Linear Relations

and Functions
• Lesson 2-1 Analyze relations and functions.
Key Vocabulary
• Lessons 2-2 and 2-4 Identify, graph, and write • linear equation (p. 63)
linear equations. • linear function (p. 63)
• Lesson 2-3 Find the slope of a line. • slope (p. 68)
• Lesson 2-5 Draw scatter plots and find prediction • slope-intercept form (p. 75)
equations. • point-slope form (p. 76)
• Lessons 2-6 and 2-7 Graph special functions, linear
inequalities, and absolute value inequalities.

Linear equations can be used to model relationships between many

real-world quantities. One of the most common uses of a linear model
is to make predictions.
Most hot springs are the result of groundwater passing through
or near recently formed, hot, igneous rocks. Iceland, Yellowstone
Park in the United States, and North Island of New Zealand are
noted for their hot springs. You will use a linear equation to find the
temperature of underground rocks in Lesson 2-2.

54 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Prerequisite Skills To be successful in this chapter, you’ll need to master
these skills and be able to apply them in problem-solving situations. Review
these skills before beginning Chapter 2.

For Lesson 2-1 Identify Points on a Coordinate Plane

Write the ordered pair for each point. y
A B
1. A 2. B
3. C 4. D
D
5. E 6. F C O x
F

For Lesson 2-1 Evaluate Expressions

Evaluate each expression if a ⫽ ⫺1, b ⫽ 3, c ⫽ ⫺2, and d ⫽ 0. (For review, see Lesson 1-1.)

7. c ⫹ d 8. 4c ⫺ b 9. a2 ⫺ 5a ⫹ 3
a⫺b a⫹c
10. 2b2 ⫹ b ⫹ 7 11. ᎏᎏ 12. ᎏᎏ
c⫺d b⫹c

For Lesson 2-4 Simplify Expressions

Simplify each expression. (For review, see Lesson 1-2.)
13. x ⫺ (⫺1) 14. x ⫺ (⫺5) 15. 2[x ⫺ (⫺3)]
1 1
16. 4[x ⫺ (⫺2)] 17. ᎏᎏ[x ⫺ (⫺4)] 18. ᎏᎏ[x ⫺ (⫺6)]
2 3

For Lessons 2-6 and 2-7 Evaluate Expressions with Absolute Value
Evaluate each expression if x = ⫺3, y = 4, and z = ⫺4.5. (For review, see Lesson 1-4.)
19. x 20. y 21. 5x
22. ⫺2z 23. 5y ⫹ z 24. ⫺3x ⫹ y ⫺ x ⫹ z

Make this Foldable to help you organize information about

relations and functions. Begin with two sheets of grid paper.

Fold Cut and Label

Fold in half Cut the top Graphing Graphing

along the width Linear Linear
three sheets and
and staple along label as shown. Relations Functions
the fold.

Reading and Writing As you read and study the chapter, write notes, examples,
and graphs under the tabs.

Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions 55

 Relations and Functions

• Analyze and graph relations.

• Find functional values.

Vocabulary do relations and functions apply to biology?

• ordered pair The table shows the average lifetime
• Cartesian coordinate and maximum lifetime for some Average Maximum
plane animals. The data can also be Animal Lifetime Lifetime
• quadrant represented as ordered pairs . The (years) (years)
• relation ordered pairs for the data are (12, 28), Cat 12 28
• domain (15, 30), (8, 20), (12, 20), and (20, 50).
Cow 15 30
• range The first number in each ordered pair
is the average lifetime, and the second Deer 8 20
• function
number is the maximum lifetime. Dog 12 20
• mapping
• one-to-one function (12, 28) Horse 20 50
average maximum
←
←

• vertical line test Source: The World Almanac

• independent variable lifetime lifetime
• dependent variable
• functional notation
GRAPH RELATIONS You can graph the Animal Lifetimes
ordered pairs above by creating a coordinate
system with two axes. Each point represents
60
one of the ordered pairs above. Remember that Maximum Lifetime
50
each point in the coordinate plane can be named
40
by exactly one ordered pair and that every
30
ordered pair names exactly one point in the
coordinate plane. 20
10

The graph of the animal lifetime data lies 0 5 10 15 20 25

in only one part of the Cartesian coordinate Average Lifetime
plane—the part with all positive numbers. The
Cartesian coordinate plane is composed of The vertical axis represents the
the x-axis (horizontal) and the y-axis (vertical), maximum lifetime. The horizontal
which meet at the origin (0, 0) and divide the axis represents the average
plane into four quadrants. The points on the two lifetime.
axes do not lie in any quadrant.

In general, any ordered pair in the coordinate Quadrant II Quadrant I

y-axis
plane can be written in the form (x, y).
x -coordinate
(3, 2)
origin
A relation is a set of ordered pairs, such as y -coordinate
Study Tip the one for the longevity of animals. The O x-axis
domain of a relation is the set of all first
Reading Math coordinates (x-coordinates) from the ordered
An x-coordinate is
sometimes called pairs, and the range is the set of all second
Quadrant III Quadrant IV
an abscissa, and a coordinates (y-coordinates) from the ordered
y-coordinate is pairs. The graph of a relation is the set of points Assume that each square on a
sometimes called an in the coordinate plane corresponding to the graph represents 1 unit unless
ordinate. ordered pairs in the relation. otherwise labeled.

56 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 A function is a special type of relation in which each {(ⴚ3, 1), (0, 2), (2, 4)}
element of the domain is paired with exactly one element of Domain Range
the range. A mapping shows how each member of the
domain is paired with each member of the range.
⫺3 1
The first two relations shown below are functions. The 0 2
third relation is not a function because the ⫺3 in the 2 4
domain is paired with both 0 and 6 in the range. A function
like the first one below, where each element of the range is
paired with exactly one element of the domain, is called a
one-to-one function.

Functions
{(ⴚ3, 1), (0, 2), (2, 4)} {(ⴚ1, 5), (1, 3), (4, 5)} {(5, 6), (ⴚ3, 0), (1, 1), (ⴚ3, 6)}
Domain Range Domain Range Domain Range

⫺3 1 ⫺1 ⫺3 0
0 2 1 3 1 1
2 4 4 5 5 6

one-to-one function function, not a function

not one-to-one

Example 1 Domain and Range

State the domain and range of the relation shown in the y
graph. Is the relation a function? (⫺4, 3) (2, 3)
The relation is {(⫺4, 3), (⫺1, ⫺2), (0, ⫺4), (2, 3), (3, ⫺3)}.
The domain is {⫺4, ⫺1, 0, 2, 3}.
The range is {⫺4, ⫺3, ⫺2, 3}. O x
(⫺1, ⫺2) (3, ⫺3)
Each member of the domain is paired with exactly one
member of the range, so this relation is a function. (0, ⫺4)

You can use the vertical line test to determine whether a relation is a function.

Vertical Line Test

• Words If no vertical line intersects a If some vertical line intersects a
graph in more than one point, graph in two or more points, the
the graph represents a function. graph does not represent a
function.
• Models y y

O
x O x

In Example 1, there is no vertical line that contains more than one of the points.
Therefore, the relation is a function.
Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions 57
 Example 2 Vertical Line Test
GEOGRAPHY The table shows the population of the Population
state of Indiana over the last several decades. Graph this Year
(millions)
information and determine whether it represents a
function. 1950 3.9
1960 4.7
1970 5.2
1980 5.5
Population of Indiana 1990 5.5
Study Tip 7
6.1
2000 6.1
5.5
Vertical Line Test 6 Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Population

4.7
(millions)
You can use a pencil to 5
Use the vertical line test. Notice
represent a vertical line. 4 5.5
5.2 that no vertical line can be drawn
Slowly move the pencil to 3
the right across the graph 3.9 that contains more than one of
2 the data points. Therefore, this
to see if it intersects the
0 relation is a function. Notice also
graph at more than one ’50 ’60 ’70 ’80 ’90 ’00
point. Year
that each year is paired with only one
population value.

EQUATIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS Relations and functions

can also be represented by equations. The solutions of an equation in x and y are
the set of ordered pairs (x, y) that make the equation true.
Consider the equation y ⫽ 2x ⫺ 6. Since x can be any real number, the domain has
an infinite number of elements. To determine whether an equation represents a
function, it is often simplest to look at the graph of the relation.

Example 3 Graph Is a Line

a. Graph the relation represented by y ⴝ 2x ⴙ 1.
Make a table of values to find ordered pairs that satisfy the equation.
Choose values for x and find the corresponding values for y. Then graph
the ordered pairs.
y
x y x y
⫺1 ⫺1 ⫺1 (2, 5)
←
0 0 1 (1, 3)
1 1 3
(0, 1)
2 2 5
O x
(⫺1, ⫺1)

b. Find the domain and range.

Since x can be any real number, there is an infinite number of ordered pairs
that can be graphed. All of them lie on the line shown. Notice that every real
number is the x-coordinate of some point on the line. Also, every real number
is the y-coordinate of some point on the line. So the domain and range are both
all real numbers.

c. Determine whether the relation is a function.

This graph passes the vertical line test. For each x value, there is exactly one
y value, so the equation y ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1 represents a function.

58 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Example 4 Graph Is a Curve
a. Graph the relation represented by x ⴝ y2 ⴚ 2.
Make a table. In this case, it is easier to choose y values and then find the
corresponding values for x. Then sketch the graph, connecting the points
with a smooth curve.
y
x y x y
(2, 2)
⫺2 2 ⫺2 (⫺1, 1)

⫺1 ⫺1 ⫺1
← (⫺2, 0)

0 ⫺2 0 O x
1 ⫺1 1 (⫺1, ⫺1)
2 2 2 (2,⫺2)

b. Find the domain and range.

Every real number is the y-coordinate of some point on the graph, so the
range is all real numbers. But, only real numbers greater than or equal to ⫺2
are x-coordinates of points on the graph. So the domain is {xx ⱖ ⫺2}.
c. Determine whether the relation is a function.
You can see from the table and the vertical line test that there are two y values
for each x value except x ⫽ ⫺2. Therefore, the equation x ⫽ y2 ⫺ 2 does not
represent a function.
Study Tip
Reading Math When an equation represents a function, the variable, usually x, whose values
Suppose you have make up the domain is called the independent variable . The other variable, usually
a job that pays by the y, is called the dependent variable because its values depend on x.
hour. Since your pay Equations that represent functions are often written in functional notation. The
depends on the number
equation y ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1 can be written as f(x) ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1. The symbol f(x) replaces the y
of hours you work, you
might say that your pay
and is read “f of x.” The f is just the name of the function. It is not a variable that is
is a function of the multiplied by x. Suppose you want to find the value in the range that corresponds
number of hours you to the element 4 in the domain of the function. This is written as f(4) and is read
work. “f of 4.” The value f(4) is found by substituting 4 for each x in the equation.
Therefore, f(4) = 2(4) + 1 or 9. Letters other than f can be used to represent a function.
For example, g(x) ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1.

