c, ysÕhla we;s ùu'
² lDIs ìï úkdY ùu'
² mi ksire ùu'
² ffcj úúO;ajh ì| jeàu'
² jDlaI,;d jeiaug ydks meñŒu'
² c, úÿ,s W;amdokhg ndOd we;s ùu'
² iajdNdúl fi!kao¾h úkdY ùu'
² frda. iy id.;fhka i;=ka yd ñksia Ôú; mSvdjg m;aùu'

l%shdldrlï

01' kshÕhla hkq l=ula oehs w¾: olajkak'

02' f,dalfha kshÕ Wmøjh mj;akd m%Odk m%foAY f,dal is;shul ,l=Kq lr
kï lrkak'

03' kshÕfhka isÿ jk ydks olajd tu wdmodj wju lr .ekSug Tnf.a

fhdackd bÈßm;a lrkak'

iq<s iq<x (Cyclones)

WKqiqï ksj¾;k id.r u;=msg we;s m%n, wvq mSvk flakaø uq,a lr f.k
ks¾udKh jk fõ.fhka N%uKh fjñka .uka lrk iq<x Odrdjla iq<s iq<Õla
fyj;a jdiq<shla f,i ye¢kafõ'

95
 iq<s iq<xj, m%N jh" jdiq<sh
hs ' id.rj, isg f.dvìu foig
lvdjÈk iq<x Odrd" fjrf<a isg
f.dvìï foig úYd, wdmodjla
is ÿ lrñka .uka fldg f.dvìfï
§ l%ñl j wl%Sh fõ'

iq<s iq<x" id.rfha isg

f.dvìu foig wêl fõ.hlska
.uka lsÍu ksid id.r r<" l=Kdgq 6'10 rEmh - jdiq<shla
r<la njg mßj¾;kh fõ' tu.ska
fjr< wdikak N+ o¾Ykhg úYd,
f,i ydks isÿ jk w;r wêl jeis
yd iq<x m%jdy fya;=fldg f.k
wdmod /ila we;s fõ'

iq<s iq<x wdmodjg ,lajk m%foaY

iq<s iq<x we;s úh yels id.r
wdikakfha msyá s f.dvìï m%foaY"
iq<s iq<x Wmøjh we;s m%foaY f,i
6'11 rEmh - iq<s iq<x
y÷kd .; yels h' f,dalfha iqúfYaI
ld,.=‚l ;;a;ajhka we;s ksj¾;k l,dmSh m%foaY" bkaÿkSishdj" weußld tlai;a
ckmofha ol=Kq fjr<dY%s; m%foaY" fnx.d, fndlal wdY%s; m%foaY iq<s iq<x Wmøjh
we;s jk m%Odk m%foaY fõ' tA tA id.ßl m%foaY wkqj fuu iq<s iq<x o úúO kïj,ska
ye¢kafõ'

W;=re w;a,ka;sla id.rfha § - yßflaka

´iafÜ%,shdfõ jhU È. fjr<g wdikak bkaÈhka id.rfha § - ú,sú,Sia
kef.kysr wdishd;sl fjr<g Tífnka jQ meis*sla id.rfha § - ghs*Qka
fnx.d, fndlal wjg bkaÈhka id.rfha § - ihslaf,daka
^iq<s iq<x&
ms,Smska ¥m;a wdY%s; uOHu meis*sla id.rfha § - ne.sfhda

ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yels h' iq<s iq<x we;s jk m%foaY 6'4 is;shfuys oelafõ'

96
 6'4 is;shu - iq<s iq<x we;s jk m%foaY

l%shdldrlï

01' f,dalfha iq<s iq<x Wmøjh we;s jk m%foaY" f,dal is;shul ,l=Kq fldg
kï lrkak'

02' —iq<s iq<x hkq úkdYldÍ wdmodjls˜ ksoiqka foñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

iq<s iq<x ksid we;s jk n,mEï

² wêl jeis iu. iq<x m%jdy lvd je§fuka f.dvìï m%foaYj,g ydks we;s ùu'
² l=Kdgq yd Woï r< we;s ùfuka fjr< wdY%s; m%foaYhg ydks isÿ ùu'
² ñksia Ôú; yd foam<j,g ydks isÿ ùu'
² by< k.sk r< ksid id.r c,h f.dvìug .,d tAfuka c, uQ,dY% wmú;% ùu'
² úÿ,s /yeka" ikaaksfõok moaO;s jeks há;, myiqlïj,g ydks isÿ ùu'
² ëjr lghq;=j,g ndOd we;s ùu'
² jix.; yd f,v frda. me;sÍ hdu'

97
<eõ.sks (Bush fire)

iajdNdúl j fyda udkqI l%shdldrlï u.ska fyda jkdka;r" jk,eyeí" ;DKN+ñ

wdÈh .sks .ekSu yd YS>%fhka me;sÍ hdu <eõ.sks jYfhka ye¢kafõ'

kshÕh" Y=Ial;dj jeks

foaY.=‚l ;;a;ajhka u.ska <eõ.sks
we;s ùug we;s wjia:d jeä flf¾'
tfuka u <eõ.sks we;s jk m%foaYj,
jDlaI,;d" fndfyda úg myiqfjka
.sks .ekSïj,g Ndckh jk
iajNdjhla olakg ,efí' ksoiqka
f,i ;DK j¾." Y-=Ial jk,eyeí"
hqle,smagia jeks Ydl ±laúh yels h'
6'12 rEmh - <eõ.skakla

<eõ.sks we;s ùug n,mdk fya;=

<eõ.sks we;s ùug iajdNdúl fuka u udkqI ls%hdldrlï o fya;= fõ'

f,dalfha <eõ.sks yg.kakd m%foAY nyq, j we;s rgj,a

´iafÜ%,shdj Ökh
lekvdj bkaÿkSishdj
weußld tlai;a ckmoh uOHu wm%sldkq rgj,a
m%xYh

98
<eõ.sks wdmodfjka we;s jk n,mEï
² ksjdi" foam< yd ñksia Ôú;j,g ydks isÿ ùu'
² jk Ôùka úkdY ùu'
² jDlaI,;d jeiaug ydks isÿ ùu'
² jdhqf.da,Sh ¥IKh'
² mi yd c, uQ,dY%j,g n,mEï isÿ ùu'

ls%hdldrlï

01' <eõ.sks we;s ùu flfrys iajdNdúl fuka u udkqI l%shdldrlï o n,mdk

wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
02' f,dalfha <eõ.sks Wmøjh nyq, j we;s jk rgj,a myla kï fldg tu
rgj,a f,dal is;shul ,l=Kq lrkak'
03' <eõ.sks ksid we;s úh yels mdßißl ydksh ms<sn| j úia;r lrkak'

mejreï

01' ckudOH f;dr;=re m%fhdackhg .ksñka uE;l § f,dalfha by<

;Sj%;djlska hq;a N+ñlïmdjla we;s jQ ia:dkh f,dal is;shul ,l=Kq lr
tys n,mEu ms<sn| flá úia;rhla lrkak'

02' id.ßl N+;eá udhsïj, we;s jk N+ñlïmd yd iqkdñ r< yg .ekSu

iïnkaOfhka mdi,a ì;a;s mqj;am;lg ,smshla ilia lrkak'

03' uE;l § f,dalfha we;s jQ m%n, iq<s iq<x lsysmhla kï fldg tAjdg wÞ< rg
iy we;s jQ j¾Ih ,shkak' ^ksoiqk ( 2005 - weußldfõ ñisisms m%dka;fha
l;S%kd iq<s iq<Õ&

04' <eõ.sks Wmøjfhka isÿ jk wdmod ;;a;ajh wju lr .ekSu i|yd m%cdjg
Tn lrk fhdackd we;=<;a m;%sldjla ilia lrkak'

99
wdY%s; .%ka: yd uQ,dY%

² wdpd¾h A.H. Okmd," zzmßir wOHhkhZZ" ^2012&" iriú m%ldYlfhda'

² wdpd¾h A.H. Okmd," zziajNdúl úm;aZZ" ^2008&" iriú m%ldYlfhda'

² .=re WmfoaYl w;afmd;" zzwdmod l<ukdlrKhZZ" cd;sl wOHdmk

wdh;kh" uyr.u'

² .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh" N+f.da, úoHdj" 13 fY%a‚h" ^2007&" cd;sl

wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u'

² cd;sl f.dvke.s,s m¾fhaIK ixúOdkh ^NBRO& ud¾f.damfoaYlh"

^2009&'

² uydpd¾h Wmd,s ùrlafldä" fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj »»" ^2009&" l¾;D

m%ldYkhls'

² Sri Lanka Urban Multi-hazard Disaster Mitigation Project (SLUM-

DMP) Guidelines

² Cyclones and high winds, Flood prone areas, Landslide Prone Areas,
Lightning Strikes, Tsunami, (2003) .

² www.chpb.gov.lk

mdßNdIsl jpk
² iajdNdúl Wmøjh - Natural hazard - C¯ØøP ChºPÒ

² iajdNdúl wdmodj - Natural disaster - C¯ØøP¨ ÷£µÚºzu®

² N+ñlïmd - Earthquakes - ¦Â|kUP[PÒ

² iqkdñ - Tsunami - _Úõª

² .skl
s ÷ - Volcanoes - G›©ø»PÒ

² iq<s iq<x - Cyclones - `ÓõÁÎPÒ

² wl=Kq ier - Lightning - ªßÚÀ uõUP®

² kshÕ - Drought - Áµm]

² <eõ.sks - Bush fire - Põmkz w

100
100 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
² mDÓú mDIaGh - Earth’s crust - ¦Â÷¯õk

² mdIdK ia;r - Strata of rocks - £õøÓ¨£øh

² N+ p,k - Earth movements - uPmhø\Ä

² /|jï
q Odß;dj - Remaining capacity - Gg]°¸US® C¯»ÍÄ

² N+ ;eá - Tectonic plates - ¦ÂUPÁ\zuPkPÒ

² huy,a l%shdj,sh - volcanism - G›©ø»¯õUP®

² úfNao - Fault - SøÓ/ ¤ÍÄ

² N+ lïmk udkh - Seismometer - ¦Â|kUP Aø»£v P¸Â

² N+ lïmd m%ia;drh - Seismograph - ¦Â|kUP Aø»£v Áøµ¦

² ;eá udhsï l,dm - Tectonic plate boundaries - ¦Â÷¯õmk uPmk GÀø»PÒ

² W,aldmd; - Meteorites - ÂsPØPÒ/ BPõ¯UPØPÒ

² id.r ;rx. - Ocean waves - \•zvµ Aø»PÒ

² úodrKh ùu - Eruption - PUSuÀ

² huy,a uqLh - Crater - G›©ø» Áõ´

² m%Njh - Origin - ÷uõØÓ®

² jdiq<sh - Cyclone - `ÓõÁÎ

² iq<x m%jdy - Swirl of winds - PõØ÷Óõmh®

² Y=Ial;dj - Aridness - Áµm]z ußø©

101
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
101
 7 Y%S ,xldfõ iajdNdúl wdmod

Y%S ,xldj ¥m;la ùu" wNHka;r N+ o¾Ykfha iajNdjh" ksj¾;k foaY.=‚l

l,dmhl msysgd ;sîu jeks fN!;sl lreKq fuka u wêl ckixLHdjla Ôj;a jk
rgla ùu o" iajdNdúl wdmod rdYshla we;s ùu flfrys n,md ;sfí'

Y%S ,xldj ;=< isÿ jk iajdNdúl wdmod w;r kdhhEï" c,.e,Sï" iq<s iq<x"
kshÕ" wl=Kq ier yd iqkdñ hkdÈh m%uqL fõ'
Y%S ,xldfõ isÿ jk iajdNdúl wdmod" tu wdmodj, n,mEu" tAjdg iúu;a j
uqyqK §u yd tu wdmod wju lr .ekSug lghq;= lsÍu hkd§ lreKq ms<sn| j
wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha wruqK fõ'

Y%S ,dxlsl m%cdjf.a wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd f.dvk.k ,o udkqI N+

o¾Ykh wdmodj,ska f;dr j mj;ajd f.k hdug yelshdjla we;akï th wd¾Ól yd
iudchSh ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a lr .ekSug rel=,la jkq we;' tfia jqjo Y%S ,xldj
;=< úfYaIfhka kdhhEï" c,.e,Sï" kshÕh jeks wdmod ;;a;ajhka l%ñl j j¾Okh
fjñka mj;sk nj y÷kd .; yels h' udkqI N+ o¾Ykh f.dvke.Sfï § fN!;sl
mßirh ms<sn| j wkjfndaOhlska lghq;= lsÍu yd wúêu;a mßir l<ukdlrKh
jeks lreKq fuu wdmod ;;a;ajh j¾Okh ùug fya;= ù ;sfí'

kdhhEï (Landslides)
l÷ nEjqul by< m%foaYhl we;s mia"
.,a hkdÈh tA u; we;s jDlaI,;d iu.
nEjqula Èf.a my< m%foaY olajd laI‚l j
p,kh ùu kdhhEula f,i y÷kajd Èh
yels h'
Y%S ,xldfõ l÷lr m%foaYj, kdhhEï
olakg ,efnk w;r l÷lr f;;a l,dmSh
m%foaYj, fuu wdmodj nyq, j isÿ jk nj 7'1 rEmh - kdhhEulg ,la jQ m%foaYhla
fmfka'
wdmod l<ukdlrK wdh;kh úiska y÷kd f.k we;s kdhhEï wdmodj,g
,laúh yels wjodkï Èia;%slal" 7'1 is;shfuys oelafõ'
102
kdhhEï wdmodjg n,mdk fya;=
kdhhEï wdmodj we;s ùu flfrys iajdNdúl fya;= fuka u udkqI l%shdldrlï
o n,md ;sfí' -
iajdNdúl fya;=

² N+ p,k we;s ùu

² fkdlvjd weo yef,k wêl

j¾Idm;kh
² l÷ nEjqïj, YS>% wdk;sh
² mdIdKj, jHqyh yd tys
Èrdm;a ùu
² ÿ¾j, c,jyk rgdj
² jDlaI,;d jeiau wvq ùu

udkqI l%shdldrlï

² wúêu;a f,i nEjqï bvï

mßyrKh
² nEjqï m%foaYj, jkdka;r bj;a lsÍu
² iajdNdúl c, ud¾. wjysr lsÍu
² l÷lr m%foaYj, m;,a lekSu
² mia l÷ lemSu" .,a leãu yd msmrs ùu
² l÷ nEjqïj, isÿ lrk wúêu;a
7'1 is;shu - kdhhEï wdmodj,g ,laúh yels
bÈlsÍï
wjodkï Èia;%slal

kdhhEï wdmodj y÷kd .ekSfï mQ¾j ,laIK

kdhhEulg fmr fndfyda úg mßirh ;=< mQ¾j ,laIK y÷kd .; yels h'
tu ,laIK ksjerÈ j y÷kd .ekSfuka wdmodj wju lr .ekSug yelshdj ,efí'
tjeks mQ¾j ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

² ksfjiaj, yd úúO f.dvke.s,sj, me¿ï we;s ùu'

² wod< N+ñfha me¿ï ;, fyda .s,d neiSï we;s ùu'
² tu m%foaYj, we;s Ydl" úÿ,s lKq" ÿrl:k lKq wdÈh we, ùu'
² nEjqï bvïj, úYd, Ydl laI‚l j ueÍ hdu'

103
 ² nEjqfï my< m%foaYj, c, uQ,dY%j, fjkiaùï'
² we;eï i;=kaf.a yeisÍï rgd fjkia ùu'

kdhhEï wdmodj wju lr .ekSug .; yels l%shdud¾.

