98-Pet-B5, May 2015

National Exams May 2015

98-Pet-B5, Well Testing

3 hours duration

NOTES:

1. If doubt exists as to the interpretation of any question, the candidate is urged to submit
with the answer paper, a clear statement of any assumptions made.

2. This is a CLOSED BOOK exam.

3. Any non-communicating calculator is permitted.

4. FIVE (5) questions constitute a complete exam paper.

5. The first five questions as they appear in the answer book will be marked.

6. All questions are of equal value unless otherwise stated and all parts in a multipart
question have equal weight.

7. Clarity and organization of your answers are important, clearly explain your logic.

8. Pay close attention to units, some questions involve oilfield units, and these should be
answered in the field units. Questions that are set in other units should be answered in the
corresponding units.

9. A formula sheet is provided at the end of questions

Page 1 of 11
98-Pet-B5, May 2015

Question 1 (20 Marks)

Explain (briefly in one or two sentences) the following concepts.

a) Infinite acting reservoir

b) Non-Darcy flow
c) Phase redistribution
d) Dimensionless time
e) Drill stem test
~ Pseudo steady state
g) Dual porosity reservoir
h) Fall off test
i) Drainage area
j) Horner time

Question 2 (20 Marks)

An oil well is producing at a constant rate of 500 STBD in an infinite reservoir. The seismic
survey indicates a sealing fault at 25 ft of the well. Calculate the wellbore pressure after 5 days.

Wellbore radius, rw= 0.25 ft,

Total compressibility, cr =5x10-5 psi1,
.Oil viscosity, ,uo= 2 cP,
Porosity, ~ = 0.3,
.Permeability, k = 250 mD,
Formation thickness, h = 20 ft,
Oil formation volume factor, Bo = 1.2 bbl/STB,
Initial pressure, p; = 3000 psi.

Sealing Fault
~--s
ell

Page 2 of 11
98-Pet-B5, May 2015

Question 3 (20 Marks)

A drawdown test has been conducted in an oil well and the following pressure data has been
collected during the test. Estimate formation permeability and skin factor from the drawdown
test data using the following reservoir and fluid properties. Required semi-log chart is given in
the following.

Flow rate, q = 90 STBD, Time pWe

(hour) (psia)
Formation thickness, h = 17 ft,
Formation volume factor, Bo = 1.1 bbUSTB, 1 284
Initial reservoir pressure,p; = 1479 psia, 3 215
Porosity, ~ = 0.25, 5 183
Total compressibility, cr = 7.65x 10-6 psi1, 7 162
Oil viscosity, ,uo = 7.86 cP, 9 147
Wellbore radius, rw = 0.21 ft. 11 134
13 124
15 115

300 -

250

200

150

100

50

0
1 10 100

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98-Pet-B5, May 2015

Question 4 (20 Marks)

Given the following test plots as well as formation and fluid properties for a gas reservoir,
estimate the approximate end of wellbore storage, formation permeability and skin factor from
the buildup test data using pseudo pressure method.

Flowing wellbore pressure prior to shut in, pwf=1378.84 psia,

Pseudo pressure corresponding to pwf, ppwf, =1.77x10$ psia2/cp,
Formation thickness, h=10 ft,
Gas specific gravity, yg=-0.741 (air = 1.0)
Wellbore radius, rw0.46 ft
Formation temperature, T,~108.9°F,
Porosity, ~=10.6%
Gas production rate, qg=8000 MSCFD,
Total compressibility, cr= 2.238 x 10-4 psia1
Average gas viscosity ,ug= 0.02 cP
Production time prior to shut in, tp=72 hr.

1.E+09

,-.
a
U
N

N
~ 1.E+08
v
nn
c~
t
U
Q1
L

1.E+07
a
L
a
0
-~
a,
a 1. E+06
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

~t

Page 4 of 11
98-Pet-B5, May 2015

6.0E+08

5.0E+08
.,
u
N
CO
Q, 4.0E+08
.~
a~
L

~, 3.0E+08
L
a
0
m 2.0E+08
ca,
a

1.0E+08

0.0E+00
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

(0t+tp)/0t

Question 5 (20 Marlcs)

A pressure build up has been conducted in an oil well in a naturally fractured reservoir. Pressure
and derivative data are plotted in the following. Given the following formation and fluid
properties estimate skin factor, initial reservoir pressure, and storativity (cu) from the buildup test
data.