Example 5 Evaluate a Function

TEACHING TIP Given f(x) ⴝ x2 ⴙ 2 and g(x) ⴝ 0.5x2 ⴚ 5x ⴙ 3.5, find each value.
a. f(ⴚ3)
f(x) ⫽ x2 ⫹ 2 Original function
f(⫺3) ⫽ (⫺3)2 ⫹2 Substitute.
⫽ 9 ⫹ 2 or 11 Simplify.
b. g(2.8)
g(x) ⫽ 0.5x2 ⫺ 5x ⫹ 3.5 Original function
g(2.8) ⫽ 0.5(2.8)2 ⫺ 5(2.8) ⫹ 3.5 Estimate: g(3) ⫽ 0.5(3)2 ⫺ 5(3) ⫹ 3.5 or ⫺7
⫽ 3.92 ⫺ 14 ⫹ 3.5 Multiply.
⫽ ⫺6.58 Compare with the estimate.
c. f(3z)
f(x) ⫽ x2 ⫹ 2 Original function
f(3z) ⫽ (3z)2 ⫹ 2 Substitute.
⫽ 9z2 ⫹2 (ab)2 = a2b2

www.algebra2.com/extra_examples Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions 59

 Concept Check 1. OPEN ENDED Write a relation of four ordered pairs that is not a function.
2. Copy the graph at the right. Then draw a vertical line that y
shows that the graph does not represent a function.
3. FIND THE ERROR Teisha and Molly are finding g(2a) for
the function g(x)
x2  x  1.
O x
Teisha Molly

g(2a) = 2(a2 + a – 1) g(2a) = (2a)2 + 2a – 1

= 2a2 + 2a – 2 = 4a2 + 2a – 1
Who is correct? Explain your reasoning.

Guided Practice Determine whether each relation is a function. Write yes or no.
GUIDED PRACTICE KEY 4. D R 5. 6. y
x y
3 1 5 2 (᎐1 , 4)
2 5 (2, 3)
⫺6
10 2
(2, 2)
15 2
(3 , 1)
20 2
O x

Graph each relation or equation and find the domain and range. Then determine
whether the relation or equation is a function.
7. {(7, 8), (7, 5), (7, 2), (7, 1)} 8. {(6, 2.5), (3, 2.5), (4, 2.5)}
9. y
2x  1 10. x
y2
11. Find f(5) if f(x)
x2  3x. 12. Find h(2) if h(x)
x3  1.

Application WEATHER For Exercises 13–16, use the table of

City Jan. July
record high temperatures (°F) for January and July.
Los Angeles 88 97
13. Identify the domain and range. Assume that
the January temperatures are the domain. Sacramento 70 114
San Diego 88 95
14. Write a relation of ordered pairs for the data.
San Francisco 72 105
15. Graph the relation.
Source: U.S. National Oceanic and
16. Is this relation a function? Explain. Atmospheric Administration

Practice and Apply

Homework Help Determine whether each relation is a function. Write yes or no.
For See
Exercises Examples 17. D R 18. D R 19.
x y
17–28 1, 2 1
29–32 3 10 1 3 0.5 3
20 2 3
33, 34 4 2
30 3 5 2 0.8
35–45, 55 2 ⫺1 7
0.5 8
46–54, 56 5

Extra Practice 20. x y 21. y 22. y

See page 830.
2000 $4000
2001 $4300 x
O
2002 $4000 O x
2003 $4500

60 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Graph each relation or equation and find the domain and range. Then determine
whether the relation or equation is a function.
23. {(2, 1), (⫺3, 0), (1, 5)} 24. {(4, 5), (6, 5), (3, 5)}
25. {(⫺2, 5), (3, 7), (⫺2, 8)} 26. {(3, 4), (4, 3), (6, 5), (5, 6)}
27. {(0, ⫺1.1), (2, ⫺3), (1.4, 2), (⫺3.6, 8)} 28. {(⫺2.5, 1), (⫺1, ⫺1), (0, 1), (⫺1, 1)}
29. y ⫽ ⫺5x 30. y ⫽ 3x
31. y ⫽ 3x ⫺ 4 32. y ⫽ 7x ⫺ 6
33. y ⫽ x2 34. x ⫽ 2y2 ⫺ 3

SPORTS For Exercises 35–37, use the table that shows the leading home run and
runs batted in totals in the American League for 1996–2000.
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
HR 52 56 56 48 47
RBI 148 147 157 165 145
Source: The World Almanac

35. Make a graph of the data with home runs on the horizontal axis and runs batted
in on the vertical axis.
36. Identify the domain and range.
37. Does the graph represent a function? Explain your reasoning.

Sports FINANCE For Exercises 38–41, use the table that shows a Year Price
The major league record company’s stock price in recent years.
1997 $39
for runs batted in (RBIs) is 38. Write a relation to represent the data.
191 by Hack Wilson. 1998 $43
39. Graph the relation.
Source: www.baseball- 1999 $48
almanac.com 40. Identify the domain and range. 2000 $55
41. Is the relation a function? Explain your reasoning. 2001 $61
2002 $52

GOVERNMENT For Exercises 42–45, use the table below that shows the number
of members of the U.S. House of Representatives with 30 or more consecutive
years of service in Congress from 1987 to 1999.

Year 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

Representatives
12 12 13 11 12 9 6 3
Source: Congressional Directory

42. Write a relation to represent the data.

43. Graph the relation.
44. Identify the domain and range.
45. Is the relation a function? If so, is it a one-to-one function? Explain.

Find each value if f(x) ⴝ 3x ⴚ 5 and g(x) ⴝ x2 ⴚ x.

48. g冢ᎏᎏ冣
1
46. f(⫺3) 47. g(3)
3
49. f 冢ᎏᎏ冣
2
50. f(a) 51. g(5n)
3

52. Find the value of f(x) ⫽ ⫺3x + 2 when x ⫽ 2.

53. What is g(4) if g(x) ⫽ x2 ⫺ 5?
www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions 61
 54. HOBBIES Chaz has a collection of 15 CDs. After he gets a part-time job,
he decides to buy 3 more CDs every time he goes to the music store. The
function C(t)  15
3t counts the number of CDs, C(t), he has after t trips
to the music store. How many CDs will he have after he has been to the music
store 8 times?

55. CRITICAL THINKING If f(3a  1)  12a  7, find f(x).

56. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of
the lesson.
How do relations and functions apply to biology?
Include the following in your answer:
• an explanation of how a relation can be used to represent data, and
• a sentence that includes the words average lifetime, maximum lifetime, and
function.

Standardized 57. If f(x)  2x  5, then f(0) 

Test Practice A 0. B 5. C 3. D
5
 .
2
58. If g(x) = x2, then g(x
1) 
A 1. B x2
1. C x2
2x
1. D x2  x.

Extending A function whose graph consists of disconnected points is called a discrete function.
the Lesson A function whose graph you can draw without lifting your pencil is called a
continuous function. Determine whether each function is discrete or continuous.
59. f (x ) 60. f (x )

O x
O x

61. {(3, 0), (1, 1), (1, 3)} 62. y  x
4

Maintain Your Skills

Mixed Review Solve each inequality. (Lessons 1-5 and 1-6)
63. y
1  7 64. 5  m   1 65. x  5  0.1

SHOPPING For Exercises 66 and 67, use the following information.

Javier had $25.04 when he went to the mall. His friend Sally had $32.67. Javier
wanted to buy a shirt for $27.89. (Lesson 1-3)
66. How much money did he have to borrow from Sally to buy the shirt?
67. How much money did that leave Sally?

Simplify each expression. (Lessons 1-1 and 1-2)

68. 32(22  12)
42 69. 3(5a
6b)
8(2a  b)

Getting Ready for PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation. Check your solution.
the Next Lesson (To review solving equations, see Lesson 1-3.)
1 1
70. x
3  2 71. 4
2y  0 72. 0  x  3 73. x  4  1
2 3
62 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
 Linear Equations

• Identify linear equations and functions.

• Write linear equations in standard form and graph them.

Vocabulary do linear equations relate to time spent studying?

• linear equation y
Lolita has 4 hours after dinner to study and do
• linear function homework. She has brought home math and
• standard form chemistry. If she spends x hours on math and y hours
• y-intercept x
y4
on chemistry, a portion of the graph of the equation
• x-intercept x ⫹ y ⫽ 4 can be used to relate how much time she
spends on each.
O x

IDENTIFY LINEAR EQUATIONS AND FUNCTIONS An equation such as

x ⫹ y ⫽ 4 is called a linear equation. A linear equation has no operations other than
addition, subtraction, and multiplication of a variable by a constant. The variables
may not be multiplied together or appear in a denominator. A linear equation does
not contain variables with exponents other than 1. The graph of a linear equation is
TEACHING TIP always a line.
Linear equations Not linear equations
5x ⫺ 3y ⫽ 7 7a ⫹ 4b2 ⫽ ⫺8
x⫽9 y ⫽ 兹苶
x⫹5
6s ⫽ ⫺3t ⫺ 15 x ⫹ xy ⫽ 1
1 1
y ⫽ ᎏ ᎏx y ⫽ ᎏᎏ
2 x

A linear function is a function whose ordered pairs satisfy a linear equation. Any
linear function can be written in the form f(x) ⫽ mx ⫹ b, where m and b are real
numbers.

Example 1 Identify Linear Functions

State whether each function is a linear function. Explain.

a. f(x) ⴝ 10 ⴚ 5x This is a linear function because it can be written as

f(x) ⫽ ⫺5x ⫹ 10. m ⫽ ⫺5, b ⫽ 10

b. g(x) ⴝ x4 ⴚ 5 This is not a linear function because x has an exponent

other than 1.

c. h(x, y) ⴝ 2xy This is not a linear function because the two variables are
multiplied together.