² nEjqï bvïj, we;s jDlaI,;d jeiau wdrlaId lsÍu'
² iajdNdúl c,jykh wjysr fkdlsÍu'
² nEjqï bvï mßyrKfha § úoHd;aul Wmfoia wkq.ukh lsÍu'
² Wia m%foaYj, c,dY bÈfkdlsÍu'
² YS>% nEjqï iys; bvïj, f.dvke.s,s bÈfkdlsÍu'
² nEjqu iys; bvïj, ia:dhS;dj wdrlaId jk mßÈ l%shdud¾. .ekSu'
ksoiqka( .,ajeá" l=Üá ldKq" jk j.d hkdÈh
² m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍu'

ls%hdldrlï

01' kdhhEula hkq l=ulaoehs y÷kajkak'

02' Y%S ,xldfõ wdmod l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkh úiska kï fldg we;s kdhhEï
wdmod wjodku iys; Èia;l
s% l
a Y%S ,xld wdlD;s is;h
s ul ,l=Kq lr fiahd lrkak'

03' kdhhEulska isÿ úh yels ydks fláfhka úia;r lrkak'

c,.e,Sï (Floods)
Y%S ,xldfõ nyq, j u isÿ jk iajdNdúl wdmodj f,i —c,.e,Sï˜ y÷kd .;
yels h' wêl jeis ,nk m%foaYj, o le,‚" l¿" .sx" ks,j
a ,d" uy Th yd uyje,s jeks
úYd, .x.dOdr yd .xfudahj,g wdikak m%foaYj, o c,.e,Sï nyq, j olakg ,efí'
.x.dj, c, uÜgu by< f.dia .x.d
ksïk fomi msysá m%foaYj,g msgdr .e,Su
fuka u c, ud¾. wjysr ùu ksid o yÈis
c,.e,Sï we;s fõ' úfYaIfhka my;a ìï wdY%s;
j we;s kd.ßl m%foaYj, fuu wdmodj nyq,
j we;s nj y÷kd f.k we;' wêl j¾Idjl
§ tla /ia jk c,h iajdNdúl j nei hdhq;=
ia:dkj, úúO udkqI lghq;= isÿ lsÍu" fuu
7'2 rEmh - c,.e,Sulg Ndckh jQ
wdmodj ;Sj% ùug fya;= ù ;sfí' m%foaYhla

104
c,.e,Sïj,g ksr;=rej u Ndckh jk m%foaY
² .x.dOdrj, my< ksïk m%foaY iy fudah wdY%s; m%foaY
² .x.d wdY%s; j we;s kd.ßl m%foaY ksoiqka( fld<U" l¿;r" ud;r" r;akmqrh
² jeõ yd c,dYj,g my<ska jQ m%foaY

c,.e,Sï wdmodjg n,mdk fya;=

c,.e,Sï we;s ùu flfrys iajdNdúl lreKq fuka u udkqI ls%hdldrlï

o n,md ;sfí'

j¾;udkfha c,.e,Sï i|yd

iajdNdúl fya;=j,g jvd udkqI l%shdldrlï l%shdldrlï
fya;= ù we;s nj y÷kd .; yels h'
01' j¾Id ld,j, § ksrka;rfhka
c,.e,Sï wdmodj wju lr .ekSfï msgdr.e,Sïj,g Ndckh jk Y%S
l%shdud¾. ,xldfõ .x.dOdr lsysmhla Y%S
,xld wdlD;s is;shul ,l=Kq
² .x.d fmdaIl m%foaYj, jkdka;r lr kï lrkak'
wdrlaId lr .ekSu'
² .x.dj, fudah újD; j ;nd .ekSu' 02' c,.e,Sïj,g ksr;=re j Ndckh
² my;a ìï yd f;;a ìï wdrlaId lsÍu' jk kd.ßl m%foaY lsysmhla
Tn úiska w¢k ,o is;shfï
² .x.dj, je,s f.dv oeóu iSud lsÍu'
,l=Kq lr kï lrkak'
² c,.e,Sïj,g Tfrd;a;= fok
bÈlsÍïj,g fhduq ùu' 03' c,.e,Sulska isÿ úh yels ydks
² msgdr .e,Sï isÿ jk iA:dkj, udkj Ñ;%hlska bÈßm;a lrkak'
lghq;= iSud lsÍu'
04' c,.e,Sï wju lr .ekSu i|yd
² wdrlaIs; ls%hdud¾. .ekSu yd m%cdj .; hq;= l%h
s dud¾. ;=kla ,shkak'
oekqj;a lsÍu'

105
iq<s iq<x (Cyclones)

fnx.d, fndlal wdY%s; m%foaYj,

j¾Okh jk jdiq<s fnx.d, fndlal m%foaYfha
isg Y%S ,xldj foig fyda bkaÈhdj foig iq<s
iq<Õla f,i yud hdu isÿ fõ' úfYaIfhka
Tlaf;daïn¾ isg foieïn¾ olajd ld,j,
§ Y%S ,xldfõ W;=re-kef.kysr m%foaYj,g
iq<s iq<x Wmøjh we;s fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ iq<s 7'3 rEmh - fnx.d, fndlal m%foaYfha
yg.;a jdiq<s
iq<x Wmøjh we;s jk Èia;%slal lsysmhla 7'2
is;hs fuys ±lafõ' iq<s iq<x u.ska úYd, wdmod ksr;=re j isÿ fkdjQj o 1978 j¾Ifha
fkdjeïn¾ ui isÿ jQ iq<s iq<Õska ñksia Ôú; úYd, ixLHdjla wysñ jQ w;r úYd,
foam< úkdYhla o isÿ ù ;sfí'

idudkH ck;djg fuu iq<s

iq<x Wmøjh isÿ ùug fmr" y÷kd .;
fkdyels jqj o ld,.=K úoHd{hkag
pkaøl
s d ;dlaIKh Tiafia fuu Wmøjh
isÿ ùug fmr y÷kd .ekSfï yelshdj
we;' tneúka tu.ska isÿ jk wdmodj,ska
hï m%udKhlg wdrlaId ùu i|yd mQ¾j
ld,.=K wkdjels b;d m%fhdackj;a fõ'

iq<s iq<x wdmod wju lr .ekSu

i|yd .; hq;= ls%hdud¾.

² iq<s iq<x we;s jk ld,

mßÉfþoj, ld,.=‚l f;dr;=re
ms<sn| wjodkfhka isàu'

² ksjdi wdikak j we;s wk;=reodhl

Ydl bj;a lsÍu'
² ksjdij, mshiai Yla;su;a lsÍu'

² Yla;us ;a iq<x ndOl we;s lr .ekSu' 7'2 is;shu - iq<s iq<x Wmøjh we;s úh yels
² iq<x mj;sk wjia:dj, wdrlaIs; ia:dk lrd hdu' Èia;%slal

106
 l%shdldrlï

01' Y%S ,xldfõ iq<s iq<x Wmøjhg ,la jk m%foaY Y%S ,xld wdlD;s is;shul
fiahd lr olajkak'

02' iq<s iq<Õlska isÿ úh yels wdmod i|yka lr tu wdmod ;;a;ajh wju lr
.ekSu i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. ;=kla ,shkak'

kshÕh (Drought)
f,dalfha úúO rgj, zkshÕhZ ms<sn| úúO w¾:l:k olajd we;s w;r YS%
,xldfõ o kshÕh ms<sn| fkdfhl=;a meyeÈ,s lsÍï bÈßm;a lr we;' jk iïm;a yd
mßir wud;HxYh u.ska ilia l< foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| jd¾;dfõ i|yka mßÈ
zY%S ,xldj ;=< n,dfmdfrd;a;-= jk j¾Idfjka 75]lg wvqfjka ,efnk ld, iSudjZ
kshÕ yg .kakd ld, iSudj f,i y÷kajd § ;sfí' flfia fj;;a Y%S ,xldj ;=< kshÕ
we;s jk ld,mßÉfþo tA tA m%foaY wkqj fjkia jk nj meyeÈ,s h' Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s
l,dmhg jir ;=k y;rlg jrla kshÕhla hdmkh
we;s ùfï bv lv we;;a iuia; Y%S ,xldjg
u n,mdk kshx ;;a;j a hka fndfyda úg jir s kdÉÑh
ls,f
uq,;sõ
oyhlg muK jrla isÿ jk nj o< jYfhka
y÷kd f.k we;' ukakdru
jõkshdj
;%sl=Kdu,h

wkqrdOmqrh

mq;a;,u fmdf<dkakrej

l=reKE.,

7'4 rEmh - kshÕhg f.dÿre jQ j.d ìula

fudKrd.,
kshÕ wdmodj we;s ùug n,mdk fya;=
² foaY.=‚l fjkiaùï
yïnkaf;dg
² f.da,Sh WKqiqu by< hdu
² jdhqf.da,Sh ¥IKh
7'3 is;h
s u - kshÕhg nyq, j f.dÿre jk Èia;l
s% l
a

107
 ² jk úkdYh
² wkfmalaIs; c, ysÕh

kshÕ wdmodj wju lr .ekSug .; yels l%shdud¾.

² jeis c,h tla /ia lr .ekSu'
² c, uQ,dY% ixrlaIKh lsÍu yd jDlaI,;d jeiau wdrlaId lr .ekSu'
² c,h wrmsßueiafuka Ndú; lsÍu'
² c, ld¾hlaIu;dj nyq, j.djkag fhduq ùu'

l%shdldrlï

01' kshÕ wdmodjg Ndckh jk Èia;%slal Y%S ,xld Èia;%slal is;shul ,l=Kq lr
fiahd lrkak'
02' kshÕ wdmodjg hï m%udKhlska fyda Tfrd;a;= fok lDIs fNda. lsym
s hla kï
lrkak'
03' —kshÕ we;s ùu flfrys iajdNdúl fya;=j,g jvd udkqI l%shdldrlï n,md
we;˜ ksoiqka follska meyeÈ,s lrkak'

wl=Kq ier (Lightning Strikes)

iajdNdúl ixisoaêhla jk wl=Kq ier

Y%S ,xldfõ nyq, Wmøjhla fuka u wdmodjla
f,i o y÷kd f.k we;' úfYaIfhka
ixjyk l%shdj,shla iys; wka;¾ fudaiï
ld, jljdkqj, Èjhsk mqrd u wl=Kq
Wmøjh nyq, j olakg ,efí'

wka;¾ fudaiï ld,j, § WKqiqï 7'5 rEmh - wl=Kq ier

wia:dhS iy wd¾ø;dj iys; jdhqf.da,Sh

;;a;ajh hgf;a j¾Okh jk Wia leá j,dl=¿" wl=Kq ier yg .ekSug fya;=
fõ' leá j,dl=¿j, we;s Ok wdfrdamK yd iDK wdfrdamK w;r isÿ jk úÿ,s
úi¾ckh zwl=KZ f,i ye¢kafõ'

108
wl=Kq ier j¾. ;=klg fnÈh yels h' tkï"

j,d wl=Kq ^j,dl=¿ iy j,dl=¿ w;r úi¾ckh isÿ fõ&'

jdhq wl=Kq ^j,dl=¿ iy wjldYh w;r úi¾ckh isÿ fõ&'
mDÓú wl=Kq ^j,dl=¿ iy fmdf<dj w;r úi¾ckh isÿ fõ&'

j,dl=¿ yd fmdf<dj w;r we;s jk mDÓú wl=Kq u.ska m%cdjg nyq, j

wdmod isÿ fõ' fuu mDÓú wl=Kq YS% ,xldfõ ´kE u ia:dkhl we;s úh yels jqj o
wka;¾ fudaiï j¾Idj nyq, j ,efnk m%foaYj, fuu wdmodj jeä jYfhka isÿ
jk nj y÷kd f.k we;'

wl=Kq ier u.ska Ôú; yd foam< ydks /ila Y%S ,xldj ;=< isÿ fõ'
tu.ska j¾Ihlg idudkHfhka ñksia Ôú; mkyla muK wmg wysñ jk nj wdmod
l<ukdlrK wdh;kfha jd¾;dj, i|yka fõ' óg wu;r j Wia f.dvke.s,s fuka
u Ndú; lrk úoHq;a WmlrK o jeä jYfhka wdmod wjia:dj, § wk;=rg ,la jk
nj fmfka'

wl=Kq ier wdmodfjka je<lSug .; hq;= l%shdud¾.

² ksjdi yd f.dvke.s,sj, úoHq;a mßm: iïnkaO lr N+.; lïì fh§u'
² Wia f.dvke.s,sj, wl=Kq ikakdhl fh§u'
² ksjfia úÿ,s iemhqug mekakqï iaúph ^á%ma iaúph& we;=<;a lsÍu'
² úÿ,s WmlrK yd úoHq;a WmlrK wl=Kq ier wjia:dj, § l%h
s d úrys; lr
;eîu'
² yqol,d újD; ìïj," ;ks .ia hg isàfuka je<lSu'
² Wmøj wjia:dj, § f,day we,a,Sfuka je<lSu'
² wl=Kq ier nyq, ld,j, § wjfndaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu yd wka wh o oekqj;a
lsÍu'

l%shldrlï

01' Y%S ,xldfõ —wl=Kq ier˜ Wmøjh nyq, j we;s jk ld, iSudj i|yka lrkak'
02' wl=Kq ier u.ska isÿ jk ydks úia;r lrkak'

109
iqkdñ (Tsunami)
Y%S ,xldjg iqkdñ wdmodjl ìysiqKq w;a±lSï 2004 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ 26
jk Èk w;aú£ug isÿ úh' Y%S ,xldfõ muKla fkdj wdishd;sl m%foaYj, o uE;
b;sydih ;=< isÿ jQ oreKq;u iajdNdúl wdmodjla f,i fuu iqkdñ wdmodj
ye¢kaúh yels h'

wêl f,i il%Sh N+lïmk l,dmhla

f,i i,lk iqud;%d ¥m;a wdikakfha N+
;eá udhsul we;s jQ N+ñlïmdjla ksid fuu
iqkdñ r< ks¾udKh úh' tu iqkdñ r< u.ska
Y%S ,xldfõ W;=re" kef.kysr" ol=Kq yd
ngysr fjr<nv m%foaY oreKq f,i wdmodjg
,la úh' hdmkh" uq,;sõ" ;%sl=Kdu,h"
7'6 rEmh - iqkdñ r<
uvl,mqj" wïmdr" yïnkaf;dg" ud;r"
.d,a, yd l¿;r hk Èia;%slalj, fjr< wdY%s; m%foaY ksoiqka fõ' tys§ 35000la
muK ñksia Ôú; wmg wysñ jQ w;r 500000 muK msßila wj;eka jQy' úkdY jQ
foam<j, jákdlu yd mßir moaO;s m%udKh o w;s úYd, úh'

iqkdñ wdmodfjka isÿ jk ydks wju lr .ekSug .; yels l%shdud¾.

