Chapter 12

Wave = wave is a source of transferring energy from one place to another

Simple harmonic motion = The acceleration of a body executing SHM is directly proportional to the
displacement from the mean position, and always directed towards the mean position.
Spring constant = The ratio of the external force acting on a spring to the increase in its length is called
the spring constant. Its unit is Nm-1.
Simple Pendulum = A simple pendulum consists of a single isolated bob suspended from a frictionless
support by a light inextensible string.
Mechanical waves = The kind of waves which require a medium for its propagation are called
mechanical waves.
Transverse waves = waves are the kind of mechanical waves in which particles of the medium vibrate
about their mean position perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the waves.
Compressional waves = The type of waves in which the direction of the vibratory motion of the
particles of medium is parallel to the direction of propagation of wave, are called compressional or
longitudinal.
Crest = Those parts of the transverse waves where the particles of the medium are above the normal
position are called 'crest'
Trough =Those parts of the transverse waves where the particles of the medium are below their normal
position are called 'trough.
Wave length = The distance between two consecutive crests or troughs is called wavelength
Frequency = The number of waves passing through a point in one second is called its frequency. The
unit of frequency is 'hertz.
Ripple tank =To over view the properties reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction etc of waves.
The simple apparatus is used called ripple tank.
Stroboscope = For the detailed analysis of these moving waves, they should be "frozen by one way or
the other. this is done by means of a device called stroboscope .
Reflection =When straight waves strike the hurdle in the path of waves perpendicular to the direction
of waves after striking it reflected in particular direction called Reflection.
Refraction =When a ray of light enters from one transparent medium to another transparent medium,
it bends away from its path This bending of waves from their incident path is called "Refraction.
Diffraction = Bending of waves around the comers or obstacles is called "Diffraction".
Interference= when particles of a medium are subjected to two waves simultaneously an interesting
phenomenon takes place and is called "Interference"
Constructive interference = If two identical waves propagate through a medium in such a way that
crest of one wave falls on the crest of the other and trough of the one falls on the trough of the other
generating a single wave of double the amplitude. Such an interference is called constructive
interference.
Destructive interference = If two identical waves influence each other in such a way, that the crest of
the one falls on the trough of the other, they cancel the affect of each other and as a result the surface
of the medium remains undisturbed. Such an interference is called destructive interference .
Stationary waves = When two identical waves pass through a medium along the same line in opposite
directions, then stationary waves are produced at certain frequencies.
Chapter 14
Total internal reflection = When a ray of light from denser medium enters a rarer medium in such a
way that angle of incidence is greater than critical angel, then the ray is reflected totally inside and does
not emerge out from the denser medium. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection.
Critical angle = The angle of incidence in the denser medium for which corresponding angle of
refraction is 90° in the rarer medium is called the critical angle. This angle of incidence is denoted by
C.
Prism = Prism is a transparent body having three rectangular and two triangular surfaces.
Angle of prism = The angle of the Triangular surface opposite to its base is known as "Angle of prism.
TOTALLY REFLECTING PRISM = A totally reflecting prism has one of its angle equal to 90 and
each of the remaining two angles equal to 45".
OPTICAL FIBRE =An optical fibre is made of a highly transparent fine strand of glass or plastic
coated or cladded with another type of glass whose respective index is less than the inner tube. Generally
the refractive index of inner tube is 1.52 and that of outer coating is 1.48.
Light Pipes = If several thousands of fine strands of optical fibres are bundled together then a flexible
light pipe is obtained is called light pipe.
Endoscope = Endoscope is such an instrument which is used for viewing and photographing of the
internal structure of human body by using light pipes.
Gastroscope = 'Gastroscope' is an instrument to View the stomach.
Branchoscope = Branchoscope is a instrument to examine the sore throat .
Cystoscope = Cystoscope is a instrument to examine liver.