Lesson 2-2 Linear Equations 63

 Example 2 Evaluate a Linear Function
MILITARY In August 2000, the Russian submarine Kursk sank to a depth of
350 feet in the Barents Sea. The linear function P(d) ⴝ 62.5d ⴙ 2117 can be used
to find the pressure (lb/ft2) at a depth of d feet below the surface of the water.
a. Find the pressure at a depth of 350 feet.
P(d) ⫽ 62.5d ⫹ 2117 Original function
P(350) ⫽ 62.5(350) ⫹ 2117 Substitute.
⫽ 23,992 Simplify.
The pressure at a depth of 350 feet is about 24,000 lb/ft2.

b. The term 2117 in the function represents the atmospheric pressure at the
surface of the water. How many times as great is the pressure at a depth of
350 feet as the pressure at the surface?
Military Divide the pressure 350 feet below the surface by the pressure at the surface.
To avoid decompression
23,992
sickness, it is recommended ᎏᎏ ⬇ 11.33 Use a calculator.
2117
that divers ascend no faster
than 30 feet per minute. The pressure at that depth is more than 11 times as great as the pressure at the
Source: www.emedicine.com surface.

STANDARD FORM Any linear equation can be written in standard form,

Ax ⫹ By ⫽ C, where A, B, and C are integers whose greatest common factor is 1.

Standard Form of a Linear Equation

The standard form of a linear equation is Ax ⫹ By ⫽ C, where A ⱖ 0, A and B are
not both zero.

Example 3 Standard Form

Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C.
a. y ⴝ ⴚ2x ⴙ 3
y ⫽ ⫺2x ⫹ 3 Original equation
2x ⫹ y ⫽ 3 Add 2x to each side.

So, A ⫽ 2, B ⫽ 1, and C ⫽ 3.
3
b. ⴚᎏᎏx ⴝ 3y ⴚ 2
5
3
⫺ᎏᎏx ⫽ 3y ⫺ 2 Original equation
5
3
⫺ᎏᎏx ⫺ 3y ⫽ ⫺2 Subtract 3y from each side.
5
3x ⫹ 15y ⫽ 10 Multiply each side by ⫺5 so that the coefficients are integers and A ⱖ 0.

So, A ⫽ 3, B ⫽ 15, and C ⫽ 10.

c. 3x ⴚ 6y ⴚ 9 ⴝ 0
3x ⫺ 6y ⫺ 9 ⫽ 0 Original equation
3x ⫺ 6y ⫽ 9 Add 9 to each side.
x ⫺ 2y ⫽ 3 Divide each side by 3 so that the coefficients have a GCF of 1.

So, A ⫽ 1, B ⫽ ⫺2, and C ⫽ 3.

64 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Study Tip In Lesson 2-1, you graphed an equation or function by making a table of values,
graphing enough ordered pairs to see a pattern, and connecting the points with a
Vertical and line or smooth curve. Since two points determine a line, there are quicker ways to
Horizontal Lines graph a linear equation or function. One way is to find the points at which the
An equation of the form graph intersects each axis and connect them with a line. The y-coordinate of the
x
C represents a point at which a graph crosses the y-axis is called the y-intercept. Likewise, the
vertical line, which has
only an x-intercept. y
C
x-coordinate of the point at which it crosses the x-axis is the x-intercept .
represents a horizontal
line, which has only a Example 4 Use Intercepts to Graph a Line
y-intercept.
Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of 3x ⴚ 4y ⴙ 12 ⴝ 0. Then
graph the equation.
The x-intercept is the value of x when y
0.
TEACHING TIP 3x  4y  12
0 Original equation
3x  4(0)  12
0 Substitute 0 for y.
3x
12 Subtract 12 from each side.
x
4 Divide each side by 3.
The x-intercept is 4. The graph crosses the x-axis at (4, 0).
Likewise, the y-intercept is the value of y when x
0. y
3x  4y  12
0 Original equation
3(0)  4y  12
0 Substitute 0 for x.
4y
12 Subtract 12 from each side. (0, 3)

y
3 Divide each side by 4. (⫺4, 0)

O x
The y-intercept is 3. The graph crosses the y-axis at (0, 3).
Use these ordered pairs to graph the equation.

x2
Concept Check 1. Explain why f(x)
 is a linear function.
2
y

2. Name the x- and y-intercepts of the graph shown at

the right.
O x
3. OPEN ENDED Write an equation of a line with an
x-intercept of 2.

Guided Practice State whether each equation or function is linear. Write yes or no. If no, explain your
reasoning.
GUIDED PRACTICE KEY 4. x2  y2
4 5. h(x)
1.1  2x

Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C.

2
6. y
3x  5 7. 4x
10y  6 8. y
x  1
3

Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then graph
the equation.
9. y
3x  5 10. x  y  2
0
11. 3x  2y
6 12. 4x  8y
12
www.algebra2.com/extra_examples Lesson 2-2 Linear Equations 65
 Application ECONOMICS For Exercises 13 and 14, use the following information.
On January 1, 1999, the euro became legal tender in 11 participating countries
in Europe. Based on the exchange rate on March 22, 2001, the linear function
d(x)  0.8881x could be used to convert x euros to U.S. dollars.
13. On that date, what was the value in U.S. dollars of 200 euros?
14. On that date, what was the value in euros of 500 U.S. dollars?

Online Research Data Update How do the dollar and the euro compare
today? Visit www.algebra2.com/data_update to convert among currencies.

Practice and Apply

Homework Help State whether each equation or function is linear. Write yes or no. If no, explain
For See your reasoning.
Exercises Examples 1
15. x  y  5 16.

 3y  5
15–24 1 x
25, 26 2 17. x  兹y苶  4 18. h(x)  2x3  4x2  5
27–38 3
39–52 4 2
19. g(x)  10 

2 20. f(x)  6x  19
53–60 2, 4 x
21. f(x)  7x5  x  1 22. y  兹苶
2x  5
Extra Practice
See page 830.
23. Which of the equations x  9y  7, x2  5y  0, and y  3x  1 is not linear?
24. Which of the functions f(x)  2x  4, g(x)  7, and h(x)  x3  x2  3x is not
linear?

PHYSICS For Exercises 25 and 26, use the following information.

When a sound travels through water, the distance y in meters that the sound travels
in x seconds is given by the equation y  1440x.
25. How far does a sound travel underwater in 5 seconds?
26. In air, the equation is y  343x. Does sound travel faster in air or water? Explain.

Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C.

27. y  3x  4 28. y  12x 29. x  4y  5
30. x  7y  2 31. 5y  10x  25 32. 4x  8y  12
1 1 1 1
33.

x 

y  6 34.

x 

y  2 35. 0.5x  3
2 2 3 3
5 1 3
36. 0.25y  10 37.

x 

y 

38. 0.25x  0.1  0.2y
6 15 10

Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then graph
the equation.
39. 5x  3y  15 40. 2x  6y  12 41. 3x  4y  10  0
42. 2x + 5y  10  0 43. y  x 44. y  4x  2
45. y  2 46. y  4 47. x  8
48. x  1 49. f(x)  4x  1 50. g(x)  0.5x  3

CRITICAL THINKING For Exercises 51 and 52, use x ⴙ y ⴝ 0, x ⴙ y ⴝ 5, and

x ⴙ y ⴝ ⴚ5.
51. Graph the equations on a coordinate plane. Compare and contrast the graphs.
52. Write a linear equation whose graph is between the graphs of x  y  0 and
x  y  5.
66 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
 GEOLOGY For Exercises 53–55, use the following information.
Suppose the temperature T (°C) below Earth’s surface is given by T(d) ⫽ 35d ⫹ 20,
where d is the depth (km).
53. Find the temperature at a depth of 2 kilometers.
54. Find the depth if the temperature is 160°C.
55. Graph the linear function.

FUND-RAISING For Exercises 56–59, use the following information.

The Jackson Band Boosters sell beverages for $1.75 and candy for $1.50 at home
games. Their goal is to have total sales of $525 for each game.
56. Write an equation that is a model for the different numbers of beverages and
candy that can be sold to meet the goal.
57. Graph the equation.
Geology 58. Does this equation represent a function? Explain.
Geothermal energy from 59. If they sell 100 beverages and 200 pieces of candy, will the Band Boosters meet
hot springs is being used their goal?
for electricity in California,
Italy, and Iceland. 60. GEOMETRY Find the area of the shaded region in the y
graph. (Hint: The area of a trapezoid is given by
y 
x  5
1
A ⫽ ᎏᎏh(b1 ⫹ b2).)
2

61. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question that was x

posed at the beginning of the lesson. O
How do linear equations relate to time spent studying?
Include the following in your answer:
• why only the part of the graph in the first quadrant is shown, and
• an interpretation of the graph’s intercepts in terms of the amount of time
Lolita spends on each subject.

Standardized 62. Which function is linear?

Test Practice A f(x) ⫽ x2 B g(x) ⫽ 2.7 C g(x) ⫽ 兹苶
x⫺1 D f(x) ⫽ 兹苶
9 ⫺ x2
63. What is the y-intercept of the graph of 10 ⫺ x ⫽ 2y?
A 2 B 5 C 6 D 10

Maintain Your Skills

Mixed Review State the domain and range of each relation. Then graph the relation and
determine whether it is a function. (Lesson 2-1)
64. {(⫺1, 5), (1, 3), (2, ⫺4), (4, 3)} 65. {(0, 2), (1, 3), (2, ⫺1), (1, 0)}

Solve each inequality. (Lesson 1-6)

66. ⫺2 ⬍ 3x ⫹ 1 ⬍ 7 67. x ⫹ 4 ⬎ 2

68. TAX Including a 6% sales tax, a paperback book costs $8.43. What is the price
before tax? (Lesson 1-3)
Simplify each expression. (Lesson 1-1)
69. (9s ⫺ 4) ⫺ 3(2s ⫺ 6) 70. [19 ⫺ (8 ⫺ 1)] ⫼ 3

Getting Ready for BASIC SKILL Find the reciprocal of each number.
the Next Lesson 71. 3 72. ⫺4
1
73. ᎏᎏ 74. ⫺ᎏᎏ
2
2 3
1 3
75. ⫺ᎏᎏ 76. 3ᎏᎏ 77. 2.5 78. ⫺1.25
5 4
www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz Lesson 2-2 Linear Equations 67
 Slope

• Find and use the slope of a line.

• Graph parallel and perpendicular lines.