² fjr<g b;d ióm bÈlsÍï iSud lsÍu'
² fjr< wdY%s; j we;s iajdNdúl mßir moaO;Ska wdrlaId lsÍu'
² iqkdñ wk;=re weÕùï moaO;s ia:dms; lsÍu yd m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍu'
² iqkdñ wk;=re weÕùï ,o ú.i fjr< iómfhka bj;a ù Wia ìï lrd hdu'
² wdikak m%foaYhl Wia ìï fkdue;s kï iú .ekajQ fldkal%SÜj,ska ks¾ñ;
Yla;su;a Wia f.dvke.s,a,l by< ud,hg hdu'
² ckudOHhg ijka§u'
² iqkdñ ks, wk;=re weÕùïj,g weyqïlka §u'
² id.rh wdikakfha N+ñlïmdjl y~la weiqfka kï fyda tA ms<sn| j oekqj;a
ù kï iqkdñ wk;=re yeÕùï ,efnk f;la fkdisg uqyqÿ fjrf<ka bj;a
ùu'

110
 l%shdldrlï

01' iqkdñhla hkq l=ula oehs meyeÈ,s lrkak'

02' 2004 foieïn¾ 26 isÿ jQ iqkdñ wdmodjg ,la jQ m%foaY Y%S ,xld Èia;%sla
is;shul fiahd lr kï lrkak'

Y%S ,xldfõ wdmod l<ukdlrK jevms<sfj<

Y%S ,xldfõ wdmod l<ukdlrK jevms<sfj< il%Sh jevms<sfj<la njg m;a

jQfha 2004 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ 26 isÿ jQ iqkdñ jHikfhka miqj hs' úfYaIfhka 2005
j¾Ifha § wdmod l<ukdlrKh i|yd wjYH kj wKmk;a" ks;S ß;s yd úêu;a
wdh;ksl jHqyhla ia:dms; lrk ,È'

wdmod l<ukdlrKhg wod< wdh;ksl jHqyh

² wdmod l<ukdlrKhg wod< wud;HxYhla msysgqùu'
² foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh iys; cd;sl wdmod l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkhla
msysgqùu (NDMC)'
² wOHlaI ckrd,ajrfhl=f.a m%Odk;ajfhka wdmod l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkhla
msysgqùu (DMC)'
² Èia;%slal uÜgñka yd m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdi uÜgñka wdmod l<ukdlrK
uOHia:dk msysgqùu'
² mdi,a wdmod wdrlaIK jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu'

by; oelajQ wdh;ksl jHqyh u.ska Y%S ,xldfõ l=uk fyda ia:dkhl isÿ
jk wdmod iïnkaOfhka m%cd fiajdjka /ila bgq flf¾' úfYaIfhka wdmod
j<lajd .ekSu" wju lsÍu" wdmodjg m%;spdr oelaùu yd mqkre;a:dmkhg iïnkaO
fufyhqï hkdÈh tu l<ukdlrK jevigykaj,g we;=<;a fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ wdmod
l<ukdlrKh i|yd rdcH wxYh muKla fkdj rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk yd m%cd
uQ,sl ixúOdk o l%shdldÍ f,i odhl ù we;'

wdmod l<ukdlrK pl%h

wdmod l<ukdlrK pl%h hkq wdmod l<ukdlrK wjia:d fmkakqï lrk
wdlD;shls' úfYaIfhka wdmodjla isÿ ùug mQ¾j wjia:dfõ isg wdmodj isÿ ù wjidk
wjia:dj olajd jQ ls%hdldÍ l<ukdlrK jevms<sfj<la tu.ska fmkakqï flf¾'
111
 fmr iQodku

² wdmodfõ mQ¾j ,laIK y÷kd

.ekSug W;aidy lsÍu'

² wdmodj iïnkaOfhka wkdjels

m< lsÍu'

² wdmodjg uqyqK §u i|yd mQ¾j

iQodkï ùu'

7'11 rEmh - wdmod l<ukdlrK pl%h

m%;spdr oelaùfï wjia:dj

tla tla wdmodj wkqj thg m%;spdr oelaùu fjkia jqj o l=uk fyda
wdmodjlg m%;spdr oelaùfï wjYH;dj wksjd¾h fõ'

² wdmodjg f.dÿre jQ m%cdjf.a wdrlaIdj iy;sl lsÍu'

² ffjoH m%;sldr ,nd §u'
² fN!;sl foam< yels muK wdrlaId lsÍu'
² ;djld,sl ksjdi ,nd §u'
² wdydrmdk imhd §u'

h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu

fuys § wdmodjg m;a jQ ck;dj yd tu mßirh kej; mqkre;a:dmkh

lsÍfï wjYH;dj fmkakqï flf¾' tA i|yd flá ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk l%shdud¾.
ie,iqï lsÍu yd m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍu jvd jeo.;a fõ' ldhsl fuka u udkisl
jYfhka wdmodjg ,lajQ ck;dj h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu o fuys § isÿ fõ'

wdmod wju lsÍfï wjia:dj

wdmodj wju lsÍfï l%shdud¾. fndfyda úg fmr iQodkfï l%shdud¾.j,g
iudk fõ' flfia fj;;a wju lsÍfï l%shdud¾. ;=<ska wdmodfõ wjodku wju lr
.ekSug yelshdj ,efí' ta i|yd"

112
 ² wk;=re weÕùfï moaO;s ia:dms; lsÍu'
² m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍu yd iyNd.s;ajh'
² wdmodj wju lr .ekSug yels fuj,ï y÷kajd §u'
² wdmod l<ukdlrK wdh;k Yla;su;a lsÍu'
hkdÈh jeo.;a fõ'

l%shdldrlï

01' Y%S ,xldfõ nyq, j isÿ jk iajdNdúl wdmod kï lrkak'

02' iajdNdúl wdmod folla f;dard f.k wdmod l<ukdlrK pl%fha tla tla
wjia:dj, § .; hq;= lsh
% dud¾. we;=<;a fldg f,aL khla ms< f
s h, lrkak'

mejreï

01' Tn Ôj;a jk m%o Y

a fha mj;akd iajdNdúl Wmøj y÷kd f.k kï lrkak'

02' Tn m%foaYfha isÿ ù we;s iajdNdúl wdmod iy tAjdfha n,mEï ms<n

s | j f;dr;=re
/ia fldg ì;a;s mqj;am;lg ,smh s la ilia lrkak'

03' iajdNdúl wdmodjlg fmr we;eï i;=kaf.a yeisÍï rgd ms<sn| j Tn wid
we;s oE fláfhka úia;r lrkak'

04' ckudOH f;dr;=re weiqßka fidhd Y%S ,xldfõ wl=Kq ier je§fuka isÿ jk
ydks we;=<;a f,aLkhla ilia lrkak'

05' wl=Kq ier wdmod wju lr .ekSu i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. we;=<;a lrñka
ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu i|yd fmdaiagrhla ks¾udKh lrkak'

06' Y%S ,xldfõ iqkdñ wdmodfjka isÿ jQ ydks ms<ns | j mqj;am;a u.ska fyda
jeäysáhkaf.ka f;dr;=re fidhd mka;s ldurhg bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd jd¾;djla
ilia lrkak'

07' wdmod ;;a;ajhlg ,lajQ ck;djf.a ldhsl yd udkisl ;;a;ajh k.disgqùu

i|yd Tng l< yels fhdackd we;=<;a f,aLkhla ilia lrkak'

113
wdY%s; .%ka: yd uQ,dY%

² wdpd¾h A.H. Okmd," zzmßir wOHhkhZZ" ^2012&" iriú m%ldYlfhda'

² wdpd¾h A.H. Okmd," zziajNdúl úm;aZZ" ^2008&" iriú m%ldYlfhda'

² .=re WmfoaYl w;afmd;" zzwdmod l<ukdlrKhZZ" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh"

uyr.u'

² .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh" N+f.da, úoHdj" 13 fY%a‚h" ^2007&" cd;sl wOHdmk

wdh;kh" uyr.u'

² cd;sl f.dvke.s,s m¾fhaIK ixúOdkh ^NBRO& ud¾f.damfoaYlh" ^2009&'

² uydpd¾h Wmd,s ùrlafldä" fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj »»" ^2009&" l¾;D m%ldYkhls'

² Sri Lanka Urban Multi-hazard Disaster Mitigation Project (SLUMDMP)

Guidelines

² Cyclones and high winds, Flood prone areas, Landslide Prone Areas,
Lightning Strikes, Tsunami, (2003) .

² www.chpb.gov.lk

mdßNdIsl jpk
² me¿ï ;, - Cleavage planes - ¤ÍÄz uÍ[PÒ

² wmOdjh - Run off - PÊÄ }÷µõmh®

² j,d wl=Kq - Cloud lightning - •QÀ ªßÚÀ

² jdhq wl=Kq - Air lightning - ÁÎ ªßÚÀ

² mDÓú wl=Kq - Earth lightning - ¦ÂªßÚÀ

² wl=Kq ikakdhl - Lightning conductor - ªßÚÀ uõ[Q

² wdmod l<ukdlrK pl%h - Disaster management cycle - AÚºzu •Põø©zxÁ Ámh®

² fmr iqodku - Preparation - •ßÚõ¯zu®

² m%;spdr oelaùu - Response - Gvº öPõÒÍÀ

² h:d ;;a;ajhg m;aùu - Recovery - £øǯ {ø»USz v¸®£À

² wju lsÍu - Mitigation - uo¨¦

114
 8 foaY.=‚l fjkiaùï

m%foaYhl mj;sk foaY.=‚l ;;a;ajhkag wkq.; j i;a;aj yd Ydl m%cdj

ìys ù we;s w;r m%foaYfha foaY.=‚l yd wfkl=;a fN!;sl ;;a;ajhg wkqj udkqI
l%shdldrlï yev .eiS we;' we;eï udkqI l%shdldrlï md,khg hg;a l< mdßißl
idOl hgf;a isÿ lsÍug ;rï kQ;k udkjhd ;dlaIKfhka yd úoHdfjka ÈhqKq h'
udkqI l%shdldrlï w;r mßirhg wys;lr n,mEï we;s lrk fyda mßir ys;ldó
fkdjk l%shdldrlï o fõ'
² W;=re uqyqfoa f;,a iïm;a ydrd .ekSu
² jdhq iukh lsÍu
² jHdmdßl .jmÜá md,kh
² fmdis, bkaOk oykh
² jk iïm; úkdY lsÍu
² kHIaál w;ayod ne,Su
² >k wmøjH ^li,& neyer lsÍu
by; oelafjk udkqI lsh % dldrlï fya;f= ldg f.k fN!;sl mßirfha we;s
fndfyda pl%h
S l%h
s dj,Skg
a ydks isÿ ùu" f.da,h
S WIAK;ajh jeä ùu jeks wys;lr
m%;ú
s mdl /ilg uqyK q §ug isÿ ù we;' bka m%Odk jkafka foaY.=‚l fjkialï h'

l%ñl j pl%Sh j isÿ jQ mdßißl l%shdldrlï laI‚l j isÿ ùu ksid

jdhqf.da,Sh ixhq;sfhys isÿ jk fjkialï u; f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh jeä ù
foaY.=Kfhys wka;.dó ;;a;ajhka we;s ù ;sfí' tys m%;sM, jYfhka iq<x rgd"
kshx" iq<s l=Kdgq" jeis ,efnk ld,iSudj yd j¾Idfõ ;Sj%;dj" mßir WIAK;ajh
hkdÈfhys we;s ù ;sfnk fjkiaùï foaY.=‚l fjkiaùï f,i y÷kd .; yels h'
fï wkqj mDÓúh u; mj;akd idudkH foaY.=‚l rgdfõ isÿ jk flá ld,Sk fyda
È.= ld,Sk fjkiaùï foaY.=‚l fjkiaùï f,i ye¢kafõ'

foaY.=‚l fjkiaùï" tAjd we;s ùug fya;=" foaY.=‚l fjkiaùï ksid fN!;sl
yd udkqI mßirhg we;s jk n,mEï iy f.dA,Sh tlÕ;d yd iïuq;Ska ms<sn| j
wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha wruqK fõ'

115
 j,d jeiau
j¾Idj

iQ¾
x.

h
;r
.sïy,a M, ls%hdj,sh

fl
á
N+ úlsrK

á
fl

;r
h

x.
iQ ¾
Co2 O2
Co2
CFC

O2
Co2
8'1 rEmh - mdßißl pl% fjkiaùu iy tys n,mEu

iQ¾hhdf.a n,mEu hgf;a ,efnk flá ;rx. iQ¾h úlsrK" fmr<d È.= ;rx.
úlsrK f,i ^N+ úlsrK& wNHjldYhg mrdj¾;kh fõ' tfia jqjo jdhqf.da,fha
we;s yß;d.dr jdhq j¾.j, n,mEu ksid by< hk N+ úlsrK by<g .uka
fkdfldg mDÓú jdhqf.da,fha r|d mej;Su yß;d.dr wdprKh f,i
ye¢kafõ' yß;d.dr wdprKh ksid mDÓúh ;=< Ôùkaf.a meje;aug hym;a
jdhqf.da,hla ks¾udKh
udkqI l%shdldrlï u.ska jdhqf.da,hg tl;= jk
fõ' tfia jqjo úúO
wys;lr jdhq j¾. iy úúO wxY=
udkqI l%shdldrlï ksid
ks¾ñ; mßirh ;=<ska
jdhqf.da,hg m%udKh
blaujd yß;d.dr jdhq
j¾. uqod yeÍu;a fuu
jdhq j¾. N+ úlsrK
wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSu;a
ksid mßirfhys idudkH
WIAK;aj m%udKh by<
ke.Su" f.da,h
S WIAK;ajh
by< hdug fya;= ù ;sfí'
116
 f.da,h
S WIAK;ajh by< ke.Su flfrys udkqI l%h
s dldrlï fuka u iajdNdúl
fya;= o n,md we;'

udkqI l%h
s dldrlï iajdNdúl fya;=

² fmdis, bkaOk wêl f,i ² .sks l÷ msmsÍu

Ndú; lsÍu iy oykh ² <eõ.sks
² jk ydhkh
² iajdNdúl j.=re ìï
² ld¾ólrKh
² wNHjldYh ;=< isÿ jk
² i;a;ajmd,kh ^judrd lk& fjkialï
² >K wmøjH neyer lsÍu
² iQ¾h ,m
² .sks ;eîu
² kHIaál w;ayod ne,Sï

f.da,h
S WIAK;ajh jeä ùu ksid

² foaY.=‚l fjkialï we;s ùu'