Oil production rate, q = 125 STB/D,

Formation thickness, h = 17 ft,
Oil formation volume factor, Bo = 1.054 rb/STB,
Production time prior to shut in, tp = 1200 hr,
Formation porosity, ~ = 13.0%,
Total compressibility, cr =7.19 x 10-6 psi-',
Flowing wellbore pressure prior to shut in, pw~ 211.20 psia,
Wellbore radius, rw =0.30 ft,
Oil viscosity, ,uo = 1.72 cp.

Page 5 of 11
98-Pet-B5, May 2015

1000

~/ ,1~ ..

> 100 s ~~~i

•
~ams~
r..■..
~

.~~
~

...•.
~~~~s~~
~~1~-n~~~~~iri.~
J. 1 ~M

~~g~~:»~~~~~maaa~~m~m~m
~~Ziiii~~i~!iiiA
~ni ~~i~i~i
I1

~
~
~~ ~~~~~
1/1 ~~~~il ~r~~~I11~~r/~~1 ~ ■X11 ~~
~~t~llll~~~~//1~ ~~ 111 iN

~~~~~~i~l~i~~~~~ i I~ m~°
!il ■ UI
Q~

~ 10 ~~~~G~i' ui
~i~ _~
{' a~.. ~~r
~iw ~ ~ ~~~s
~r~,p~ pr ~~~~N_~i
# ~
1"1
~~~i~
~~l #~1~11~1~~i~~■Ii1~~~I~~tl
1
~ ■ ~O
~~~~~~1
~~~H~
~~~~~/~ ~~f~~i~ j 11/~~~1~~~~/l~il ~~~

.N 1 X1111 ~~INI ~~~1111L.+~~~I~'1 ~~~~I~r~ ■ ~ 1~ ~~

~.
a
~ 1 ---- Zi~i
~■rii~i~u~~ ~r~~~~iii0~~~~~~~_~
~r ■ n~~. r~~~~~ ~ i ~~ii~~4.ig~Ilriiiii ~i~i~ii% ~~
~~nwr'~'""' ~~uu~i'~~~~~'~'~'r"'~i~Ti~'rDCt ~~uii
~'~ ~'ui a ~nu~ ~~r ~~i~r ~n~u~ ~~ m
~ ru ~~~uu n'~ui~
n ~~~~~m ~~i~~n~ ~~~ ■~~ a~'i'~i`i~~~u~~
Ci'i~
■ ~iii~~ii~~~mi ~~~~ ~i ~~~~~~i ~~~m ~~~i~i n
~ «a~~~~~ri~i ~~~i~~~ ~i~~~im~~i~i ~i~i~i~i iNi
L

0.1
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Equivalent time

550

530

510

490 ~Q

470

450 ~'
a
430 •~

410 s
vi

390

370

350
1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1
10000000

Horner time ratio

Page 6 of 11
98-Pet-B5, May 2015

Question 6 (20 Marlcs)

Pressure and derivative plots for a drawdown test in a hydraulically fractured well are show in
the following. Given the reservoir and fluid properties estimate fracture half-length and skin
factor for this oil well. Assume an infinite conductivity hydraulic fracture. Required plots and
chart are given in the following.

Oil rate, q = 200 STBD, Time. pWe

Reservoir permeability,/~1.95 mD, (hours) (psia)
Formation thickness, h = 12 ft, 0.0000 3343
Oil formation volume factor, Bo = 1.325 bbUSTB, 3314
0.0010
Initial pressure, p; = 3343.40 psia
0.0040 3292
Porosity, ~ 11.8°/a,
0.0090 3269
Total compressibility, cr = 14.7 x 10"6 psi1
0.0128 3257
Wellbore radius, rw = 0.25 ft
0.0239 3228
Oil viscosity, ,c~ = 0.49 cP.
0.0320 3211
0.0426 3192
0.0564 3172

ISII 11~
a
'~
c~
'~ 1000

'Q 100
a
a,o
t
10
a,
L

°' 1
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Time (hours)