Vocabulary does slope apply to

the steepness of roads?
• slope
• rate of change The grade of a road is a percent that
• family of graphs measures the steepness of the road. rise
• parent graph It is found by dividing the amount
• oblique the road rises by the corresponding
horizontal distance. horizontal distance

SLOPE The slope of a line is the ratio of the change in y

y-coordinates to the corresponding change in x-coordinates.
x 2
x1
The slope measures how steep a line is.
Suppose a line passes through points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2). y 2
y1 (x , y )
2 2
The change in y-coordinates is y2 ⫺ y1. The change in (x , y )
x-coordinates is x2 ⫺ x1. 1 1

change in y-coordinates
Study Tip slope ⫽ ᎏᎏᎏ
change in x-coordinates
O x

Slope y ⫺y
⫽ᎏ
2
ᎏ1
The formula for slope is x2 ⫺ x1
often remembered as
rise over run, where The slope of a line is the same, no matter what two points on the line are used.
the rise is the difference
in y-coordinates and the Slope of a Line
run is the difference in
x-coordinates. • Words The slope of a line is the ratio of the change in y-coordinates to the
change in x-coordinates.
• Symbols The slope m of the line passing through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given
y2 ⫺ y1
by m ⫽ ᎏ ᎏ, where x1 ⫽ x2.
x2 ⫺ x1

Example 1 Find Slope

Find the slope of the line that passes through (
1, 4) and (1,
2). Then graph
the line.
y ⫺y y
m⫽ᎏ
2
ᎏ1
Slope formula (
1, 4)
x2 ⫺ x1
TEACHING TIP
⫺2 ⫺ 4
⫽ ᎏᎏ (x1, y1)
(⫺1, 4), (x2, y2)
(1, ⫺2)
1 ⫺ (⫺1)
⫺6 O x
⫽ ᎏᎏ or ⫺3 Simplify.
2 (1,
2)
The slope of the line is ⫺3.
Graph the two ordered pairs and draw the line. Use the slope to check your graph
by selecting any point on the line. Then go down 3 units and right 1 unit or go up
3 units and left 1 unit. This point should also be on the line.

68 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Example 2 Use Slope to Graph a Line
2 y
Graph the line passing through (ⴚ4, ⴚ3) with a slope of ᎏᎏ.
3
O
Graph the ordered pair (⫺4, ⫺3). Then, according to the x
(⫺1, ⫺1)
slope, go up 2 units and right 3 units. Plot the new point
at (⫺1, ⫺1). You can also go right 3 units and then up 2 units to (⫺4, ⫺3)
plot the new point.

Draw the line containing the points.

The slope of a line tells the direction in which it rises or falls.

If the line rises to If the line is If the line falls to the If the line is vertical,
the right, then the horizontal, then right, then the slope then the slope is
slope is positive. the slope is zero. is negative. undefined.

y y y y
(3, 3) (⫺3, 2) (3, 2) (0, 3)
(⫺2, 3)
x x
O x O x O (3, 0) O
(⫺2, ⫺2)
(⫺2, ⫺2)

3 ⫺ (⫺2) 2⫺2 0⫺3

m ⫽ ᎏᎏ m ⫽ ᎏᎏ m ⫽ ᎏᎏ x1 ⫽ x2, so m is
3 ⫺ (⫺2) 3 ⫺ (⫺3) 3⫺0
⫽1 ⫽0 ⫽ ⫺1 undefined.

Slope is often referred to as rate of change . It measures how much a quantity

changes, on average, relative to the change in another quantity, often time.

Example 3 Rate of Change

USA TODAY Snapshots®
TRAVEL Refer to the graph at the
Log on for: right. Find the rate of change of Cruises grow in popularity
the number of people taking The number of North Americans
• Updated data taking cruises, by year:
cruises from 1985 to 2000.
• More activities on
rate of change y ⫺y
m⫽ᎏ
2
ᎏ1 Slope formula
www.algebra2. x2 ⫺ x1
Millions
com/usa_today 6.9 ⫺ 2.2 8 6.9
⫽ ᎏᎏ Substitute.
2000 ⫺ 1985
6
⬇ 0.31 Simplify.
4
Between 1985 and 2000, the
number of people taking cruises 2
2.2
increased at an average rate of 0
about 0.31(100,000) or 310,000 1985 2000
people per year.
Source: Cruise Lines International Association

By Hilary Wasson and Quin Tian, USA TODAY

www.algebra2.com/extra_examples Lesson 2-3 Slope 69

 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES A family of graphs is a group
of graphs that displays one or more similar characteristics. The parent graph is the
simplest of the graphs in a family. A graphing calculator can be used to graph
several graphs in a family on the same screen.

Lines with the Same Slope

The calculator screen shows the graphs of y ⫽ 3x,
y ⫽ 3x ⫹ 2, y ⫽ 3x ⫺ 2, and y ⫽ 3x ⫹ 5.
Think and Discuss
1. Identify the parent function and describe the
family of graphs. What is similar about the
graphs? What is different about the graphs? [
4, 4] scl: 1 by [
10, 10] scl: 1
2. Find the slope of each line.
3. Write another function that has the same characteristics as this family of
graphs. Check by graphing.

In the Investigation, you saw that lines that have the same slope are parallel.
These and other similar examples suggest the following rule.

Parallel Lines
Study Tip • Words In a plane, nonvertical lines • Model y
with the same slope are same
Horizontal Lines parallel. All vertical lines are slope
All horizontal lines are parallel.
O x
parallel because they all
have a slope of 0.

Example 4 Parallel Lines

Graph the line through (ⴚ1, 3) that is parallel to the y
line with equation x ⴙ 4y ⴝ ⴚ4. (3, 2)
(
1, 3)
The x-intercept is ⫺4, and the y-intercept is ⫺1. Use the
intercepts to graph x ⫹ 4y ⫽ ⫺4.
O x
The line falls 1 unit for every 4 units it moves to the
1 x  4y 
4
right, so the slope is ⫺ᎏᎏ.
4
Now use the slope and the point at (⫺1, 3) to graph the
line parallel to the graph of x ⫹ 4y ⫽ ⫺4.

The figure at the right shows the graphs of two lines y

that are perpendicular. You know that parallel lines have
C (
3, 2)
the same slope. What is the relationship between the A (2, 1)
slopes of two perpendicular lines? O
slope of line AB slope of line CD x
⫺3 ⫺ 1 ⫺4 2 ⫺4 ⫺ 2 ⫺6 3
ᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏᎏ or ᎏᎏ ᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏᎏ or ⫺ᎏᎏ
⫺4 ⫺ 2 ⫺6 3 1 ⫺ (⫺3) 4 2 B (
4,
3) D (1,
4)
The slopes are opposite reciprocals of each other. This
relationship is true in general. When you multiply the
slopes of two perpendicular lines, the product is always ⫺1.
70 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
Study Tip Perpendicular Lines
Reading Math • Words In a plane, two oblique lines • Model y
An oblique line is a line are perpendicular if and slope m 1
that is neither horizontal only if the product of their
nor vertical. slopes is
1.
x O
• Symbols Suppose m1 and m2 are
slope m 2
the slopes of two oblique
lines. Then the lines are
perpendicular if and only if
1
m1m2 
1, or m2 
.
m2

Any vertical line is perpendicular to any horizontal line.

Example 5 Perpendicular Line

Graph the line through (ⴚ3, 1) that is perpendicular to the line with equation
2x ⴙ 5y ⴝ 10.
The x-intercept is 5, and the y-intercept is 2. Use the y
intercepts to graph 2x  5y  10. (⫺1, 6)
The line falls 2 units for every 5 units it moves to the
2
right, so the slope is
. The slope of the perpendicular
5
2 5 (⫺3, 1)
line is the opposite reciprocal of
, or .
5 2
O x
Start at (
3, 1) and go up 5 units and right 2 units. Use
this point and (
3, 1) to graph the line.

Concept Check 1. OPEN ENDED Write an equation of a line with slope 0.

2. Decide whether the statement below is sometimes, always, or never true. Explain.
The slope of a line is a real number.
3. FIND THE ERROR Mark and Luisa are finding the slope of the line through (2, 4)
and (
1, 5).

Mark Luisa
5–4 1 4–5 1
m =  or  m =  or – 
2 – (–1) 3 2 – (–1) 3

Who is correct? Explain your reasoning.

Guided Practice Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.
GUIDED PRACTICE KEY 4. (1, 1), (3, 1) 5. (
1, 0), (3,
2) 6. (3, 4), (1, 2)
Graph the line passing through the given point with the given slope.
3
7. (2,
1),
3 8. (
3,
4), 
2
Graph the line that satisfies each set of conditions.
9. passes through (0, 3), parallel to graph of 6y
10x  30
10. passes through (4,
2), perpendicular to graph of 3x
2y  6
11. passes through (
1, 5), perpendicular to graph of 5x
3y
3  0
Lesson 2-3 Slope 71
 Application WEATHER For Exercises 12–14, use the table that shows the temperatures at
different times on March 23, 2002.

Time 8:00 A.M. 10:00 A.M. 12:00 P.M. 2:00 P.M. 4:00 P.M.
Temp (°F) 36 47 55 58 60

12. What was the average rate of change of the temperature from 8:00 A.M. to
10:00 A.M.?
13. What was the average rate of change of the temperature from 12:00 P.M. to
4:00 P.M.?
14. During what 2-hour period was the average rate of change of the temperature
the least?

Practice and Apply

Homework Help Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.
For See 15. (6, 1), (8, ⫺4) 16. (6, 8), (5, ⫺5)
Exercises Examples
15–30 1 17. (⫺6, ⫺5), (4, 1) 18. (2, ⫺7), (4, 1)
31–36 2
19. (7, 8), (1, 8) 20. (⫺2, ⫺3), (0, ⫺5)
37–42 3
43–52 4, 5 21. (2.5, 3), (1, ⫺9) 22. (4, ⫺1.5), (4, 4.5)

Extra Practice
1
冢 1
冣冢
1 2
23. ᎏᎏ, ⫺ᎏᎏ , ᎏᎏ, ᎏᎏ
2 3 4 3 冣 24. 冢ᎏᎏ, ᎏᎏ冣, 冢ᎏᎏ, ᎏᎏ冣
1 2
2 3
5 1
6 4
See page 830. 25. (a, 2), (a, ⫺2) 26. (3, b), (⫺5, b)
1
27. Determine the value of r so that the line through (6, r) and (9, 2) has slope ᎏᎏ.
3
28. Determine the value of r so that the line through (5, r) and (2, 3) has slope 2.