² O%eùh whsia ksê Èh ù uqyqÿ uÜgu by< hdu'
² l,mq úkdY ùu yd c,h ,jŒlrKh ùu'
² id.r c,fha WIaK;ajh jeä ù c, Ôùka úkdY ùu'
² id.r u;=msg WIAK;ajh jeä ùu ksid iq<s l=Kdgq ;;a;ajhka we;s ùu'
² foaY.=K udhsï l,dm fjkia ùu'
² we;eï Ôùka j| ùu yd kj .yk ìys ùu'
² i;a;aj cdk úkdY ùu yd úlD;s ùu'
² fNda. úkdYh yd wiajekak wvq ùu'
² i;a;aj wNsckkSh l,dm fjkia ùu'
² mdkSh c, uQ,dY% ¥IKhg ,la ùu jeks wys;lr ;;a;ajhka we;s fõ'

foaY.=‚l fjkiaùï ksid udkqI lghq;=j,g we;s jk n,mEu

² u;aiH wiajekak wvq ùu ksid ëjrhkaf.a wdodhu wvq ùu'
² ìï ,jŒlrKh ùu ksid j.d ìï m%udKh wvq ùu'

117
 ² frda. jdyl lDókaf.a j¾Okh ksid f,v frda. nyq, ùu'
² lDIsld¾ñl fNda.j, wiajekak wvq ùu'
² iajdNdúl wdmod jeä ùu ^iq<s iq<x" kshÕ" wêl j¾Idm;kh&'
² j¾Idm;k rgd fjkia ùu ksid j.d lghq;=j,g ndOd we;s ùu'
² my;a ìï uqyqog hg ùfuka ckdjdi wysñ ùu'
² mdkSh c,h ¥IKh ùu'

foa Y .= ‚ l fjkia ùï wju lr .ekSu

f,dj lsi su rgl ck;dj" fmdÿfõ fyda fm!oa . ,s l j fyda ;uka N= l a ; s

ú¢k by< Ôjk rgdfjka neyer ùug fyda wju uÜgfuka ;u wjYH;d
bgq lr .ekSug leu;s fkdfõ' tfia l< yels kï wys ; lr mßir iS u dka ; s l
lghq; =j,ska bj;a ùug fyda tjeks udkqI l% s h dldrlï wju ls Í ug fyda lghq ; =
l< yels h' tA i|yd"

² yß;d.dr jdhq j¾. msg lrk n,Yla;s m%Nj wvqfjka mßyrKh lsÍu'
² mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s ^iq<x" iQ¾h Yla ; s h jeks oE& Ndú;h Èß.eka ù u'
² fNda. j.dj i|yd ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;h fjkqjg ftkaøSh fmdfydr
fhdod .ekSu'
² >k wmøjH l<ukdlrKh lsÍu'
² jk j.dj jHdma; lsÍu'
² ñY% fNda." nyq fNda. j.djka y÷kajd §u'
² fmdÿ m%jdyk myiql ï ,nd .ekSu jeks ms hjr wkq .ukh l< yels h'

foaY.=‚l fjkialï wju lsÍug f.da,Sh jYfhka f.k we;s l%shdud¾.

ixj¾ê; yd ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a ksr;=re j u ixj¾Ok

lghq;=j, ksr; j isà' ;u ;ukaf.a Yla;s m%udKfhka ixj¾Ok Wmdh ud¾.
wkq.ukh lsÍfï § f.da,Sh WKqiqu jeä ùu yd foaY.=‚l fjkialï we;s ùu
flfrys iEu rgla u jdf.a odhl ù we;s nj ryila fkdfõ' ixj¾Ok lghq;=j,
§ tla tla rgj,a fhdod .kq ,nk fmdis, bkaOk yd n,Yla;s mßfNdackfha

118
Odß;dj wkqj foaY.=‚l fjkialï we;s lsÍug olajk odhl;ajh o fjkia fõ'
fuu ;;a;ajh wjfndaO lr .ekSfï m%;sM,hla f,i zziajNdjO¾uh ixrlaIKh
lsÍfï cd;Hka;r ix.uhZZ úiska zzf,dal ixrlaIK l%fudamdhZZ ilia lrkq ,eî
h' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk yd f,dal jk Ôù wruqo, hk wdh;kj,ska
tA i|yd uQ,H wdOdr ,nd fok ,È' tys m%Odk wruqKq ;=kls' tkï"

² w;HjYH mdßißl l%shdj,sh yd ffcj iydhl moaO;s mj;ajd f.k hdu'

² cdkuh úúO;ajh iqrlaIs; lsÍu'
² mßir moaO;s" i;a;aj yd Ydl úfYaI ;srir f,i mßfNdackh iy;sl lsÍu hs'

fuu jevms<sfjf<ys jeo.;a ikaêia:dk f,i"

² 1972 § mj;ajk ,o iafgdlafydaï iuq¿j

² nDDlaÜ,kaâ fldñIka jd¾;dj
² 1992 ßfhda o cefkhsfrda kqjr meje;a jQ ñysl; iuq¿j ^mßirh yd ixj¾Okh
ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iïfï,kh& oelaúh yels h'

rgj,a 172l muK ksfhdað;hkaf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka 1992 n%iS,fha ßfhdao

cefkhsfrda k.rfhys mj;ajk ,o iïfï,kfha § 21 jk ishji i|yd mßirh
yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| jevms<sfj<la ilia lsÍug fhdackd úh'

tu iuq¿fõ § .kakd ,o ;SrKj,g idudðl rgla jYfhka Y%S ,xldj o

tlÕ úh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i hym;a mßir jgmsgdjla ilia lsÍu i|yd cd;sl
uÜgfuka l%shd;aul jk jevigyka .Kkdjla fhdackd úh'
² CFC jdhq úfudapk l%h
s dldrlï wju lsÍu yd 2000ka miq uq¿ukska u bj;a ùu'
² jdykj,ska neyer flfrk ÿï mÍlaIdj
² >k wmøjH l<ukdlrKh
² fmdis, bkaOk mßfNdackh wju lsÍu'
² i;a;j
a yd Ydl úfYaI wdrlaId lsÍu u.ska f.da,h
S ffcj úúO;ajh wdrlaId lsÍu'
² mqk¾ckkS n,Yla;s mßfNdac khg keUq r e ùu' ^iq ¾ h n,h" iq < x n,h"
c, úÿ,sh&
² yß; jk j.dj" rela frdamK jevigyka" i|¿;, j.dj" fMkaøh S fmdfydr
Ndú;hg keUqrej hkdÈh óg iu.dó j rg ;=< l%h
s d;aul jk jevigyka fõ'

119
foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| wka;¾ wdKavq uKav,h (IPCC)
foaY.=‚l fjkiaùï" uE; ld,fha f,dajeis ck;djf.a úfYaI wjOdkhg
,la jQ f;audjls' tneúka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úiska 1988 § foaY.=K
úm¾hdi ms<sn| wka;¾ wdKavq uKav,h (IPCC) msysgqjk ,È' f,dal ld,.=K
úoHd ixúOdkh (WMO) iy tlai;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk (UNEP) g wh;a
idudðlhkag tys idudðl;ajh ysñ fõ' oekg rdcHhka 120la muK ixLHdjla
fuys idudðl;ajh ,nd we;' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a jevigyka m%{ma;shg wkqj IPCC
ixúOdkh u.ska tu m%foaYj, ld,.=K fjkialï ms<sn| jd¾;d imhkq ,efí'
f,dl
a foY
a .K
= fjkil
a ï hgf;a t<oslj
a k ,o jd¾;d i|yd IPCC wdh;khg
yd ALGORE hk ixúOdkhg 2007 fkdfn,a ;Hd.h iufia yñ s j we;'

mdßNdIsl jpk

² i;a;aj yd Ydl m%cdj - Animal and plant Communty - »[S ©ØÖ® uõÁµ CÚ[PÒ

² jdhq iukh lsÍu - Air conditioning - SιmkuÀ

² jHdmdßl .jmÜá md,kh - Commercial dairy farming - ÁºzuP £õØ £søn

² fmdis, bkaOk oykh - Fossil fuel burning - E°º _Ámk G›ö£õ¸Ò uPÚ®

² kHIaál w;ayod ne,Su - Nuclear testing - Aq¨ £›÷\õuøÚ

² j¾Idfõ ;Sj%;dj - Intensity of rainfall - ©øÇÃÌa]a ö\ÔÄ

² f.da,Sh tlÕ;d - Global agreements - §÷PõÍ J¨£¢u[PÒ

² flá ;rx. - Short waves - ]ØÓø»PÒ

² È.= ;rx. - Long waves - ö|mhø»PÒ

² yß;d.dr wdprKh - Green-house effect - £aø\ Ãmk ÂøÍÄ

² f.da,Sh WIAK;ajh - Global warming - §÷PõÍ® öÁ¨£©øhuÀ

² iQ¾h ,m - Sun’s spots - `›¯¨ ¦ÒÎPÒ

² i;a;aj wNsckkSh l,dm - Animal breeding zones - »[QÚ[PÎß P»¨¤Ú

Á»¯[PÒ

² ffcj iydhl moaO;s - Bio-assisted systems - E°º & EuÂz öuõSvPÒ

² mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s - Renevable energy - «Ð¸ÁõUPa \Uv

120
120 fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
² yß; jk j.dj - Green forestation - £_ø©U PõhõUP®

² rela frdamK jevigyka - Tree Planting Programmes - ©µ |køP {PÌa]z vmh®

² i|¿;, j.dj - Balcony cultivation - ©õi Ãmkz ÷uõmha ö\´øP

² foaY.=K úm¾hdi ms<sn| - Intergovernmental Panel on - Põ»{ø» ©õØÓ[PÒ öuõhº£õÚ

wka;¾ wdKavq uKav,h Climate Change (IPCC) Aµ\õ[PÐU Qøh°»õÚ SÊ

² tlai;a cd;Skaf.a jevigyka - United Nations Programmes - IUQ¯ |õkPÎß

m%{ma;sh Convention {PÌa]z vmha \©Áõ¯®

121
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
121
 9 Y%S ,xld 1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;h
s ï

hïlsis m%foaYhl N+ o¾Ykh ms<sn| j iuia; wOHhkhla lsÍu i|yd is;shu

b;du;a m%fhdackj;a fõ' is;shu" f;aud is;shï yd N+ ,laIK is;shïj, uQ,sldx."
1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shul m¾hka; f;dr;=re hkd§ lreKq ms<sn| j wOHhkh
lsÍug oyjk fY%A‚fha § Tng yels úh'

N+ ,laIK is;shïj, we;=<;a fN!;sl ,laIK yd ixialD;sl ,laIK" fN!;sl

N+ o¾Ykhl yrialv ks¾udKh yd is;shï újrKh ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍu
fuu mßÉfþofha uQ,sl wruqK fõ'

N+ ,laIK is;h s ïj," is;h

s ï.; m%foaYfha N+ úIu;d ,laIK" c,jykh" fjr<
,laIK" iajdNdúl jDlaI,;d" mßmd,k udhsï" m%jdyk ud¾." fNda. j.djka" ckdjdi
yd fjk;a úfYaI; s ,laIK rdYshla olakg ,efí' fuu ,laIK" iajdNdúl j N+ñh u;
ks¾udKh jQ ,laIK iy ñksidf.a ueÈy;a ùfuka ks¾udKh jQ ,laIK f,i j¾. l<
yels h' tAjd ms<f
s j<ska fN!;sl ,laIK yd ixialD;sl ,laIK f,i ye¢kafõ'

1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shul m¾hka; f;dr;=re iy uqyqK; f;dr;=re ms<sn|

j oekqj;a ùfuka tu is;shu lshjd m%foaYh ms<sn| j mQ¾K oekqula ,nd .ekSug
yelshdj ,efí'

l%shdldrlu

Tnf.a mdi, fyda ksji wjg m%foaYfha N+ o¾Ykh ksÍlaIKh fldg fN!;sl yd
ixialD;sl ,laIK y÷kd f.k kï lrkak'

1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shul fN!;sl ,laIK

N+ ;,h u; iajdNdúl j ks¾udKh ù we;s ,laIK" fN!;sl ,laIK
f,i ye¢kafõ'

fuu fN!;sl ,laIK m%Odk fldgia y;rlg fnod oelaúh yels h'
² N+ úIu;d ,laIK
² c,jyk ,laIK
² fjr< ,laIK
² iajdNdúl jDlaI,;d
122
N+ úIu;d ,laIK
N+;,h u; we;s úúO N+ rEm ,laIK" 1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shïj, ifudaÉp
f¾Ld u.ska ksrEmKh fldg we;' hï m%foaYhl Wi uek iudk Wia ;eka hd lsÍfuka
ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk f¾Ld" ifudaÉp f¾Ld f,i ye¢kafõ' ifudaÉp f¾Ldjl Wi
wkqj" jákdlu olajd we;' ifudaÉp f¾Ld wka;rh 20mls' 100, 200, 300 jeks
uQ,l
s ifudaÉp f¾Ld" ;o ÿUqre mdáka hql;a >k f¾Ld f,i o uQ,l s ifudaÉp f¾Ld
folla w;r" 20m wka;rhg we;s w;rueÈ ifudaÉp f¾Ld ,d ÿUqre j¾Kfhka o N+
,laIK is;h s ïj, olajd ;sfí' ifudaÉp f¾Ld nyq, j úysfok l÷lr m%foaYj, 100,
200, 300 wd§ jYfhka uQ,ls ifudaÉp f¾Ld muKla kï lr we;s w;r f¾Ld folla
w;r we;s wka;rh wkqj w;rueÈ ifudaÉp f¾Ldj, w.h ;SrKh l< yels fõ'

mq¿,a ;eks;,d m%foaYj, ifudaÉp f¾Ld wka;rh úYd, jk neúka tu

m%foaYj, Wi ms<sn| j woyila ,nd .ekSu i|yd" ;eka Wi$ ia:dkSh Wi olajd
;sfí' l÷uqÿkaj, Wi o ;%sfldaKñ;sl ia:dk u.ska i|yka lr we;' ifudaÉp f¾Ld
úysfok wdldrh" Wi yd tAjdfha mr;rh wkqj ;eks;,d" l÷jeá" idkq" ksïk"
fkre" nEjqï jeks úúO N+ rEm ,laIK y÷kd .; yels h'

N+ úIu;d ,laIK y÷kd .ekSu

;eks;,dj

;eks;,djla hkq N+ñfha msysá iu;,d m%foaYhls' ifudaÉp f¾Ld lsysmhlg

muKla iSud ùu fyda
ifudaÉp f¾Ld folla w;r
mr;rh úYd, ùu u.ska
;eks;,d ìula y÷kd .;
yels h' fujeks m%foaYj,
;ekska ;ek olajd we;s
ia:dkSh Wi$ ;eka Wi
wdOdrfhka m%foaYfha ;ekska
;ek fjkia jk Wi oek
.ekSug yels fõ'