Page 7 of 11
98-Pet-B5, May 2015

3500

~• ~ ~~ ~~~
3300
■ •
3100 ~.: C 3~ :"

2900 ~~~~ ~ ~~~~s~~~~~~~

~...
:~CC ...5 :
::."C:.p:::"
... ~i.
.C.
zoo
~:.'~.0 .......~~.
2500 C......... ~.E....C:..~
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Question 7 (20 Marks)

A two-rate flow test has been conducted on a recently completed well in an undersaturated oil
infinite acting reservoir. The well is produced at 25 STBD for 24 hours. The rate is then
increased to 50 STBD for 72 hours. A flowing bottom hole wellbore pressure of 1000 psia has
been recorded at the end of the second flow period (i.e., total test period of 96 hours).
The test was interpreted by a fellow reservoir engineer and a formation permeability of 162.6
mD and a skin factor of 2 have been estimated. Calculate the initial reservoir pressure. Required
plot for calculations is given in the following.

Formation thickness, h = 50 ft,

Oil formation volume factor, Bo = 1.143 bbl/STB,
Porosity, ~ = 0.082,
Total compressibility, cr = 10.5x 10-6 psi1,
Oil viscosity, ,c~ = 1.278 cp,
Wellbore radius, rw = 0.45 ft.

Page 8 of 11
98-Pet-B5, May 2015

10

~-. 1
Q
d-

~
..--~ ~.~
w

~ 0.~1
Q

0.001

0.0001
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
tD

Plot of dimensionless pressure versus dimensionless time

Page 9 of 11
98-Pet-B5, May 2015

Formula Sheet

162.6gccBo
Slope of semi-log straight line, psi/cycle: m =
kh

Radius of investigation. ft: r ~ ~

948~,uc,
162.6gccB
Permeability-thickness product for double porosity reservoirs, mD-ft ~kh~f = kfh —
m
Average fracture permeability, mD kf = kfh / h
p~lhr~— pwf (~t = OJ
Skin factor for buildup test: S =1.151 _log k 2 + 3.23
~m~ ~,~rrw

Skin factor for drawdown test: S =1.151 p' p~lh~~ —log k + 3.23
~m~ ~,~~w
d~~ _ — 0.2~3~B° ,
Pseudo steady state equations: (psi/hr)
P

0.0744R'Bot
r t~ + R',~~ ln-e — 3 + S
~(,"' — p' ~c~heZ 0.00708kh rw 4
tp +0t
Horner time ratio:
Ot
0.000148k~t
Distance to fault, ft: L =
~~~
3'8 x 105 ~,uc,L2
The approximate time required for the slope to double, hr Ot -
k
qu o 0.0002637k rat
P~r' t~ = p' — 0.00708kh pD' ~ ~~~ ~° r Z

pD = ~ ~lnto + 0.809 only if tD>100, for tD <100 use the provide pD graph.

Gas wells build up

1637ggT
m=
kh
Plhr — Ppt~@
w fit- ~~ _log _—k
S'=1.151 p Z + 3.23
m ~,uc,r,~
Fracture half length

Page 10 of 11
98-Pet-B5, May 2015

o.s
4.064gBo
mh~ ~~

Nomenclature

Bo Oil formation volume factor bbl/STB

c, Total compressibility 1/psi
h Formation thickness ft
k Permeability mD
L Distance ft
P Pressure psia
pP Pseudo pressure psia2/cP
q Oil flow rate STBD
q~ Gas flow rate MSCFD
r Radius ft
S Skin factor dimensionless
T Temperature Rankin
t Time hr
V~ Pore volume ft3

~ Porosity fraction
~ Oil viscosity cP
'7 Hydraulic diffusivity ft2/Y►r
Subscripts
D dimensionless
e external Conversion Factors
f fracture 1 m' = 6.28981 bbl =35.3147 ft3
i initial lacre = 43560 ftZ
0 oil lac-ft = 7758 bbl
1Darcy = 9.869233x10-13 m2
p production
1 atm =14.6959488 psi =101.32500 kPa=1.01325 bar
t total 1 cP = 0.001 Pa-sec
w wellbore 1 m = 3.28084 ft = 39.3701 inch

Page 11 of 11