ANCIENT CULTURES Mayan Indians of Mexico and Central America built

pyramids that were used as their temples. Ancient Egyptians built pyramids to
use as tombs for the pharohs. Estimate the slope that a face of each pyramid
makes with its base.
29. 30.

The Pyramid of the Sun in The Great Pyramid in Egypt

Teotihuacán, Mexico, measures measures 756 feet on each side of
about 700 feet on each side of its its square base and was originally
square base and is about 210 feet 481 feet high.
high.
Graph the line passing through the given point with the given slope.
2 1
31. (2, 6), m ⫽ ᎏᎏ 32. (⫺3, ⫺1), m ⫽ ⫺ᎏᎏ 33. (3, ⫺4), m ⫽ 2
3 5
34. (1, 2), m ⫽ ⫺3 35. (6, 2), m ⫽ 0 36. (⫺2, ⫺3), undefined
72 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
 ENTERTAINMENT For Exercises
CD and Tape Shipments
37–39, refer to the graph that shows
the number of CDs and cassette
1000

Number (millions)
tapes shipped by manufacturers to
800 CDs
retailers in recent years.
600
37. Find the average rate of change of
400 Cassettes
the number of CDs shipped from
200
1991 to 2000.
0
38. Find the average rate of change of 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
the number of cassette tapes shipped Year
from 1991 to 2000. Source: Recording Industry Association of America
39. Interpret the sign of your answer to
Exercise 38.

TRAVEL For Exercises 40–42, use the following information. Time Distance
Mr. and Mrs. Wellman are taking their daughter to college. (h) (mi)
The table shows their distance from home after various
amounts of time. 0 0
1 55
40. Find the average rate of change of their distance from
home between 1 and 3 hours after leaving home. 2 110
41. Find the average rate of change of their distance from 3 165
home between 0 and 5 hours after leaving home. 4 165
42. What is another word for rate of change in this 5 225
situation?

Graph the line that satisfies each set of conditions.

43. passes through (⫺2, 2), parallel to a line whose slope is ⫺1
3
44. passes through (⫺4, 1), perpendicular to a line whose slope is ⫺ᎏᎏ
2
45. passes through (3, 3), perpendicular to graph of y ⫽ 3
46. passes through (2, ⫺5), parallel to graph of x ⫽ 4
47. passes through (2, ⫺1), parallel to graph of 2x ⫹ 3y ⫽ 6
48. passes through origin, parallel to graph of x ⫹ y ⫽ 10
49. perpendicular to graph of 3x ⫺ 2y ⫽ 24, intersects that graph at its x-intercept
50. perpendicular to graph of 2x ⫹ 5y ⫽ 10, intersects that graph at its y-intercept

51. GEOMETRY Determine whether quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(⫺2, ⫺1),
B(1, 1), C(3, ⫺2), and D(0, ⫺4) is a rectangle. Explain.

52. CRITICAL THINKING If the graph of the equation ax ⫹ 3y ⫽ 9 is perpendicular

to the graph of the equation 3x ⫹ y ⫽ ⫺4, find the value of a.

53. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of
the lesson.
How does slope apply to the steepness of roads?
Include the following in your answer:
• a few sentences explaining the relationship between the grade of a road and
the slope of a line, and
• a graph of y ⫽ 0.08x, which corresponds to a grade of 8%. (A road with a
grade of 6% to 8% is considered to be fairly steep. The scales on your x- and
y-axes should be the same.)
www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz Lesson 2-3 Slope 73
 Standardized 54. What is the slope of the line shown in the graph at y
Test Practice the right?
3 2 2 3
A ⫺ᎏᎏ B ⫺ᎏᎏ C ᎏᎏ D ᎏᎏ
2 3 3 2
55. What is the slope of a line perpendicular to a O x
1
line with slope ⫺ᎏᎏ?
2
1 1
A ⫺2 B ⫺ᎏᎏ C ᎏᎏ D 2
2 2

Graphing FAMILY OF GRAPHS Use a graphing calculator to investigate each family of

Calculator graphs. Explain how changing the slope affects the graph of the line.
56. y ⫽ 2x ⫹ 3, y ⫽ 4x ⫹ 3, y ⫽ 8x ⫹ 3, y ⫽ x ⫹ 3
57. y ⫽ ⫺3x ⫹ 1, y ⫽ ⫺x ⫹ 1, y ⫽ ⫺5x ⫹ 1, y ⫽ ⫺7x ⫹ 1

Maintain Your Skills

Mixed Review Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then graph
the equation. (Lesson 2-2)
58. ⫺2x ⫹ 5y ⫽ 20 59. 4x ⫺ 3y ⫹ 8 ⫽ 0 60. y ⫽ 7x
Find each value if f(x) ⴝ 3x ⴚ 4. (Lesson 2-1)
63. f 冢ᎏᎏ冣
1
61. f(⫺1) 62. f(3) 64. f(a)
2
Solve each inequality. (Lessons 1-5 and 1-6)
65. 5 ⬍ 2x ⫹ 7 ⬍ 13 66. 2z ⫹ 5 ⱖ 1475
67. SCHOOL A test has multiple-choice questions worth 4 points each and true-
false questions worth 3 points each. Marco answers 14 multiple-choice questions
correctly. How many true-false questions must he answer correctly to get at least
80 points total? (Lesson 1-5)
Simplify. (Lessons 1-1 and 1-2)
1 1
68. ᎏᎏ(15a ⫹ 9b) ⫺ ᎏᎏ(28b ⫺ 84a) 69. 3 ⫹ (21 ⫼ 7) ⫻ 8 ⫼ 4
3 7

Getting Ready for PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation for y.

the Next Lesson (To review solving equations, see Lesson 1-2.)
70. x ⫹ y ⫽ 9 71. 4x ⫹ y ⫽ 2 72. ⫺3x ⫺ y ⫹ 7 ⫽ 0
73. 5x ⫺ 2y ⫺ 1 ⫽ 0 74. 3x ⫺ 5y ⫹ 4 ⫽ 0 75. 2x ⫹ 3y ⫺ 11 ⫽ 0

P ractice Quiz 1 Lessons 2–1 through 2–3

1. State the domain and range of the relation {(2, 5), (⫺3, 2), (2, 1), (⫺7, 4), (0, ⫺2)}.
(Lesson 2-1)

2. Find the value of f(15) if f(x) ⫽ 100x ⫺ 5x2. (Lesson 2-1)

3. Write y ⫽ ⫺6x ⫹ 4 in standard form. (Lesson 2-2)
4. Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of 3x ⫹ 5y ⫽ 30. Then graph
the equation. (Lesson 2-2)
5. Graph the line that goes through (4, ⫺3) and is parallel to the line whose equation
is 2x ⫹ 5y ⫽ 10. (Lesson 2-3)

74 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Writing Linear Equations

• Write an equation of a line given the slope and a point on the line.
• Write an equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given line.

Vocabulary do linear equations apply to business?

• slope-intercept form When a company manufactures a product, they must consider two types of cost.
• point-slope form There is the fixed cost, which they must pay no matter how many of the product
they produce, and there is variable cost, which depends on how many of the
product they produce. In some cases, the total cost can be found using a linear
equation such as y ⫽ 5400 ⫹ 1.37x.

FORMS OF EQUATIONS Consider the graph at y

the right. The line passes through A(0, b) and C(x, y). C (x, y )
៭៮៮៮៬ You can use these
Notice that b is the y-intercept of AC.
៭៮៮៮៬
two points to find the slope of AC . Substitute the
coordinates of points A and C into the slope formula. O
x
y2 ⫺ y1 A (0, b )
m⫽ᎏ ᎏ Slope formula
x2 ⫺ x1
y⫺b
m ⫽ ᎏᎏ (x1, y1) ⫽ (0, b), (x2, y2) ⫽ (x, y)
x⫺0
y⫺b
m ⫽ ᎏᎏ Simplify.
x

Now solve the equation for y.

mx ⫽ y ⫺ b Multiply each side by x.
mx ⫹ b ⫽ y Add b to each side.
y ⫽ mx ⫹ b Symmetric Property of Equality

When an equation is written in this form, it is in slope-intercept form .

Study Tip Slope-Intercept Form of a Linear Equation

Slope-intercept • Words The slope-intercept form • Model y
Form of the equation of a line
The equation of a vertical is y ⫽ mx ⫹ b, where m is O x
line cannot be written in the slope and b is the
slope-intercept form
because its slope is
y-intercept.
(0, b )
undefined. • Symbols y ⫽ mx ⫹ b y
mx  b
←

slope y-intercept

If you are given the slope and y-intercept of a line, you can find an equation of the
line by substituting the values of m and b into the slope-intercept form. For example,
if you know that the slope of a line is ⫺3 and the y-intercept is 4, the equation of the
line is y ⫽ ⫺3x ⫹ 4, or, in standard form, 3x ⫹ y ⫽ 4.
You can also use the slope-intercept form to find an equation of a line if you know
the slope and the coordinates of any point on the line.
Lesson 2-4 Writing Linear Equations 75
 Example 1 Write an Equation Given Slope and a Point
3
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that has a slope of ⴚ

and
2
passes through (ⴚ4, 1).
Substitute for m, x, and y in the slope-intercept form. y
(⫺4, 1)
y  mx  b Slope-intercept form
⫺3 O x
1  冢

冣(4)  b (x, y)  (4, 1), m  
23

3
2
2
16b Simplify.
5  b Subtract 6 from each side.
3
The y-intercept is 5. So, the equation in slope-intercept form is y  

x  5.
2

If you are given the coordinates of two points on a line, you can use the
point-slope form to find an equation of the line that passes through them.

Point-Slope Form of a Linear Equation

• Words The point-slope form of • Symbols slope

←
the equation of a line is
y  y1  m(x  x1), where y  y1  m(x  x1)

←
←
(x1, y1) are the coordinates of
a point on the line and m is coordinates of point on line
the slope of the line.

Standardized Example 2 Write an Equation Given Two Points

Test Practice Multiple-Choice Test Item

What is an equation of the line through (1, 4) and (4, 5)?