9'1 rEmh - ;eks;,dj

123
 /<s ìu
;eks;,d m%foaYhl olakg
,efnk uo Wiaìï yd my;a ìïj,ska
hq;a ìï m%foaYh" /<s ìu f,i ye¢kafõ'
Y%S ,xldfõ fjr< wdY%s; m%foaYj,
fndfyda ÿrg fujeks /<s ìï ,laIK
olakg ,efí' mq¿,a wka;rhla we;s
ifudaÉp f¾Ld folla w;r ;ekska
;ek l=vd Wia ìï ±lafjk ifudaÉp
f¾Ldj,ska /<s ìï y÷kd .; yels h'
9'2 rEmh - /<s ìu
Wia ìu
hï m%foaYhl we;s Wiska jeä
ìula" Wia ìu f,i ye¢kafõ' Wia
ìul" ifudaÉp f¾Ld nyq, j fuka u
k
sï wdikak j o úys§ we;s w;r l÷jeá"
fk k
re h idkq" fkre jeks úúO N+ ,laIK
j
olakg ,efí'

ksïkh iy fkrej

ksïkh" Wia ìï folla w;r

fndfyda úg .x.d wdY%s; j msysá È.á
yevhlska hq;a my;a ìuls' Wia ìïj,
9'3 rEmh - Wia ìu" ksïkh iy fkrej
fuka u my;a ìï wdY%s; j o ksïk
y÷kd .; yels fõ' Wia ìï m%foaYj, mgq" .eUqre ksïk o ;eks;,dj, b;d mq¿,a
fkd.eUqre ksïk o olakg ,efí' ifudaÉp f¾Ld Wia ìï foig úys§ ;sîfuka
ksïkhla y÷kd .; yels h'

Wia ìï m%foaYhl isg my;a ìï m%foaYhg fkrd fyda úys§ .sh ifudaÉp f¾Ld
iys; ìï fldgi —fkrej˜ kñka ye¢kafõ'

l÷jeáh$ fy,ajeáh

uqÿka lsysmhlska iukaú; mgq È.á yevfhka úysfok Wiska jeä m%foaY"
l÷jeá f,i ye¢kafõ' Y%S ,xldfõ uOH l÷lrfha fujeks l÷jeá nyq, j olakg
124
,efí' ;eksìï wdY%s; j msysá Wiska wvq
tl È.g úys§ we;s Wia ìï fy,ajeá
kñka ye¢kafõ'

9'4 rEmh - l÷jeáh

l÷ uqÿk

l÷jeáhl msysá uqÿkaj, Wi"

;s%fldaKñ;sl ,laIKhlska olajd ;sfí'
9'5 rEmh - l÷uqÿk l÷jeáhl úúO Wi uÜgñka hq;a l÷
uqÿka olakg ,efí'
yqol,d lkao yd fld;a lkao

;eks;,d ìïj, ;ekska ;ek

yqol,d j msysá Wiska wvq l÷ m%foaY" yqol,d
l÷ f,i ye¢kafõ' fïjd idudkHfhka
100m -200m muK Wilska hqla; fõ' yqol,d
lkao" fld;l wdldrfhka msysá úg th
fld;alkao f,i ye¢kafõ' tys ifudaÉp f¾Ld
jD;a;dldr iajrEmhla .kS'

nEjqï

Wia ìul" úúOdldr nEjqï ,laIK

olakg ,efí' ifudaÉp f¾Ld w;r mr;rh 9'6 rEmh - fld;a lkao
yd iajrEmh wkqj tu nEjqï y÷kd .; yels
h' ifudaÉp f¾Ld ÿria: j úys§ we;akï thska uo nEjqula o ifudaÉp f¾Ld wdikak
j úys§ we;akï thska YS>% nEjqula o fmkakqï flf¾' ifudaÉp f¾Ld b;du;a wdikak
j msysgd ;sîu fudfydr nEjqul úfYaI ,laIKhls' we;eï wjia:dj, fudfydr
nEjqul ifudaÉp f¾Ld tl u; tl jefgk ;rug wdikak fõ' fudfydr nEjqï
wdY%s; j fndfyda úg Èhwe,s ks¾udKh fõ'

125
 we;eï úg tl u nEjqul jqj o o< nEjqï iy uo nEjqï ,laIK olakg
,efí' nEjqï m%foaYfha by< fldgfia uo nEjqula o my< fldgfia o< nEjqula o msysá
úg th W;a;, nEjqula f,i ye¢kafõ' nEjqï m%foaYfha by< fldgfiys o< nEjqula
iy my< fldgfia uo nEjqula olakg ,efnk úg th wj;, nEjqula fõ'

9'7 rEmh - nEjqï ,laIK

lfmd,a,

l÷jeá folla
w;r fyda l÷ jeáhl uqÿka
folla w;r msyá s my;a
m%foaYh" lfmd,a,la f,i
ye¢kafõ' lfmd,a,la
w;ßka .x.djla .,d niS
kï th c, lfmd,a,ls'
l÷lr m%foaYj, ud¾.
bÈlsÍfï § fujeks lfmd¨
Wmfhda.s lr f.k we;'
9'8 rEmh - lfmd,a, 9'9 rEmh - c, lfmd,a,

lsh
% dldrlu

N+ ,laIK is;shulska fldgila f;dard f.k tu m%foaYfha we;s fN!;sl

,laIK we| olajkak'

126
fN!;sl N+ o¾Ykhl yrialv ks¾udKh

is;shul ia:dk folla iïnkaO lrñka w¢k ,o f¾Ldjla Tiafia" lsishï

m%foaYhl fN!;sl N+ o¾Ykfhys me;slv iajrEmh oek .ekSug w¢kq ,nk
mßudKdkql+, ie,eiau yrialv f,i ye¢kafõ'

hï N+ñ m%foaYhl fN!;sl N+ o¾Ykh meyeÈ,s j y÷kd .ekSu i|yd

yrialv m%fhdackj;a fõ'

9'1 is;shu - N+ ,laIK is;shu

yrialv ks¾udKh"
m<uq mshjr
² 9'1 is;h
s fï oelafjk mßÈ m<uqfjka u wod< ia:dk fol ^A-B f¾Ldj& iïnkaO
lr f¾Ldjla w¢kak'
² mdol f¾Ldj we| .ekSug tu A-B f¾Ldfõ È. m%udKhg iudk f¾Ldjla
w¢kak' fuu f¾Ldj fomi isria f¾Ld folla we| tys tla mil isria mßudKh
,l=Kq lrkak' is;h s fï mßudKh ;sria mßudKh jk w;r isria mßudKh
i|yd iqÿiq mßudKhla fhdod .; yels h' fï i|yd wod< m%foaYfha Wi
ms<n
s | j ie,ls,u
s ;a úh hq;= h' by; is;h
s u wkqj tu m%foaYfha Wi 0-600mg
jeä Wila nj fmfka' fuu Wi oelaùu i|yd 1cmla = 100mla (2mm - 20m)
f,i isria mßudKh fhdod .ekSu iqÿiq h' tu mr;rhg wkqj mdol f¾Ldjg
iudka;r j wod< Wi m%udKh oelaúh yels mßÈ f¾Ld we| .kak'
127
fojk mshjr

² yria me;slv ks¾udKh i|yd lvodishla f.k tys odrh yria me;slv we£ug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk is;hs fï A-B f¾Ldj u; ;nkak' A-B f¾Ldj Tiafia
ifudaÉp f¾Ld lemS we;s ia:dk ;s;a fyda bß u.ska lvodisfha ,l=Kq lr tu
ia:dkj, lemS we;s ifudaÉp f¾Ldj, jákdlu igyka lr .kak'

;=kajk mshjr

² fuu lvodish mßudK ie,eiafï mdol f¾Ldj u; ;nkak' bkamiqj

fkdjkia jk mßÈ 100m f¾Ldj u; lvodish ;nd 100m Wi i,l=Kq lr
we;s ia:dk" mßudK f¾Ldfõ ;s;lska i,l=Kq lr .kak' bkamiqj 200m
f¾Ldj u; lvodish ;nd tu Wi o by; whqßka i,l=Kq lr .kak' fufia
ish¨ u Wi Bg wod< mßudK f¾Ldjka u; i,l=Kq lr .kak'

² iEu ia:dkhla u i,l=Kq lr .;a miqj mßudK igyfka oelafjk ;s;a

iïnkaO jk fia f¾Ldjla we| .kak' f¾Ldj we£fï § Wia uqÿka we;s
ia:dkj, § Bg by<ska we;s f¾Ldjg fkd.Efjk fia uqÿk ,l=Kq lr .kak'
my;a ksïkj, § o Bg my< f¾Ldfõ fkd.Efjk fia" ;s;a i,l=Kq lr we;s
ia:dkj,ska my<g hk f,i f¾Ldj we| .kak'

² yrialv we£fï § wdrïNl ,laIh iy wjidk ,laIfha Wi ms<sn| j

ie,ls,su;a ù tA wkqj isria wlaI folg f¾Ldj iïnkaO lrkak'

² N+ ,laIK fmkakqï lrk fldgi ,d ÿUqre j¾Kfhka fiahd lr oelaùfuka

wod< m%foaYfha fN!;sl N+ o¾Ykh jvd;a meyeÈ,s fõ'

9'10 rEmh - yrialv

128
 ² yrialv ks¾udKfha §"

² ud;Dldj oelaùu'
² isria wlaIfha Wv fl<jf¾ zmZ ^óg¾& i,l=K fh§u'
² isria wlaIh wdrïNfha z0Z oelaùu'
² isria mßudKh yd ;sria mßudKh ,shd oelaùu w;HjYH fõ'

² Wiska jeä m%foaYhla fmkakqï lsÍu i|yd yrialvla ks¾udKh lrk úg"
isria mßudKh olajk f¾Ldj 0ka mgka f.k wdrïNl Wi olajk f¾Ldj
olajd mßudKh yl=¿jd bka miqj wod< Wi m%udKh igyka l< hq;= h'

ls%hdldrlu

.=re Wmfoia ,nd .ksñka by; úia;r lrk ,o ksïkh" fkrej" W;a;, nEjqu"
wj;, nEjqu" fld;a lkao hk N+ úIu;d ,laIKj, yrialv ks¾udKh lrkak'

c,jyk ,laIK

l÷lr m%foaYhlska mgka .kakd l=vd Èhmdrla f,iska .x.djla wdrïN fõ'
l=vd Èhmyrj,a rdYshla tl;= ù w;= .x.djla o" w;= .x.d rdYshla tl;= ùfuka
m%Odk .x.dj o ks¾udKh fõ'

m%Odk .x.dj yd Bg tl;= jk

ish¨ u w;= .x.d" w;= .x.dj,g tl;=
jk l=vd Èhmyrj,a ish,a, tlaj .;a
úg th .x.d uKav,hla f,i ye¢kafõ'
Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk .x.d uKav, 103la
muK olakg ,efí'

.x.djkaf.ka fndfyduhla
uOHu l÷lrfhka wdrïN ù my;a
;eks;,d yryd N+ úIu;djg wkql+, j
.,d f.dia Èjhsfka úúO ia:dkj,ska
uqyqog jefÜ'
9'11 rEmh - .x.d uKav,h

129
 fuf,i l÷lrfha isg .,d
tk .x.d" l÷jeá folla w;ßka fyda
Wia ìï folla yryd we;s ;S¾hla
ksïk Tiafia fyda l÷jeáj,g
idudka;r j úys§ we;s wdh; ksïk
Tiafia fyda .,d neiSfï § úúO
c,jyk rgd ks¾udKh fõ'

fmdaIl m%foaYh yd Èhfn;au

lsishï .x.djla c,h ,nk

fyj;a fmdaIKh jk m%foaYh"
fmdaIl m%foaYh hs' fmdaIl m%foaYfha
§ .x.djg w;= .x.d rdYshla tl;=
ùfuka th fmdaIKh fõ' Èjhsfka
fndfyda .x.dj, fmdaIl m%foaYh
9'12 rEmh - ;S¾hla ksïkh yd wdh; ksïkh
uOHu l÷lrh hs' .x.d uKav,
folla fjka lrk iSudj fyj;a
udhsu" Èh fn;au f,i ye¢kafõ' tl
È h

u l÷jeáhlska wdrïN ù fomig

.x.d .,d nisk úg l÷jeáfha uqÿk
Èh fn;au njg m;a fõ'

Èhwe,a,

Wia m%foaYj, .,d niakd

fn

.x.dj, c, m%udKh wvq jqjo mgq

.eUqre ksïk Tiafia fudfydr nEjqï
;a

iys; m%foaY yryd .,d hdu ksid

u

tA ia:dkj, fndfyda úg Èhwe,s

ks¾udKh fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ uOHu 9'13 rEmh - fmdaIl m%foaYh yd Èh fn;au
l÷lrfha fuf,i ks¾udKh jQ
Èhwe,s rdYshla olakg ,efí' ÿkays|"
nUrlkao" Èh¨u hkdÈh ksoiqka
f,i oelaúh yels h'

130
.x oÕrh
;eks;,d m%foaYj, we;s mq¿,a ksïk
Èf.a fiñka .,k .x.dfõ Ndrh" ;ekska
;ek ;ekam;a ù ud¾.h weysÍ hdfuka
.x.dj" jl%dldr ud¾.hl .uka lsÍu ksid
ks¾udKh jk ,laIKh" .x oÕrh f,i
ye¢kafõ'

j.=re ìï
.x.d wdY%;
s my;aìï m%foaYj, c,h
tla /ia ùfuka j.=re ìï ks¾udKh fõ'
.x.dj, c,ud¾. weysÍ hdu o j.=re ìï
we;s ùug tla fya;j= ls' my;a m%foaYj, j¾Id
c,h tla /ia ùfuka o j.=re ìï we;s fõ' 9'14 rEmh - j.= r e ìï" .x oÕrh iy
yevm¨ .x.dj yevm¨ .x.dj

my;a ;eks;,d m%foaYj, b;d fiñka .,d niskd .x.dj u.ska f.fkk øjH"
.Õ ueo ;ekam;a ù l=vd ¥m;a jeks ,laIK ks¾udKh jQ úg" th yevm¨ .x.djla
f,i ye¢kafõ'

wmYdLd

my;aìï yryd fiñka .,d hk .x.dj" w;= lSmhlg fn§ uo ÿrla

.,d f.dia kej; m%Odk .x.djg tl;= jk úg tAjd wmYdLd f,i ye¢kafõ' we;eï
.x.d uqyqog jefgk .xfudah wi, fujeks wmYdLd olakg ,efí' uyje,s .x.dfõ
c,h" ;%sl=Kduf,a § wmYdLd lsysmhla Tiafia uqyqog .,d neiSu isÿ fõ'

c,jyk rgd

.x.d .,d nisk m%foaYfha we;s

N+ úIu;dj iy mdIdK ixhq;sh wkqj
hï m%foaYhl c,jyk rgdj ilia
fõ' Wiaìï m%foaYhlska wdrïN ù úúO
ÈYdj,g .x.d .e,Su ksid iEfok
c,jyk rgdj" wÍh c,jyk rgdj
9'15 rEmh - wÍh c,jyk rgdj f,i ye¢kafõ' uOHu l÷lrh yd
tA jgd msysá my;a m%foaYj,ska iukaú; jQ Y%S ,xldfõ" iuia; c,jyk rgdj u"
wÍh c,jyk rgdjl ,laIK fmkakqï flf¾' ^9'15 rEmh&

131
 Ydlhl w;= úys§ we;s
wdldrhg w;= .x.d" m%Odk .x.djg
tl;= fõ kï" th YdÇh c,jyk
rgdj f,i ye¢kafõ' wm rfÜ
fndfyda .x.dj, YdÇh c,jyk
rgdj olakg ,efí'

w;= .x.d" fldgqoe,l

wdldrfhka iDcqfldaŒh rgdjlg
m%Odk .x.dj yd iïnkaO jk 9'16 rEmh - YdÇh c,jyk rgd
úg tjeks rgdjla cd,dldr c,jyk
rgdjla f,i ye¢kafõ' Y%S ,xldfõ
ksß;È. ;eks;,d m%foaYfha fuu
c,jyk rgdj y÷kd .; yels h'
Y%S ,xldfõ ksß;È. m%foaYfha we;s
iudka;r fy,ajeá iy tA wdY%s; wdh; la
h
ksïk iy ;S¾hla ksïk fujeks ;S ¾ k
s ï
k
h
c,jyk rgdjla ks¾udKh ùug fya;=
ù ;sfí'
wd
h;

le,‚ .Õ" l¿ .Õ jeks m%Odk

ks

.x.d" uOHu l÷lrfha isg ksß;È.