Chapter 15
ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION = If in the presence of a charged body, an insulator has like charges
at one end and unlike charges at the other end then this is called the electrostatic induction.
Coulomb's law = The force of attraction or repulsion between two charged bodies is directly
proportional to the product of the quantity of charges on them and inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them.
Electric field = The electric field of a charge is a region of space surrounding it, in which a charge can
feel its electrostatic effect in the form of a force.
Electric intensity = The strength of the field at any point is known as electric intensity.
ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE = The direction of electric intensity in an electric field can also be
indicated by drawing lines. These lines are known as electric lines of force.
Capacitor = In order to store the charge for long periods, a device is used which is known Capacitor.
Dielectric =The medium between the two plates is air or a sheet of some insulator. This medium is
known as dielectric.
Fixed capacitor = If the capacitor is such that its plates are immovable, it is known as a fixed capacitor.
Its value does not change.
Variable capacitor = If in a parallel plate capacitor some arrangement is made so that the area of the
plates facing each other can be charged, then it is called a variable capacitor.
Chapter 16
OHM'S LAW =The value of current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference V applied across its ends, provided the temperature and the physical state of the
conductor does not change.
RESISTANCE = The property of a substance which opposes the flow of current through it is called its
resistance.
Galvanometer = Galvanometer is a very sensitive instrument by which we can detect the presence of
current in a circuit.
Potential Difference = The amount of work done between any two points against electric force to move
a unit positive charge from one point to the other is known as potential difference.
Resistance Thermometer = A thermometer in which the sensing element is a resistor whose resistance
is an accurately known function of temperature is known as resistance thermometer.
Voltmeter = An electrical instrument used to measure the potential difference between two points in a
circuit is known as voltmeter.
Joule's law = The amount of heat energy generated in a resistance due to the flow of electric current is
equal to the product of the square of the current “I”, the resistance “R” and the time duration 't'.
Electric Power = The amount of energy supplied by current in unit time is known as electric power.
The unit of electric power is joule per second or watt.
Kilowatt Hour = The amount of energy obtained by a power of one kilowatt in one hour is known as
kilowatt hour.
Chapter 17
Solenoid = A coil having a number of circular turns, situated side by side along straight line, is called
a solenoid.(or) solenoid is closely wound cylindrical coil of insulated wire.
Faraday's Law = The value of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux.
This is known as Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction.
Mutual induction = If a current is induced in a circuit due to a change of current in another circuit, this
phenomenon is known as mutual induction.

Chapter 18
Radioactivity =Radioactivity is such a process in which the elements with the charge number greater
than 82, naturally keep on radiating.
Radioactive Isotopes = The radioactive elements whose atomic numbers are the same but have
different atomic mass numbers are called Radioactive Isotopes.
Alpha rays =1: The Alpha rays are emitted by radioactive elements.
2: Alpha rays ionize the gas through which they pass.
3: Alpha rays affect the photographic plates.
Beta rays = 1: Beta rays are emitted by the radioactive elements with great speed. Their speed ranges
from one percent to 99% that of speed of light.
2: Beta rays produce ionization in air, but this ionization is nearly 1/100 times less than that produced
by Alpha rays.
3: They produce fluorescence in Barium platinocynide .
Gamma rays =1: They move with the speed of light.
2: The ionization produced in a gas, by them, is very small as compared to a or Beta rays.
3: Gamma rays affect photographic plates but this effect is much higher than that of Beta rays.
Half life = The half life of an element is that time during which number of atoms of that element are
reduced to one half.
Stable Nuclides = Nuclei which do not emit radiations naturally are called stable nuclei.
Unstable Nuclides = The elements whose atomic number is greater than 82, are natural unstable.
Radio isotopes = The stable elements can also be changed into unstable form by bombarding them with
neutrons. Such elements are called radio isotopes.
Fission Reaction = Breaking of a nucleus into two parts with the release of large amount of energy is
called fission reaction.
Fusion Reaction = A reaction in which a few small nuclei diffuse to form a heavy nucleus is called the
fusion reaction.

Chapter 19
Electronics = The branch of physics in which different types of work can be performed by controlling
the flow of electrons is called electronics.
Conductor = The substances. in which electric current flows easily are called Conductor. For example
gold, silver, copper, aluminum and other metals.
Insulator = These are the substances through which electric current does not flow. For example mica,
plastic, rubber, glass etc.
Semi-conductor = These are the substances, whose ability to conduct current at room temperature, lies
midway between conductors and insulators.
N-type semiconductor = When a pentavalent impurity is added to a pure semiconductor crystal, then
it is known as n-type semiconductor.
P-type semi-conductor = When a trivalent impurity is added to a pure semiconductor crystal, then is
known as p-type semiconductor.
P-N junction = If a crystal of silicon or germanium is doped in such a way that its one part becomes
n-type and other P-type, then a p-n junction would be formed in between.
Transistor = Such semiconductor device which is used to amplify, control and generate the electric
signals is known as a transistor.
N-P-N Transistor = If a crystal of germanium or silicon is doped in such a way that n-type regions are
formed at its two sides with a very thin P-type region in between, it forms a n-p-n transistor.
P-N-P Transistor =If a crystal of germanium or silicon is doped in such a way that p-type regions are
formed at its two sides with a very thin n-type region in between, it forms a p-n-p transistor.
Boolean Variable = Such things which have only two states are known as Boolean variables.
AND Operation = Such a logic operation which have the value of its output only “I” when all of its
inputs are at “I” is known as AND operation.
AND Gate = The circuit which implements the AND operation is known as AND gate.
NOT Operation = Such an operation whose output is inverse of the input is known as NOT operation.
NOT Gate = The electronic circuit which implements NOT operation is known as NOT gate.