1 11 1 13 1 13
A y  

x 

B y 

x 

C y  

x 

D y  3x  1
3 3 3 3 3 3

Read the Test Item

You are given the coordinates of two points on the line. Notice that the answer
choices are in slope-intercept form.
Solve the Test Item
• First, find the slope of the line.
y y
m

2

1 Slope formula
x2  x1
54


(x1, y1)  (1, 4), (x2, y2)  (4, 5)
4  (1)
1 1


or 

Simplify.
3 3
1
The slope is 

. That eliminates choices B and D.
3
• Then use the point-slope form to find an equation.
y  y1  m(x  x1) Point-slope form
1
Test-Taking Tip y  4  

[x  (1)] m  
31
; you can use either point for (x1, y1).
3
To check your answer, 1 1
substitute each ordered y  4  

x 

Distributive Property
3 3
pair into your answer. Each 1 11
should satisfy the equation. y  

x 

The answer is A.
3 3

76 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 When changes in real-world situations occur at a linear rate, a linear equation can
be used as a model for describing the situation.

Example 3 Write an Equation for a Real-World Situation

SALES As a salesperson, Eric Fu is paid a daily salary plus commission. When
his sales are $1000, he makes $100. When his sales are $1400, he makes $120.
a. Write a linear equation to model this situation.
Let x be his sales and let y be the amount of money y
160
he makes. Use the points (1000, 100) and (1400, 120)
(1400, 120)
to make a graph to represent the situation. 120
y y (1000, 100)
m

2
1 Slope formula 80
x2  x1
120  100 (x1, y1)
(1000, 100), 40


1400  1000 (x2, y2)
(1400, 120) x

0.05 Simplify. 0 400 800 1200 1600

Now use the slope and either of the given points with the point-slope form to
write the equation.
y  y1
m(x  x1) Point-slope form
y  100
0.05(x  1000) m
0.05, (x1, y1)
(1000, 100)
y  100
0.05x  50 Distributive Property
y
0.05x  50 Add 100 to each side.

The slope-intercept form of the equation is y
0.05x  50.

b. What are Mr. Fu’s daily salary and commission rate?

The y-intercept of the line is 50. The y-intercept represents the money Eric
would make if he had no sales. In other words, $50 is his daily salary.
The slope of the line is 0.05. Since the slope is the coefficient of x, which is his
sales, he makes 5% commission.
Study Tip
Alternative Method c. How much would he make in a day if Mr. Fu’s sales were $2000?
You could also find Mr. Fu’s
Find the value of y when x
2000.
salary in part c by extending
the graph. Then find the y
0.05x  50 Use the equation you found in part a.
y value when x is 2000.
0.05(2000)  50 Replace x with 2000.

100  50 or 150 Simplify.
Mr. Fu would make $150 if his sales were $2000.

PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES The slope-intercept and point-

slope forms can be used to find equations of lines that are parallel or perpendicular
to given lines.

Example 4 Write an Equation of a Perpendicular Line

Write an equation for the line that passes through (ⴚ4, 3) and is perpendicular to
the line whose equation is y ⴝ ⴚ4x ⴚ 1.
The slope of the given line is 4. Since the slopes of perpendicular lines are
1
opposite reciprocals, the slope of the perpendicular line is .
4
(continued on the next page)
www.algebra2.com/extra_examples Lesson 2-4 Writing Linear Equations 77
 Use the point-slope form and the ordered pair (4, 3) to y
TEACHING TIP
write the equation. y
4 x  1

y  y1  m(x  x1) Point-slope form

1
y  3 

[x  (4)] (x, y)  (4, 3), m 
41

4 O
1 x
y  3 

x  1 Distributive Property
4
1
y 

x  4 Add 3 to each side.
4
1
An equation of the line is y 

x  4.
4

Concept Check 1. OPEN ENDED Write an equation of a line in slope-intercept form.

2. Identify the slope and y-intercept of the line with equation y  6x.
3. Explain how to find the slope of a line parallel to the graph of 3x  5y  2.

Guided Practice State the slope and y-intercept of the graph of each equation.
GUIDED PRACTICE KEY 4. y  2x  5 5. 3x  2y  10  0
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies each set of
conditions.
7. slope 

, passes through 冢2,

冣
3 1
6. slope 0.5, passes through (6, 4)
4 2
8. passes through (6, 1) and (8, 4) 9. passes through (3, 5) and (2, 2)
10. passes through (0, 2), perpendicular to the graph of y  x  2
11. Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the y
graph at the right. (0, 7)

Standardized 12. What is an equation of the line through (2, 4) and
Test Practice (3, 1)?
3 26 143
A y  

x 

B y  

x 

(4, 2)
5 5 55
3 26 3 14
C y x




D y x





5 5 5 5 O x

Practice and Apply

Homework Help State the slope and y-intercept of the graph of each equation.
For See 2 3
Exercises Examples 13. y  

x  4 14. y 

x 15. 2x  4y  10
3 4
13–18, 21–28 1
19, 20, 2, 3
16. 3x  5y  30  0 17. x  7 18. cx  y  d
29–34, 39, 40
35–38 4 Write an equation in slope-intercept form for each graph.
41–52 1–3
19. y 20. y
Extra Practice (2.5, 2)
See page 831. (4, 3)
O
x
O x
(7, 2)

78 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Write an equation in slope-intercept form for each graph.
21. y 22. y
(0, 2)

O x

O x
(0,⫺4)

Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies each set of
conditions.
23. slope 3, passes through (0, ⫺6) 24. slope 0.25, passes through (0, 4)
1 3
25. slope ⫺ᎏᎏ , passes through (1, 3) 26. slope ᎏᎏ, passes through ⫺5, 1)
2 2
27. slope ⫺0.5, passes through (2, ⫺3) 28. slope 4, passes through the origin
29. passes through (⫺2, 5) and (3, 1) 30. passes through (7, 1) and (7, 8)
31. passes through (⫺4, 0) and (3, 0) 32. passes through (⫺2, ⫺3) and (0, 0)
1 1
33. x-intercept ⫺4, y-intercept 4 34. x-intercept ᎏᎏ, y-intercept ⫺ᎏᎏ
3 4
2
35. passes through (4, 6), parallel to the graph of y ⫽ ᎏᎏx ⫹ 5
3
1
36. passes through (2, ⫺5), perpendicular to the graph of y ⫽ ᎏᎏx ⫹ 7
4
1
37. passes through (6, ⫺5), perpendicular to the line whose equation is 3x ⫺ ᎏᎏy ⫽ 3
5
38. passes through (⫺3, ⫺1), parallel to the line that passes through (3, 3) and (0, 6)

39. Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line that passes x y

through the points indicated in the table.
⫺1 ⫺5
40. Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line that passes
1 1
through (⫺2, 10), (2, 2), and (4, ⫺2).
3 7

GEOMETRY For Exercises 41–43, use the equation d
180(c  2) that gives the
total number of degrees d in any convex polygon with c sides.
41. Write this equation in slope-intercept form.
42. Identify the slope and d-intercept.
43. Find the number of degrees in a pentagon.

44. ECOLOGY A park ranger at Blendon Woods estimates there are 6000 deer in
the park. She also estimates that the population will increase by 75 deer each
year thereafter. Write an equation that represents how many deer will be in the
park in x years.

45. BUSINESS Refer to the signs below. At what distance do the two stores charge
the same amount for a balloon arrangement?

Conrad’s Balloon Bouquets The Balloon House

$20 balloon arrangements $30 Balloon
Delivery: $3 per mile Arrangements
$2 per mile delivery

www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz Lesson 2-4 Writing Linear Equations 79

 SCIENCE For Exercises 46–48, use the information on temperatures at the left.
46. Write and graph the linear equation that gives the number y of degrees Fahrenheit
in terms of the number x of degrees Celsius.
47. What temperature corresponds to 20°C?
48. What temperature is the same on both scales?

TELEPHONES For Exercises 49 and 50, use the following information.

Namid is examining the calling card portion of his phone bill. A 4-minute call at
the night rate cost $2.65. A 10-minute call at the night rate cost $4.75.
49. Write a linear equation to model this situation.
Science 50. How much would it cost to talk for half an hour at the night rate?
Ice forms at a temperature
of 0°C, which corresponds 51. CRITICAL THINKING Given 䉭ABC with vertices A(⫺6, ⫺8), B(6, 4), and
to a temperature of 32°F. C(⫺6, 10), write an equation of the line containing the altitude from A.
A temperature of 100°C
(Hint: The altitude from A is a segment that is perpendicular to 苶BC苶.)
corresponds to a
temperature of 212°F.
52. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of
the lesson.
How do linear equations apply to business?
Include the following in your answer:
• the fixed cost and the variable cost in the equation y ⫽ 5400 ⫹ 1.37x, where y is
the cost for a company to produce x units of its product, and
• the cost for the company to produce 1000 units of its product.

Standardized 53. Find an equation of the line through (0, ⫺3) and (4, 1).
Test Practice A y ⫽ ⫺x ⫹ 3 B y ⫽ ⫺x ⫺ 3 C y⫽x⫺3 D y ⫽ ⫺x ⫹ 3

54. Choose the equation of the line through 冢ᎏᎏ, ⫺ᎏᎏ冣 and 冢⫺ᎏᎏ, ᎏᎏ冣.
1 3 1 1
2 2 2 2
1 5 1
A y ⫽ ⫺2x ⫺ ᎏᎏ B y ⫽ ⫺3x C y ⫽ 2x ⫺ ᎏᎏ D y ⫽ ᎏᎏx ⫹ 1
2 2 2
Extending For Exercises 55 and 56, use the following information.
the Lesson x y
The form ᎏᎏ ⫹ ᎏᎏ ⫽ 1 is known as the intercept form of the equation of a line because
a b
a is the x-intercept and b is the y-intercept.
55. Write the equation 2x ⫺ y ⫺ 5 ⫽ 0 in intercept form.
56. Identify the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of 2x ⫺ y ⫺ 5 ⫽ 0.

Maintain Your Skills

Mixed Review Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points. (Lesson 2-3)
57. (7, 2), (5, 6) 58. (1, ⫺3), (3, 3) 59. (⫺5, 0), (4, 0)
60. INTERNET A Webmaster estimates that the time (seconds) required to connect to
the server when n people are connecting is given by t(n) ⫽ 0.005n ⫹ 0.3. Estimate
the time required to connect when 50 people are connecting. (Lesson 2-2)
Solve each inequality. (Lessons 1-5 and 1-6)
61. x ⫺ 2 ⱕ ⫺99 62. ⫺4x ⫹ 7 ⱕ 31 63. 2(r ⫺ 4) ⫹ 5 ⱖ 9

Getting Ready for PREREQUISITE SKILL Find the median of each set of numbers.
the Next Lesson (To review finding a median, see pages 822 and 823.)
64. {3, 2, 1, 3, 4, 8, 4} 65. {9, 3, 7, 5, 6, 3, 7, 9}
66. {138, 235, 976, 230, 412, 466} 67. {2.5, 7.8, 5.5, 2.3, 6.2, 7.8}
80 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
 Modeling Real-World Data:
Using Scatter Plots
• Draw scatter plots.
• Find and use prediction equations. Speed (mph) Calories

Vocabulary can a linear equation model the number 5 508

of Calories you burn exercising? 6 636
• scatter plot
• line of fit 7 731
The table shows the number of 8 858
• prediction equation Calories burned per hour by a
140-pound person running at
various speeds. A linear function
can be used to model these data.