ï
k

iudka;r fy,ajeá yryd msysá ;S¾hla

h

ksïk Tiafia o" m%Odk .x.djg tl;=

9'17 rEmh - cd,dldr c,jyk rgdj
jk w;= .x.d iudka;r fy,ajeá w;r
msysá wdh; ksïk Tiafia o .,d niS' Y%S ,xldfõ ksß;È. m%foaYh oelafjk 1(50"000
N+ ,laIK is;shïj, fujeks cd,dldr c,jyk rgd oel .; yels h'

fjr< ,laIK

1(50000 N+ ,laIK is;shïj, fjr< ;Srfha olakg ,efnk N+ úIu;d

,laIK o fN!;sl ,laIKj,g wh;a fõ'

l,mqj" fndlal" ;=vj

q " je,smrh" .xfudah" ¥m;a fjr< ;Srfha lemS fmfkk N+
,laIK fõ' fjr< ;Srfha fjr< bu Ldokh yd ksêidokh ùfuka fuu ,laIK ks¾udKh
ù ;sfí' rg wNHka;rfha isg .,d niskd .x.d" fjr< bfï mdIdKj, iajNdjh" uqyÿq
;rx.j, n,mEu hkdÈh fjr< ,laIK ks¾udKh ùu flfrys n,md we;'
132
¥m;a - iEu ÈYdjlska u c,fhka fndlal - l,mqjlg jvd
jg jQ f.dvìï m%foaYhla ¥m;la jeä mq¿,a újrhlska id.rh
f,i ye¢kafõ' Y%S ,xldfõ W;=re" yd iïnkaO jQ f.dvìu ;=<g
ngysr yd ksß;È. m%foaYj, fjr< ldjeÿKq uq yq ÿ fldgi" fndla l
wdikakfha l=vd ¥m;a fndfyda kñka ye¢ka fõ' ks o iq ka f,i
.Kkla olakg ,efí' fv,a*Ü a " wdre.ï fndla l" fldâähd¾
lhsÜia" kd.§mh ^khsk;sõ& fndla l" je,s .ï fndla l
hkdÈh W;=re fjr< m%foaYfha hkdÈh oela úh yels h' uq yq ÿ
msyá
s ¥m;a lsym
s hls' fndl= " l= vd ëjr hd;% d kj;d
l,mqj - id.rh f.dvìu ;eìh yels ëjr jrdhka f,i
;=<g ldje§u ksid" mgq je,sìï o fhdod .efka '
;Srejlska uqyÈq ka fjka j tfy;a .xfudah - .x.djla uqyoq g
mgq újrhlska uqyoq g iïnkaO ù jefgk ia:dkh" .xfudah
we;s N+ ,laIKh" l,mqjla f,i jYfhka ye¢kafõ' fudah
ye¢kafõ' ksoiqka f,i ó.uqj" wdikak fjr< ;Srfha je,smr
uvl,mqj yd mq;; a ,u l,mqj o f.dvìug wdikak m%foaYj,
oelaúh yels h' j.=reìï o olakg ,efí'
;=vqj - fjr< ;Srfha id.rh
foig fkrd we;s mgq f.dvìï je,smrh - uqyqÿ r<" .x.d
fldgi" ;=vqj kñka ye¢kafõ' hkdÈh u.ska f.fkk je,s"
fojqkaor ;=vqj" fmaÿre ;=vqj" fjr< ;Srh Èf.a ;ekam;a
ix.ukalkao ;=vqj tA i|yd ùfuka ks¾udKh jk jeá"
ksoiqka fõ' je,smr f,i ye¢kafõ'

9'2 is;shu - fjr< ,laIK

133
iajdNdúl jDlaI,;d - N+ñh u; iajdNdúl j jeù we;s ,÷ le<E" jkdka;r"
;K ìï" lfvd,dk hkdÈh iajdNdúl jDlaI,;dj,g wh;a fõ' N+ñfha úIu;dj"
mdIdK yd foaY.=Kh" jDlaI,;d jHdma;sh flfrys n,md ;sfí' fuu iajdNdúl
jDlaI,;d" N+ ,laIK is;shïj, ixfla; u.ska olajd we;'

9'18 rEmh - jkdka; r iy ,÷ le<E 9'19 rEmh - ;K ìï

m%foaYhl iuia; N+ o¾Ykh" N+ ,laIK is;shulska kssrEmKh flf¾' fN!;sl

,laIK tlsfkl y÷kd .ekSu ;=<ska fN!;sl N+ o¾Ykh o ixialD;sl ,laIK
wOHhkh lsÍu u.ska udkqI N+ o¾Ykh o y÷kd .; yels h'

N+ ,laIK is;shul ixialD;sl ,laIK y÷kd .ekSu

ñksid úiska N+ñh mßyrKh lr we;s wdldrh iy tys ks¾udKh ù we;s

,laIK" ixialD;sl ,laIK f,i y÷kajd Èh yels h' 1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shïj,
iQplfhys udhsï" ixpdrl f;dr;=re" uxudj;a" ÿïßh ud¾. jeks YS¾I hgf;a
ixialD;sl ,laIK m%Odk jYfhka olajd we;' c,jykh" iajdNdúl jDlaI,;d
yd fjk;a ,laIK hk YS¾I hgf;a o we;eï ixialD;sl ,laIK ksrEmKh lrk
ixfla; we;=<;a lr we;'
fN!;sl N+ o¾Ykh u; ks¾udKh ù we;s ñksia lghq;=j, jHdma;sh úúO
ixfla; yd j¾K Ndú;fhka is;shu u; ksrEmKh lr we;s wdldrh" is;shu
lshùfuka y÷kd .; yels fõ'

ls%hdldrlï

1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;h

s ul iïu; i,l=Kq wOHhkh fldg" ixialD;sl ,laIK
ksrEmKh lrk ixfla;" Bg wod< m%Odk YS¾I hgf;a meyeÈ,s j we| olajkak'

134
udhsï j¾.

1(50000 N+ ,laIK is;shïj, ish¨ u mßmd,k udhsï r;= j¾Kfhka iy

úúO ixfla; u.ska olajd we;' fuu udhsï w;r" rlaIs; wNh N+ñ udhsu o we;=<;a
jk kuqÿ wNh N+ñh ;=< we;af;a fN!;sl mßirhg wh;a ,laIKhka h' fuu
udhsï" is;shfï olakg ,enqK o N+ñh ;=< úoHudk fkdjk ixialD;sl ,laIK
nj o wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h' mßmd,k udhsï fjka lrk iSud f,i" fndfyda ÿrg
.x.d" l÷jeá jeks fN!;sl ,laIK mokï lr f.k we;s nj is;shï ksÍlaIKh
lsÍfï § meyeÈ,s fõ'

ixpdrl f;dr;=re
ixpdrlhskag wjYH f;dr;=re f,i ;dkdhu" fydag,h" ft;sydisl ia:dk
hkdÈh o N+ ,laIK is;shïj, ixfla; u.ska bÈßm;a lr we;' is;shï lshùfï §
fï tla tla ,laIK bÈßm;a lsÍug fhdod we;s ixfla; yd j¾K ms<sn| j oekqj;a
ùu b;d jeo.;a fõ'

ud¾.
N+ ,laIK is;shïj, uxudj;a hk YS¾Ih hgf;a o" ÿïßh ud¾. hk YS¾Ih
hgf;a o ud¾. fmkakqï lrk ixfla; we;=<;a lr we;' uE; ld,fha f.dvk.k
,o wêfõ.S ud¾. oekg Ndú; jk is;shïj, olajd fkdue;s jqjo bÈßfha § uqøKh
jk is;shïj, we;=<;a jkq we;'

c, iïmdokh
m%foaYhl c, iïmdokh hg;g .efkk jeõ yd jdßud¾. ms<sn| ixfla;
ixialD;sl ,laIKj,g wh;a fõ' c,dmjdykh hk YS¾Ih hgf;a fuu ,laIK"
ixfla; u.ska olajd ;sfí'

j.d ìï
ixialD;sl ,laIKj,g wh;a jk j.d ìï" N+ ,laIK is;shïj, jDlaI,;d
YS¾Ih hgf;a olajd we;' j.djka w;ßka m%Odk fNda. jk ù" f;a" fmd,a" rn¾ iy
fjk;a j.djka o f.j;= j.d ìï o y÷kd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; jk ixfla; fuys
we;=<;a lr ;sfí' j.d ìï oelaùfï § ù j.d ìï" fld< meyefhka o f.j;= ly
meyefhka o fiiq j.djka ly meye;s miqìul fld< mdg ixfla; u.ska o olajd
we;' is;shï.; m%foaYfha N+ o¾Ykh újrKh lsÍfï § ish¨ u j.djka ixfla;
u.ska ksjerÈ j y÷kd f.k ;sîu b;du;a jeo.;a fõ'
135
úfYaIs; f.dvke.s,s
fjk;a ,laIK hk YS¾Ih hgf;a úfYaIs; f.dvke.s,s we;=<;a lr we;'
iAÓr f.dvke.s,s l-=vd l¿ fldgqjlska o úfYaI f.dvke.s,a, Bg jvd úYd,
fldgqjlska o oelafõ' úfYaI f.dvke.s,a, wdY%s; j Bg wod< kï ,shd we;'
úfYaI;ajhla .kakd fmdÿ f.dvke.s,s ixfla; u.ska olajd we;s w;r fïjd
m%foaYhg fiajd imhk fmdÿ fiajd uOHia:dk iy wd.ñl isoaOia:dk f,i y÷kd
.; yels h' kd.ßl m%foaYj, frdai meyefhka ^,d r;=& fmkakqï lr we;s bÈlrk
,o ìï" ixialD;sl ,laIK w;r lemS fmfka'
ixialD;sl ,laIK oelaùug Ndú; lr we;s úúO ixfla; mßudKdkql+,
tAjd fkdfõ' tneúka N+ ,laIK is;shïj, fhfok ixfla;" úúO ixialD;sl
,laIK y÷kd .ekSu i|yd muKla fhfok iïu; i,l=Kq fia ie,lsh hq;= h'

9'3 is; shu - N+ ,laI K is; shul we;= < ;a jk ixia l D;s l ,la IK

136
 l%h
s dldrlu
1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;hs fï iïu; i,l=Kq oelafjk iQp
Q lh wOHhkh fldg
9'3 is;hs fï ksrEms; ixialD;sl ,laIK y÷kd f.k tAjd wod< j¾K yd
ixfla; Ndú; lrñka we| kï lrkak'

is;shï újrKh
1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shï u.ska iajNdjfhka ks¾udKh ù we;s fN!;sl
N+ o¾Ykh;a tA u; È.= ld,hla ;=< ñksid úiska f.dvk.k ,o ixialD;sl
N+ o¾Ykh;a ksrEmKh fldg we;' is;shï.; m%foaYfha fN!;sl ,laIK yd
ixialD;sl ,laIK w;r lemS fmfkk iïnkaO;djla mj;sk w;r is;shï
újrKfha § tu in|;d ms<sn| j úia;r lsÍu wjYH fõ' m%foaYhl mj;sk
N+ úIu;djg wkql+, j tu m%foaYfha ud¾. rgdj" lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.h"
jdßud¾. moaO;s" ckdjdi rgdj hkdÈh ks¾udKh ù we;s nj ksoiqka f,i
oelaúh yels h'

N+ ,laIK is;shï ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï §" ;eks;,d m%foaYhl iDcq j úysfok

ud¾. rgdjla o l÷lr m%foaYhl lfmd¨ yryd jx.= iys; j úysfok ud¾. rgdjla o
y÷kd .; yels h' l÷lr m%foaYj, uydud¾. fndfyda ÿrg .x.d ksïk wdY%s; j
úys§ ;sfí'

tfuka u is;shï.; m%foaYfha lDIsld¾ñl N+ï mßfNda.h ms<sn| j i,ld

ne,Sfï § N+ñfha iajrEmh wkqj fNda. j¾. f;dard f.k j.d lr we;s nj o meyeÈ,s
fõ' ksoiqka f,i my;a ;eks;,d m%foaYj, .x.d ksïk wdY%s; j mq¿,a j úysÿKq ù
j.d ìï o l÷lr m%foaYj, .x.d ksïk wdY%s; j mgq È.á ù j.d ìï o" l÷lr m%foaYj,
f;a j.dj o uOHu Wilska hq;a l÷ nEjqï m%foaYj, rn¾ j.dj o fjr<nv iy wjg
m%foaYj, fmd,a j.dj o úh<s l,dmSh Èia;%slalj, ,÷ le<E wdikakfhys fyaka j.dj
o jHdma; j we;s nj olakg ,efí'

hï m%foaYhl c,iïmdok lghq;= ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍfï § .x.d ksïk

wdY%s; j úYd, jdßud¾. moaO;s bÈlr ;sîu" mgq lfmd¨ ueÈka .,d niskd .x.dj,
fomi msysá l÷jeáj, fkre iïnkaO fldg" neñ ne| jeõ bÈlsÍu" jeõ neïug
my< m%foaYfha j.d lsÍu jeks ,laIK" N+ úIu;djg wkql+, j ks¾udKh jQ
ixialD;sl ,laIK f,i y÷kd .; yels h'