SCATTER PLOTS To model data with a function, it is helpful to graph the data.
A set of data graphed as ordered pairs in a coordinate plane is called a scatter plot.
A scatter plot can show whether there is a relationship between the data.

Example 1 Draw a Scatter Plot

HOUSING The table below shows the median selling price of new, privately-
owned, one-family houses for some recent years. Make a scatter plot of the data.

Year 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

Price ($1000) 122.9 121.5 130.0 140.0 152.5 169.0
Source: U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
Study Tip Graph the data as ordered pairs, with the number of years since 1990 on the
Choosing the horizontal axis and the price on the vertical axis.
Independent
Variable Median House Prices
Letting x be the number of
years since the first year 180
in the data set sometimes 170
160
Price ($1000)

simplifies the calculations

150
involved in finding a
140
function to model the
130
data.
120
110
0 2 4 6 8 10
Years Since 1990

PREDICTION EQUATIONS Except for (0, 122.9), the data in Example 1 appear
to lie nearly on a straight line. When you find a line that closely approximates a set
of data, you are finding a line of fit for the data. An equation of such a line is often
called a prediction equation because it can be used to predict one of the variables
given the other variable.
Lesson 2-5 Modeling Real-World Data: Using Scatter Plots 81
 To find a line of fit and a prediction equation for a set of data, select two points
that appear to represent the data well. This is a matter of personal judgment, so your
line and prediction equation may be different from someone else’s.

Example 2 Find and Use a Prediction Equation

Study Tip HOUSING Refer to the data in Example 1.
Reading Math a. Draw a line of fit for the data. How well does the line fit the data?
A data point that does not Ignore the point (0, 122.9) since it would not be close to a line that represents the
appear to belong with the rest of the data points. The points (4, 130.0) and (8, 152.5) appear to represent
rest of the set is called an the data well. Draw a line through these two points. Except for (0, 122.9), this
outlier.
line fits the data very well.

Median House Prices

180
170
160

Price ($1000)
150
140
130
120
110
0 2 4 6 8 10
Years Since 1990

b. Find a prediction equation. What do the slope and y-intercept indicate?

Find an equation of the line through (4, 130.0) and (8, 152.5). Begin by finding
the slope.
y y
m

2
1 Slope formula
x2  x1
152.5  130.0
Study Tip
 Substitute.
84
Reading Math ⬇ 5.63 Simplify.
When you are predicting
for an x value greater than y  y1
m(x  x1) Point-slope form
any in the data set, the
y  130.0
5.63(x  4) m
5.63, (x1, y1)
(4, 130.0)
process is known as
extrapolation. When you y  130.0
5.63x  22.52 Distributive Property
are predicting for an y
5.63x  107.48 Add 130.0 to each side.
x value between the least
and greatest in the data One prediction equation is y
5.63x  107.48. The slope indicates that the
set, the process is known median price is increasing at a rate of about $5630 per year. The y-intercept
as interpolation. indicates that, according to the trend of the rest of the data, the median price in
1990 should have been about $107,480.

c. Predict the median price in 2010.

The year 2010 is 20 years after 1990, so use the prediction equation to find the
value of y when x
20.
y
5.63x  107.48 Prediction equation

5.63(20)  107.48 x
20

220.08 Simplify.
TEACHING TIP The model predicts that the median price in 2010 will be about $220,000.

d. How accurate is the prediction?

Except for the outlier, the line fits the data very well, so the predicted value
should be fairly accurate.

82 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Head versus Height

Study Tip Collect the Data

Outliers • Collect data from several of your classmates. Use a tape measure to measure
If your scatter plot the circumference of each person’s head and his or her height. Record the
includes points that are far data as ordered pairs of the form (height, circumference).
from the others on the
graph, check your data
Analyze the Data
before deciding it is an 1. Graph the data in a scatter plot.
outlier. You may have 2. Choose two ordered pairs and write a prediction equation.
made a graphing or
recording mistake. 3. Explain the meaning of the slope in the prediction equation.
Make a Conjecture
4. Predict the head circumference of a person who is 66 inches tall.
5. Predict the height of an individual whose head circumference is 18 inches.

Concept Check 1. Choose the scatter plot with data that could best be modeled by a linear function.
a. y b. y c. y d. y

O
O x O x O x x

2. Identify the domain and range of the relation in the graph at y

the right. Predict the value of y when x ⫽ 5.
3. OPEN ENDED Write a different prediction equation for the
data in Examples 1 and 2 on pages 81 and 82.
O x

Guided Practice Complete parts a–c for each set of data in Exercises 4 and 5.
GUIDED PRACTICE KEY a. Draw a scatter plot.
b. Use two ordered pairs to write a prediction equation.
c. Use your prediction equation to predict the missing value.
4. SCIENCE Whether you are climbing a mountain or flying in an airplane, the
higher you go, the colder the air gets. The table shows the temperature in the
atmosphere at various altitudes.

Altitude (ft) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Temp (°C) 15.0 13.0 11.0 9.1 7.1 ?
Source: NASA

5. TELEVISION As more channels have been added, cable television has become
attractive to more viewers. The table shows the number of U.S. households with
cable service in some recent years.

Year 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2010

Households (millions) 55 57 59 65 67 ?
Source: Nielsen Media Research

www.algebra2.com/extra_examples Lesson 2-5 Modeling Real-World Data: Using Scatter Plots 83

 Practice and Apply
Homework Help Complete parts a–c for each set of data in Exercises 6–9.
For See a. Draw a scatter plot.
Exercises Examples
6–21 1, 2 b. Use two ordered pairs to write a prediction equation.
c. Use your prediction equation to predict the missing value.
Extra Practice
See page 831. 6. SAFETY All states and the District of Columbia have enacted laws setting
21 as the minimum drinking age. The table shows the estimated cumulative
number of lives these laws have saved by reducing traffic fatalities.

Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2010

Lives (1000s) 15.7 16.5 17.4 18.2 19.1 ?
Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

7. HOCKEY Each time a hockey player scores a goal, up to two teammates may
be credited with assists. The table shows the number of goals and assists for
some of the members of the Detroit Red Wings in the 2000–2001 NHL season.

Goals 31 15 32 27 16 20 8 4 12 12 ?
Assists 45 56 37 30 24 18 17 5 10 7 15
Source: www.detroitredwings.com

8. HEALTH Bottled water has become very popular. The table shows the number
of gallons of bottled water consumed per person in some recent years.

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 2010

A scatter plot of loan
payments can help you Gallons 8.2 9.4 10.7 11.6 12.5 13.1 ?
analyze home loans. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture
Visit www.algebra2.
com/webquest to 9. THEATER Broadway, in New York City, is the center of American theater. The
continue work on your table shows the total revenue of all Broadway plays for some recent seasons.
WebQuest project.
Season ’95–’96 ’96 –’97 ’97–’98 ’98–’99 ’99 –’00 ’09 –’10
Revenue ($ millions) 436 499 558 588 603 ?
Source: The League of American Theatres and Producers, Inc.

MEDICINE For Exercises

10–12, use the graph that
shows how much Americans USA TODAY Snapshots®
spent on doctors’ visits in
some recent years. Cost of seeing the doctor
How much Americans spend a year on doctor visits:
10. Write a prediction equation
from the data for 1990, 1995,
and 2000.
11. Use your equation to predict 1990 $563
the amount for 2005.
12. Compare your prediction to 1995 $739
the one given in the graph.
20001 $906

20051 $1,172

1 — projected
Source: U.S. Health Care Financing Administration

By Mark Pearson and Jerry Mosemak, USA TODAY

84 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 FINANCE For Exercises 13 and 14, use the following information.
Della has $1000 that she wants to invest in the stock market. She is considering
buying stock in either Company 1 or Company 2. The values of the stocks at the
ends of the last four months are shown in the tables below.

Company 1 Company 2
Share Share
Month Month
Price ($) Price ($)
Aug. 25.13 Aug. 31.25
Sept. 22.94 Sept. 32.38
Oct. 24.19 Oct. 32.06
Nov. 22.56 Nov. 32.44
Finance 13. Based only on these data, which stock should Della buy? Explain.
A financial analyst can
advise people about how 14. Do you think investment decisions should be based on this type of reasoning? If
to invest their money and not, what other factors should be considered?
plan for retirement.

Online Research GEOGRAPHY For Exercises 15–18, use the table below that shows the elevation
For information about and average precipitation for selected cities.
a career as a financial
analyst, visit: Average Average
Elevation Elevation
www.algebra2.com/ City Precip. City Precip.
(feet) (feet)
careers (inches) (inches)
Rome, Italy 79 33 London, England 203 30
Algiers, Algeria 82 27 Paris, France 213 26
Istanbul, Turkey 108 27 Bucharest, Romania 298 23
Montreal, Canada 118 37 Budapest, Hungary 456 20
Stockholm, Sweden 171 21 Toronto, Canada 567 31
Berlin, Germany 190 23
Source: World Meteorological Association

15. Draw a scatter plot with elevation as the independent variable.

16. Write a prediction equation.
17. Predict the average annual precipitation for Dublin, Ireland, which has an
elevation of 279 feet.
18. Compare your prediction to the actual value of 29 inches.

CRITICAL THINKING For Exercises

duates
19 and 20, use the table that shows the High School Gra
percent of people ages 25 and over
Percent
with a high school diploma over the Year
last few decades. 52.3
1970
62.5
19. Use a prediction equation to predict 1975
the percent in 2010. 66.5
1980
73.9
20. Do you think your prediction is 1985
77.6
accurate? Explain. 1990
81.7
1995
83.4
21. RESEARCH Use the Internet or 1999
other resource to look up the
population of your community or
state in several past years. Use a Source: U.S. Census Bureau
prediction equation to predict the
population in some future year.
www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz Lesson 2-5 Modeling Real-World Data: Using Scatter Plots 85
 22. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of
the lesson.
How can a linear equation model the number of Calories you burn exercising?
Include the following in your answer:
• a scatter plot and a prediction equation for the data, and
• a prediction of the number of Calories burned in an hour by a 140-pound
person running at 9 miles per hour, with a comparison of your predicted
value with the actual value of 953.