137
 ´kE u m%foaYhl ckdjdi rgdj ilia ùfï § o N+ úIu;dj n,mdk nj
is;shï ksÍlaIKfha § meyeÈ,s fõ' ;eks;,d m%foaYj, ckdjdi mq¿,a m%foaYhl
me;sÍ we;s w;r l÷lr m%foaYj, ksïk wdY%s; j ;ekska ;ek msysá l=vd ckdjdi
olakg ,efí' is;shï újrKfha § ckdjdi rgdj yd ckdjdi j¾. ms<sn| j o
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= fõ' ckdjdi jHdma; ù we;s wdldrh wkqj f¾Çh ckdjdi"
fmdl=re ckdjdi" úisreKq ckdjdi rgdjka y÷kd .; yels h' ud¾. iy mgq ìï
;Sre Èf.a f¾Çh ckdjdi rgdjla o" ud¾. uxikaê wdY%s; j fmdl=re ckdjdi
rgdjla o oelsh yels h'

ñksiqkaf.a Ôjk rgdj wkqj o jeõ ckdjdi" ëjr ckdjdi" j;= ckdjdi
jeks úúO ckdjdi y÷kd .; yels fõ' jeõ wdY%s; j jeõ .ïudk o" fjr< Èf.a
ëjr .ïudk o" j;= wdY%s; j j;= ckdjdi o olakg ,efí' ckdjdi .%dóh kd.ßl
jYfhka o fjka ù ;sfí' k.rhl frday,a" m%Odk ;eme,a ld¾hd," m%Odk nexl="
Widú" fmd,sia ia:dk olakg ,efnk w;r m%Odk ud¾. .Kkdjla tAlrdYS ù we;'
iuyr ia:dkj, ÿïßh ia:dk o we;' is;shul fujeks m%foaY bÈl< m%foaY f,i
frdai mdg j¾Kfhka olajd ;sfí' Wm ;eme,a ld¾hd," wm%Odk ud¾." lr;a; mdr"
wä mdr hkdÈh u.ska .%dóh ckdjdi y÷kd .; yels h'

mßmd,k udhsï ;SrKh lsÍfï § fndfyda úg fN!;sl ,laIK fhdod f.k

we;' l÷jeáj, uqÿka iy .x.d Èf.a mßmd,k udhsï f¾Ld jeà we;s nj N+ ,laIK
is;shï ksÍlaIKfha § meyeÈ,s fõ'

is;shï újrKfha § ck iudch ;=< we;s iudchSh wkkH;dj ms<sn| j

o wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels fõ' tl u m%foaYhla ;=< úúO wd.ñl isoaOia:dk
;sîfuka wd.ñl úúO;ajh fuka u ck j¾. o y÷kd .ekSug mq¿jk'

ls%hdlrlu
.=re Wmfoia ,nd .ksñka Tn Ôj;a jk m%foaYfha fyda mdi, wjg m%foaYfha
fN!;sl yd ixialD;sl N+ o¾Ykh iïu; i,l=Kq" ixfla; yd j¾K
fhdod .ksñka ksrEmKh lrkak' Tn fhdod .;a iïu; i,l=Kq i|yd iQplhla
o olajkak' Tnf.a wNsu;h mßÈ leu;s N+ñ m%foaYhla jqj o fï i|yd f;dard
.; yels h'

138
 msgq wxl 144-148 olajd Tng imhd we;s 1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shï weiqßka my;
§ we;s wNHdij, ksr;jkak'
wNHdi wxl 01

01' is;shï.; m%foaYfha A-B, C-D, E-F f¾Ldj,ska ksrEms; N+ úIu;d ,laIK
jryka ;=<ska f;dard ,shkak'
i. A - B ^W;a;, nEjqu" wj;, nEjqu" uo nEjqu&
ii. C - D ^fkrej" ksïkh" lfmd,a,&
iii. E - F ^;eks;,dj" /<s ìu" fld;alkao&

02' is;shfï 01 isg 10 olajd wxlj,ska ksrEms; ,laIK y÷kd f.k kï lrkak'

03' my; oelafjk m%ldYk ksjerÈ kï —ks˜ hkak o jerÈ kï —je˜ hkak o
i|yka lrkak'

i. jdß c,h Wmfhda.S lr f.k m%foaYfha ù f.dú;ek isÿ flf¾'

ii. is;shï.; m%foaYfha jhU ld¾;=fjys úysfokafka mq¿,a oaú;aj ÿïßh ud¾.hls'

iii. B 294 uydud¾.fha È. wdikak jYfhka 9kmls'

^lsf,daóg¾ lKq weiqfrka&

iv. is;shï.; m%foaYfha uOHfha we;s fy,ajeáh 400mg jvd jeä Wilska hqla; fõ'

v. m%foaYfha ksß;È. ld¾;=j ,÷le<E iy jkdka;rj,ska jeiS we;'

04' is;shfuys i,l=Kq lr we;s p;=ri%h ;=< we;s fmdÿ f.dvke.s,s myla" ud¾.
j¾. iy j.djka kï lrkak'

05' is;shï.; m%foaYh Y%S ,xldfõ l=uk foaY.=K l,dmhg wh;a fõo@ tfia
y÷kd .ekSug fya;= olajkak'

06' ishU,dfõ isg W,afmd;.u olajd flá ud¾.hla ;ekSfï § wjOdkh fhduq
l< hq;= lreKq olajkak'

07' is;shfï X- Y olajd yrialv we| olajkak'

139
wNHdi wxl 02

01' is;shfï olajd we;s 1 - 5 olajd wxlj,ska ksrEms; fjr< ,laIK y÷kd f.k
kï lrkak'

02' my; oelafjk c,jyk ,laIK ms<sìUq lrk ia:dkj,g ysñ wxlh is;shñka
f;dard ,shkak' ^5"6"7"8 b,lalï fhfoa&
.x oÕrh
wmYdLdj
j.=re ìu
.xfudah

03' my; i|yka m%ldYk ksjerÈ kï —ks˜ hkak o jerÈ kï —je˜ hkak o fhdokak'
i. m%foaYfha m%Odk j.dj fmd,a j.dj hs'
ii. is;shï.; m%foaYfhys fjr<dY%s; j ckdjdi nyq, j jHdma; ù we;'
iii. iuia; N+ñ m%foaYh ;eks;,d iajrEmhla olakg ,efí'
iv. m%foaYfha jhU ld¾;=fõ Èia;%sla udhsula we;'
v. ol=Kq fjr< wdY%s; j m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,h msysá ia:dkfha isg W;=rg
úysfok B 465 ud¾.fha md,u olajd we;s ÿr 5km ls'

04' i. is;shï.; m%foaYfha m%Odk j.djka y;rla kï lrkak'

ii. tu fNda. j.djka iy N+ úIu;dj w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ,s
lrkak'

05' is;shï.; m%foaYfha úYd,;ajh km2j,ska olajkak'

06' is;shfuys i,l=Kq lr we;s p;=ri%fha oelafjk fN!;sl yd ixialD;sl
,laIK kï lrkak'
07' is;shfï ia:dkfha wlaIdxY.; msysàu olajkak'

08' fjr<dY%s; m%foaYfhys ixpdrl l¾udka;h ÈhqKq lsÍug mdol lr .; yels

lreKq ;=kla ,shkak'

140
wNHdi wxl 03

01' is;shfï olajd we;s mßudKhg wkqj 1km ÿrla olajd we;s cm .Kk
fldmuK o@

02' tu mßudKhg ^1(50"000& wkqj f¾Çh mßudKhla we| olajkak'

03' my; i|yka c,jyk ,laIKhkag wod< wxl" is;shfï 1- 6 olajd § we;s wxl
w;=ßka f;dard wxl wkqms<sfj<ska kï lrkak'
.x.d ksïkh
yevm¿ .x.dj
.x oÕrh
m%Odk .x.dj
w;= .x.dj
Èhfn;au

04' .sks.;afyak ud¾. ikaêia:dkh wdY%s; 1km2 l N+ñ m%foaYh ;=< msysá wd.ñl
isoaOia:dk ;=kla kï lrkak'

05' is;shu mokï lr f.k my; i|yka m%ldY ksjerÈ kï —ks ˜ hkak o jerÈ
kï —je ˜ hkak o fhdokak'

i. is;shï m%foaYh uOHu l÷lr N+ úIu;d l,dmhg wh;a fõ'

ii. is;shï.; m%foaYh .sksfldk foig nEjqï fõ'
iii. ù j.dj fuu m%foaYfha m%Odk j.dj fõ'
iv. ol=Kq udhsug wdikak j úysfok B 25 ud¾.h lemS fmfkk jx.= iys; ud¾.hls'
v. is;shfï ksß;È. m%foaYh ,÷le<Ej,ska jeiS mj;S'

06' is;shï m%foaYfha ksß;È. fldgfia Wmßu Wi lSho@

07' i. is;shfuys i,l=Kq lr we;s p;=ri%fha oelafjk fN!;sl ,laIK ;=kla

kï lrkak'
ii. tu fN!;sl iïm;a Wmfhda.s lr f.k l< yels l¾udka; ;=kla ,shkak'
iii. y;aoE,.u" kd.ßl ckdjdihla ùug n,md we;s lreKq ;=kla ,shkak'

141
08' is;shï.; m%foaYfhys ud¾. cd,h úys§u flfrys .x.d yd N+ úIu;d ,laIK
n,md we;s wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

09' is;shï m%foaYh" .x.d fmdaIl m%foaYhla f,i ks.ukh lsÍug Tng bÈßm;a l<
yels idOl folla ,shkak'

wNHdi wxl 04

01' is;shfuys 1"2"3"4"5 hk wxl olajd we;s ia:dkj, olakg ,efnk fN!;sl
,laIKh my; i|yka tAjd w;=ßka f;dard ,shkak'
01' c, lfmd,a,$ lfmd,a,
02' wj;, nEjqu$ W;a;, nEjqu
03' ksïkh$ fkrej
04' yqfol,d lkao$ l÷jeáh
05' Èhfn;au$ fmdaIl m%foaYh

02' my; i|yka m%ldY ksjerÈ kï —ks ˜ hkak o jerÈ kï —je ˜ hkak o i|yka
lrkak'
i. m%foaYfha ngysr w¾Oh" uq¿ukska u l÷lr iajrEmhla fmkakqï lrhs'
ii. BYdk ld¾;=fjys olakg ,efnkafka rlaIs; jkdka;rhl udhsuls'
iii. m%Odk ud¾.hg kef.kysßka we;s ìï m%foaYfhys Wmßu Wi 200m blaujd we;'
iv. W;=re udhsfï isg m%:ufhka yuq jk md,u olajd m%Odk ud¾.fha È. 3km ls'
v. W;=re udhsu wdikakfha m<d;a udhsula olakg ,efí'
03' is;shfï C,D,E,F wlaIr u.ska oelafjk ,laIK jryka ;=<ska f;dard wlaIr
wkqms<sfj<ska kï lrkak'
^w;ayßk ,o jej" jej" ia:dkSh Wi" wNh N+ñ udhsu" fndalal=j" md,u" wä mdr"
k.r iNd iSudj&
04' is;shï m%foaYfha we;=¿ udhsï ;Srefõ 70.40' , 270 hk ixLHd;aul
jákdlïj,ska oelafjkafka l=ulaoehs wkqms<sfj<ska i|yka lrkak'

05' i. is;shï.; m%foaYfha ol=Kq udhsfï isg W;=re udhsu olajd m%Odk ud¾.h Èf.a
.uka lrkafka kï hdug isÿ jk ÿr kmj,ska olajkak'

142
 ii. tu ud¾.h fomi olakg ,efnk ixialD;sl ,laIK myla i|yka lrkak'
iii. tu ud¾.h fomi j.d lr we;s fNda. kï lrkak'
iv. ud¾.fha .uka lrk úg yuq jk lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd fiajd imhkq
,nk wdh;k folla kï lrkak'
06' is;shï m%foaYfha ngysr w¾Oh fkdÈhqKq ;;a;ajhl mej;Sug fya;= olajkak'
07' m%foaYfha N+ úIu;dj iy N+ñ mßfNda.h w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj oelaùug fya;=
folla ,shkak'
08' is;shï.; m%foaYfha uOH fldgfia ckdjdi me;sÍug n,md we;s fya;= ;=kla
,shkak'

is;shï wxl 05
01' fuá%la is;shïj, ÈYdj fmkakqï lsÍug fhdod .kq ,nk igyk w¢kak'
02' my; oelafjk N+ ,laIKj,g wod< wxlh is;shfuka f;dard ,shkak'
i. fld;alkao ii. mdIdK Woa.;h iii. .x oÕrh iv. YS>% nEjqu
v. ;S¾hla ksïkh vi. yevm¨ .x.dj vii. ksïkh viii. fkrej

03' rkagefò c,dYfha neïu uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg fldmuK Wilska msysgd ;sfí o@

04' uyje,s .x.dfõ —A˜ ia:dkfha m<, mj,ska lSho@

05' i. m%foaYfha Wi u ia:dkh ol=Kq udhsug wdikak j msyg

s d we;' tys Wi mj,ska lSh o@
ii. is;shï.; m%foaYfha my;a u m%foaYh msysgd we;s ÈYdj kï lrkak'

06' i. is;shfï ngysr udhsu wdikakfha i,l-=‚ka fmkakqï lrkafka l=ula o@

ii. tA wkqj tu ia:dkfha foaYdxY.; msysàu olajkak'

07 i. is;shï m%foaYfha Wud Th iy uyje,s .Õ .,d niskafka l=uk wdldrfha

ksïk Tiafia o@

ii. tjeks c,jyk rgdjla we;s ùug n,md we;s fya;= folla ,shkak'
08' m<d;a udhsu ;SrKh lsÍfï § Ndú; lr we;s fN!;sl ,laIKh l=ula o@
09' m%foaYfha wdrïN l< yels l¾udka; ;=kla kï lr Bg fya;= olajkak'
10' ksß;È. ld¾;=fõ nyq, jYfhka flfrk lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ mßfNda.h l=ula o@
11' X-Y f¾Ldfjka oelafjk N+ñ m%foaYfha yrialvla w¢kak'

143
wNHdi wxl 01

my; oelafjkafka Y%S ,xldfõ 1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shulska Wmqgd .kakd

,o fldgils' tu is;shu weiqßka § we;s wNHdij, fhfokak'

1 N
9
10

5
6
2
8 A B

D
E
C

Y F 4
3

1(50"000

144
wNHdi wxl 02

my; oelafjkafka Y%S ,xldfõ 1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shulska Wmqgd .kakd

,o fldgils' tu is;shu weiqßka § we;s wNHdij, fhfokak'

6
7

1
2

4 5

1:50,000
145
wNHdi wxl 03
my; oelafjkafka Y%S ,xldfõ 1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shulska Wmqgd .kakd
,o fldgils' tu is;shu weiqßka § we;s wNHdij, fhfokak'

5
6

1 2

1:50,000
146
wNHdi wxl 04

my; oelafjkafka Y%S ,xldfõ 1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shulska Wmqgd .kakd

,o fldgils' tu is;shu weiqßka § we;s wNHdij, fhfokak'

D C

5
4
2

E
3

1:50,000

147
wNHdi wxl 05

my; oelafjkafka Y%S ,xldfõ 1(50"000 N+ ,laIK is;shulska Wmqgd .kakd

,o fldgils' tu is;shu weiqßka § we;s wNHdij, fhfokak'

X Y

3
5

1:50,000

148
wdY%s; .%ka: iy uQ,dY%
² fuá%la is;shï" Y%S ,xld ñkqï fomd¾;fïka;=j'
² 10 - 11 iudc wOHhkh úIhh i|yd is;shï wOHhkh ^1999&" wOHdmk
m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

mdßNdIsl jpk
² N+ ,laIK is;shu - Topographical map - ChÂÍUP¨ £h®

² fN!;sl ,laIK - Physical features - ö£ÍvP A®\[PÒ

² ixialD;sl ,laIK - Cultural features - £s£õmk A®\[PÒ

² N+ úIu;d ,laIK - Relief features - uøµz÷uõØÓ A®\[PÒ

² ifudaÉp f¾Ld - Contour lines - \©²¯µU ÷PõkPÒ

² ;eks;,d - Plain - \©öÁÎ

² ia:dkSh Wi - Spoit height - Ch E¯µ®

² /<s ìï - Undulating lands - öuõhµø» {»®

² Wia ìï - High lands - E¯º {»®

² ksïkh - Valley - £ÒÍzuõUS

² fkrej - Spur - _Ák

² l÷jeáh - Mountain range - ©ø»zöuõhº

² fy,ajeáh - Ridge - £õøÓz öuõhº

² yqol,d lkao - Isolated hill - uÛUSßÖ

² fld;a lkao - Conical hill - T®¦U SßÖ

² fudfydr nEjqu - Escarpment - K[PÀ \õ´Ä

² uo nEjqu - Gentle slope - ö©ß \õ´Ä

² W;a;, nEjqu - Convex slope - SÂÄa \õ´Ä

² wj;, nEjqu - Concave slope - SÈÄa \õ´Ä

² lfmd,a, - Gap - PnÁõ´

² yrialv - Cross section - £UP¨£õºøÁ

149
 ² .x.d uKav,h - River system - BØÖz öuõSv

² ;S¾hla ksïkh - Transverse valley - SÖUS¨ £ÒÍzuõUS

² wdh; ksïkh - Longitudinal valley - ö|kUS¨ £ÒÍzuõUS

² Èh fn;au - Water divide - }º¨¤› {»®

² .xoÕrh - Meander - ª¯õ¢uº ÁøÍÄ

² j.=re ìï - Marshy land - \x¨¦ {»®

² yevm¨ .x.dj - Braided river - ¤ßÛ¯ BÖ

² wmYdLd - Distributory - QøÍ BÖ

² wÍh c,jyk rgdj - Radial drainage pattern - Bøµ ÁiPõÀ £õ[S

² YdÇh c,jyk rgdj - Dendritic drainage pattern - ©µ {Pº ÁiPõÀ £õ[S

² cd,dldr c,jyk rgdj - Trellised drainage pattern - Aίøh¨¦ ÁiPõÀ £õ[S

² l,mqj - Lagoon - PhÜ÷µ›

² fndlal - Bay - Shõ

² ;=vqj - Point - •øÚ

² je,smrh - Sand bar - ©nØÓøh

² ¥m;a - Island - wÄ

² fjr< bu - Coast - Pøµ÷¯õµ®

² mßmd,k udhsï - Administrative boundary - {ºÁõP GÀø»

150
10 o;a; ksrEmKh i|yd m%i;
a dr Ndú;h

fjk;a ´kE u úIhhla wOHhkh lsÍfï § fuka u N+f.da, úoHdfõ § o

o;a; yd f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu i|yd ixLHdf,aLk nyq, j fhdod .efka' ixLHd
f,aLkj,ska lshfjk f;dr;=re blaukska yd myiqfjka wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd
Ndú; lrk udOHhla f,i m%ia;dr ye¢kaúh yels h'

o;a; ksrEmKhg fhdod .kq ,nk ir, f¾Ld m%ia;drh" nyq ;Sre m%ia;drh yd
ir, fnÿï jD;a; m%ia;drh ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍu fuu mßÉfþofha uQ,sl
wruqK fõ'

ixLHd f,aLk j.=jla m%ia;dr.; lsÍfï § tu ixLHd f,aLkh u.ska bÈßm;a

lrkq ,nk o;a;j, iajNdjh fuka u th ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd jvd;a iqÿiq
m%ia;dr l%uh ms<sn| j o wjfndaO lr .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ'

ir, f¾Ld m%i;

a dr - ixLHd j.=jl we;=<;a o;a;" f¾Ld u.ska bÈßm;a lsÍu
f¾Ld m%i;
a drfhka isÿ fõ' ld,h wkqj fjkia jk WIaK;ajh" jdhqf.da,hS mSvkh"
ckixLHd j¾Okh yd rdcH wdodhu jeks úp,Hh ksrEmKh lsÍu i|yd f¾Ld m%i; a dr
nyq, j fhdod .efka' ks¾udKh lsÍfï myiqj iy o;a;j,ska m%ldYs; m%jK;d
laI‚l j wjfndaO lr .ekSfï yelshdj ir, f¾Ld m%i; a dr Ndú;fhka ,efí'
fuu m%ia;drh ks¾udKh lsÍfï §" wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq

² § we;s ixLHd f,aLkh wkqj iqÿiq mßudKhla f;dard .ekSu'

² ;sria wlaIfha ld,h o isria wlaIfha wod< úp,Hfha w.h o igyka lsÍu'
² wod< ixLHdj, wjuh" Y+kHh ^ìxÿj& f,i o" Wmßuh j.=fõ we;s ixLHdjg uola
jeä B<Õ mQ¾K ixLHdj f,i o" fhdod .ksñka isria mßudKh ilia lr .ekSu'
² m%;sY; jákdlï ksrEmKh lrkafka kï isria wlaIh wdrïNfha —0˜ o" by<
fl<jfrys —100˜ o ,l=Kq lsÍu'
² § we;s ixLHd f,aLkh wkqj WÑ; ud;Dldjla fh§u'
² ;ks úp,Hhla ksrEmKh lrk neúka f¾Ldj i|yd iqÿiq j¾Khla Ndú; lsÍu'

151
 10'1 j.=fjys o;a; wkqidrfhka ks¾udKh lrk ,o ir, f¾Ld m%ia;drh
my; oelafõ'
10'1 j.=j - ixpdrl meñŒu 2006 - 2011

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

559"603 494"008 438"475 447"890 654"476 855"975

10'1 m%ia;drh - ir, f¾Ld m%ia;drh

uQ,dY%h - Y%S ,xld uyd nexl= jd¾;dj - 2012

ls%hdldrlï
m%i;
a drhl ;sìh hq;= uQ,l
s dx.
² ud;Dldj 01' iqÿiq ixLHd f,aLkhla fhdod .ksñka ir,
² iQplh f¾Ld m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
² rduqj
02' Tn ks¾udKh lrk ,o m%ia;drfhka
² uQ,dY%h
ms<sônq jk lreKq folla ,shkak'

nyq ;Sre m%ia;dr - ixLHd f,aLkhl we;=<;a o;a;" ;Sre u.ska oelaùu ;Sre
m%ia;drhlska isÿ flf¾' fuu ;Sre" isria fyda ;sria f,i o" ilia l< yels
h' úp,Hhka lsysmhla ms<sn| o;a; bÈßm;a lsÍfï § nyq ;Sre m%ia;drh fhdod
.efka' NdKav lsysmhl jd¾Isl ksIamdokh" j¾I lsysmhl ,shdmÈxÑ lr we;s
úúO r:jdyk ixLHdj jeks o;a; ksrEmKhg nyq ;Sre m%ia;drh jvd;a iqÿiq
fõ' úp,Hhl ixLHd;aul jákdlu myiqfjka y÷kd .; yels ùu" tla j¾Ihl

152
úp,Hh lsym s hla ixikaokh l< yels ùu" tu úp,Hhkaf.a ld,Sk m%jK;d
ixikaokd;aul j wOHhkh l< yels ùu nyq ;Sre m%i;
a dr l%ufha we;s m%fhdack fõ'

nyq ;Sre m%ia;drh ks¾udKh lsÍfï §" my; oelafjk lreKq flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'

² ixLHd f,aLkfha we;s Wmßu iy wju w.h wkqj isria mßudKh ;SrKh
lr .ekSu'
² ld,h ;sria wlaIfha;a" m%udKh isria wlaIfha;a oelaùu'
² isria wlaIfha wdrïNl ,laIfha w.h" ìxÿj ^0& f,i ilia lsÍu'
² tla j¾Ihlg wod< ;Sre tlsfklg hdj tl iudk m<,lska we£u'
² tla tla j¾Ihg wod< ;Sre iuQyh wfkla j¾Ifhka fjka fldg oelaùu'
² iEu j¾Ihl § u tla úp,Hhla olajk ;Sre tl u j¾Khlska fyda rgdjlska oelaùu'
² Ndú; lrk ,o j¾K fyda ixfla; we;=<;a iQplhla bÈßm;a lsÍu'

10'2 j.=j - o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha ixhq;sh" wxY wkqj ^mj;akd ñ, wkqj remsh,a ì,shk&

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

fiajd 1705 2091 2525 2787 3237 3795
l¾udka; 900 1071 1295 1435 1649 1957
lDIsl¾udka; 333 418 590 614 718 791

10'2 m%ia;drh - nyq ;Sre m%ia;drh

uQ,dY%h - Y%S ,xld iudc wd¾Ól o;a; - 2012

153
 ls%hdldrlï
01' m%ia;drfha ksrEms; úp,Hhka wkqj 2006 - 2011 olajd jeä u j¾Okhla
olakg ,efnkafka l=uk úp,Hfhys o@'
02' wod< ld,h ;=< tu úp,Hfhys j¾Okh remsh,a ì,shk lSho@

mejreu
01' uynexl= jd¾;dfõ oelafjk ixLHd j.=jla fyda fjk;a ixLHd o;a; j.=jla
mokï lr .ksñka nyq ;Sre m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
02' tla tla úp,Hhkays ld,Sk fjkialï ,shd olajkak'

fn¥ jD;a; - hïlsis ixLHd f,aLkhl we;=<;a úp,Hkays ixhq;hs ksrEmKh

lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk jD;a; m%i; a drh" fn¥ jD;a; m%i;
a drh kñka ye¢kafõ'
fuys § ish¨ úp,Hkays jákdlu 3600 fia i,lk w;r tA tA úp,Hh jákdlu wkqj
3600 fnod Wm fldgia jYfhka o oelaúh yels h' rgl ck j¾. ixhq;h s " wd.ñl
ixhq;hs " wmkhk ixhq;hs fyda wdkhk ixhq;hs jeks o;a; ksrEmKh lsÍug fn¥
jD;a; m%i;
a dr jvd;a iqÿiq fõ'

fn¥ jD;a; m%ia;drhlska úp,Hhkays ixhq;sh fuka u úYd,;ajh o

ixikaokd;aul j f;areï .ekSug yels fõ'

fn¥ jD;a; m%ia;drh ks¾udKh lsÍfï §" my; i|yka mshjr wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'
² m%ia;drh i|yd iqÿiq wrhla fhdod f.k jD;a;hla we£u'
² uq¿ úp,Hj, jákdlu 3600 fia i,ld tla tla úp,Hj, jákdlu wkqj"
fldaKfha m%udKh ;SrKh lsÍu'
² ixhq;sh m%;sY;hla f,i § we;akï 3600l jD;a;fhys jákdlu 100 fia
i,ld tA tA úp,Hj, m%;sY; w.hka wkqj wh;a jk fldaKj, m%udKh
fidhd .ekSu'
² jD;a;h uOHfha isg mßêh iam¾Y jk fia W;=rg f¾Ldjla we| th wdrïNl
f¾Ldj f,i f.k úYd,;ajh wkqj wkqms<sfj<ska wod< flda‚l mr;r
olaIsKdj¾; j ,l=Kq lsÍu'
² zfjk;aZ hkqfjka i|yka úp,Hhla we;akï th wjidkhg ,l=Kq lsÍu'

154
 ² ixhq;shg fhdod .;a j¾K iys; iQplh" ud;Dldj yd uQ,dY%h fhdod m%ia;drh
iïmQ¾K lsÍu'

10'3 j.=j - lDIsld¾ñl wmkhk ixhq;sh - 2011 ^remsh,a oi,laI&

2011 m%;sY;h ] 3600 wkqj jákdlu

f;a 164"869 59] 2120
fmd,a 29"394 10'5] 380
rn¾ 22"811 8'2] 300
wfkl=;a lDIsld¾ñl 62"392 22'3] 800
fNda.
lDIsld¾ñl wmkhk 279"466 100] 3600
uQ,dY%h - Y%S ,xld uyd nexl= jd¾;dj - 2012

ls%hdldrlï
01' m%ia;drfhka ksrEms; úp,Hkaf.a
ixhq;sh kï lrkak'
02' jeä u m%udKhla wmkhkh lrkq
,nk úp,Hh l=ula o@
03' fuu m%i;a drfha we;s m%fhdack folla
,shkak'

mejreu

uy nexl= jd¾;dfõ oelafjk o;a;

j.=jlska fyda iqÿiq ixLHd j.=jlska
f;dard .;a o;a;" fn¥ jD;a; m%ia;drhlska
ksrEmKh lrkak'
10'3 m%ia;drh - fn¥ jD;a; m%ia;dr
uQ,dY%h - Y%S ,xld iudc wd¾Ól o;a; - 2012

wdY%s; .%ka: iy uQ,dY%

² Y%S ,xld uyd nexl= jd¾;dj ^2012&'
² Y%S ,xld iudc wd¾Ól o;a; -^2012&" uyd nexl= jd¾;dj'

155
mdßNdIsl jpk

² o;a; ksrEmKh - Representation of data - uµÄPøÍ ÂÍUSuÀ

² m%ia;dr - Graphs - Áøµ¦PÒ

² ir, f¾Ld m%ia;drh - Simple line Graphs - \õuõµn ÷Põmk Áøµ¦PÒ

² nyq ;Sre m%ia;drh - Multiple line Graphs - £À £õº Áøµ¦PÒ

² ir, fnÿï jD;;

a mi
% ;
a drh - Simple divided Graphs - \õuõµn ¤›UP¨£mh Ámh
Áøµ¦PÒ

² új,Hh - Variables - ©õÔPÒ

² ;sria wlaIh - Horizontal axis - Qøh¯a_

² isria wlaIh - Vertical axis - ö\[Szua_

² wjuh - Minimum - CÈĨ ö£Ö©õÚ®

² Y+kHh - Zero - §a]¯¨ ö£Ö©õÚ®

² Wmßuh - Maximum - Ea]¨ ö£Ö©õÚ®

² m%;sY;h - Percentage - \uÃu®

² o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h - Gross domestic product - ö©õzu EÒ|õmk EØ£zv

² j¾. ixhq;sh - Composition of types - CÚŸv¯õÚ EÒÍhUP®

² wd.ñl ixhq;sh - Religious composition - \©¯Ÿv¯õÚ EÒÍhUP®

² wmkhk ixhq;sh - Export composition - HØÖ©v EÒÍhUP®

² wdkhk ixhq;sh - Import composition - CÓUS©v EÒÍhUP®

156
fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'
156