Standardized 23. Which line best fits the data in the graph at the right? y
Test Practice A y⫽x B y ⫽ ⫺0.5x ⫹ 4 3
C y ⫽ ⫺0.5x ⫺ 4 D y ⫽ 0.5 ⫹ 0.5x
2
24. A prediction equation for a set of data is y ⫽ 0.63x ⫹ 4.51.
1
For which x value is the predicted y value 6.4?
A 3 B 4.5 O 1 2 3 4x
C 6 D 8.54

Extending For Exercises 25–30, use the following information.

the Lesson A median-fit line is a particular type of line of fit. Follow the steps below to find
the equation of the median-fit line for the data.

Federal and State Prisoners (per 100,000 U.S. citizens)

Year 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1999
Prisoners 217 247 297 332 389 427 461 476
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics

25. Divide the data into three approximately equal groups. There should always be
the same number of points in the first and third groups. Find x1, x2, and x3, the
medians of the x values in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Find y1, y2, and y3,
the medians of the y values in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
26. Find an equation of the line through (x1, y1) and (x3, y3).
27. Find Y, the y-coordinate of the point on the line in Exercise 26 with an
x-coordinate of x2.
28. The median-fit line is parallel to the line in Exercise 26, but is one-third closer to
(x2, y2). This means it passes through 冢x2, ᎏᎏY ⫹ ᎏᎏy2 冣. Find this ordered pair.
2 1
3 3
29. Write an equation of the median-fit line.
30. Predict the number of prisoners per 100,000 citizens in 2005 and 2010.

Maintain Your Skills

Mixed Review Write an equation in slope-intercept form that satisfies each set of conditions.
(Lesson 2-4)
31. slope 4, passes through (0, 6) 32. passes through (5, ⫺3) and (⫺2, 0)
4x
Find each value if g(x) ⴝ ⴚᎏᎏ ⴙ 7. (Lesson 2-1)
3
33. g(3) 34. g(0) 35. g(⫺2) 36. g(⫺4)
37. Solve x ⫹ 4 ⬎ 3. (Lesson 1-6)

Getting Ready for PREREQUISITE SKILL Find each absolute value. (To review absolute value, see Lesson 1-4.)
the Next Lesson
⫺ᎏ3ᎏ
2
38. ⫺3 39. 11 40. 0 41. 42. ⫺1.5
86 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
 A Follow-Up of Lesson 2-5

Lines of Regression
You can use a TI-83 Plus graphing calculator to find a line that best fits a set of data.
This line is called a regression line or line of best fit . You can also use the
calculator to draw scatter plots and make predictions.

INCOME The table shows the median income of U.S. families for the period 1970–1998.

Year 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998

Income ($) 9867 21,023 27,735 35,353 40,611 46,737
Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Find and graph a regression equation. Then predict the median income in 2010.

Find a regression equation. Graph the regression equation.

• Enter the years in L1 and the incomes in L2. • Use STAT PLOT to graph a scatter plot.
KEYSTROKES: STAT ENTER 1970 ENTER KEYSTROKES: 2nd [STAT PLOT] ENTER

• Find the regression equation by selecting ENTER

LinReg(ax⫹b) on the STAT CALC menu. • Select the scatter plot, L1 as the Xlist, and L2 as
KEYSTROKES: STAT 4 ENTER the Ylist.
• Copy the equation to the Y⫽ list and graph.
KEYSTROKES: VARS 5 1
The regression GRAPH
equation is about
y
1304.19x 
2,560335.07.

The slope indicates that family incomes were

increasing at a rate of about $1300 per year.

The number r is called the linear correlation

coefficient . The closer the value of r is to 1 or [1965, 2010] scl: 5 by [0, 50,000] scl: 10,000

⫺1, the closer the data points are to the line. Notice that the regression line does not pass
If the values of r2 and r are not displayed, use through any of the data points, but comes close
DiagnosticOn from the CATALOG menu. to all of them. The line fits the data very well.

Predict using the regression equation.

• Find y when x ⫽ 2010. Use value on the CALC menu.
KEYSTROKES: 2nd CALC 1 2010 ENTER
According to the regression equation, the median
family income in 2010 will be about $61,087.

www.algebra2.com/other_calculator_keystrokes
Investigating Slope-Intercept Form 87
Graphing Calculator Investigation Lines of Regression 87
 Graphing Calculator Investigation

Exercises
GOVERNMENT For Exercises 1–3, use the table below that shows the population
and the number of representatives in Congress for selected states.

State CA NY TX FL NC IN AL
Population (millions) 29.8 18.0 17.0 12.9 6.6 5.5 4.0
Representatives 52 31 30 23 12 10 7
Source: The World Almanac

1. Make a scatter plot of the data.

2. Find a regression equation for the data.
3. Predict the number of representatives for Oregon, which has a
population of about 2.8 million. Attendance
Year
(millions)

BASEBALL For Exercises 4–6, use the table at the right that shows 1985 18.4
the total attendance for minor league baseball in some recent years. 1990 25.2
4. Make a scatter plot of the data. 1995 33.1
5. Find a regression equation for the data. 2000 37.6
6. Predict the attendance in 2010. Source: National Association of
Professional Baseball Leagues

TRANSPORTATION For Exercises 7–11, use the table below that shows the retail
sales of motor vehicles in the United States for the period 1992–1999.

Motor Vehicle Sales

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Vehicles (thousands) 13,118 14,199 15,413 15,118 15,456 15,498 15,963 17,414
Source: American Automobile Manufacturers Association

7. Make a scatter plot of the data.

8. Find a regression equation for the data.
9. According to the regression equation, what was the average rate of
change of vehicle sales during the period? Skin Diving and
10. Predict the sales in 2010. Scuba Equipment

11. How accurate do you think your prediction is? Explain. Sales
Year
($ millions)

RECREATION For Exercises 12–15, use the table at the right that shows 1993 315
the amount of money spent on skin diving and scuba equipment in 1994 322
some recent years. 1995 328
12. Find a regression equation for the data. 1996 340
13. Delete the outlier (1997, 332) from the data set. Then find a new 1997 332
regression equation for the data. 1998 345
14. Use the new regression equation to predict the sales in 2010. 1999 363
15. Compare the new correlation coefficient to the old value and state Source: National Sporting Goods
whether the regression line fits the data better. Association

88 Investigating Slope-Intercept Form

88 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
 Special Functions

• Identify and graph step, constant, and

identity functions.
• Identify and graph absolute value and
Vocabulary piecewise functions. Weight not
over (ounces)
Price ($)

• step function 1 0.34

do step functions apply to
• greatest integer function 2 0.55
• constant function postage rates? 3 0.76
• identity function 4 0.97
The cost of the postage to mail a letter ...
• absolute value function ...
is a function of the weight of the letter.
• piecewise function But the function is not linear. It is a
special function called a step function .

STEP FUNCTIONS, CONSTANT FUNCTIONS, AND THE IDENTITY

FUNCTION The graph of a step function is not linear. It consists of line segments
or rays. The greatest integer function , written f(x)
[[x]], is an example of a step
function. The symbol [[x]] means the greatest integer less than or equal to x. For example,
[[7.3]]
7 and [[1.5]]
2 because 1  1.5. Study the table and graph below.

Study Tip f (x) ⴝ [[x]] A dot means that the

point is included in
Greatest Integer x f (x)
the graph.
Function 3  x  2 3
Notice that the domain of f (x )
2  x  1 2
this step function is all real
numbers and the range is 1  x  0 1 f (x ) ⫽ 冀x 冁
all integers. 0x1 0
1x2 1 O x

2x3 2 A circle means that

3x4 3 the point is not
included in the graph.

Example 1 Step Function

BUSINESS Labor costs at the Fix-It Auto Repair Shop are $60 per hour or any
fraction thereof. Draw a graph that represents this situation.
Explore The total labor charge must be a multiple of $60, so the graph will be the
graph of a step function.
Plan If the time spent on labor is greater than 0 hours, but less than or equal
to 1 hour, then the labor cost is $60. If the time is greater than 1 hour but
less than or equal to 2 hours, then the labor cost is $120, and so on.
Solve Use the pattern of times and costs to make a table, where x is the number
of hours of labor and C(x) is the total labor cost. Then draw the graph.
(continued on the next page)
Lesson 2-6 Special Functions 89
 C (x )
x C (x)
0⬍xⱕ1 $60 420
360
1⬍xⱕ2 $120 300
240
2⬍xⱕ3 $180
180
3⬍xⱕ4 $240 120
60
4⬍xⱕ5 $300
0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Examine Since the shop rounds any fraction of an hour up to the next whole
number, each segment on the graph has a circle at the left endpoint and
a dot at the right endpoint.

You learned in Lesson 2-4 that the slope-intercept form of a linear function is
y ⫽ mx ⫹ b, or in functional notation, f(x) ⫽ mx ⫹ b. When m ⫽ 0, the value of the
function is f(x) ⫽ b for every x value. So, f(x) ⫽ b is called a constant function.
The function f(x) ⫽ 0 is called the zero function.

Example 2 Constant Function

Graph f(x) ⴝ 3.
For every value of x, f(x) ⫽ 3. The f (x) ⴝ 3 f (x )
graph is a horizontal line.
x f (x) f (x )
3

⫺2 3
⫺0.5 3
0 3
O x
1
ᎏᎏ 3
3

Another special case of slope- f (x) ⴝ x f (x )

intercept form is m ⫽ 1, b ⫽ 0. This
x f (x)
is the function f(x) ⫽ x. The graph is
the line through the origin with ⫺2 ⫺2
O
slope 1. ⫺0.5 ⫺0.5 x
f (x )
x
0 0
Since the function does not change
1 1
the input value, f(x) ⫽ x is called the ᎏᎏ
3
ᎏᎏ
3
identity function .
Study Tip
Absolute Value ABSOLUTE VALUE AND PIECEWISE f (x) ⴝ x f (x )
Function FUNCTIONS Another special function is
x f (x) f (x )
x 
Notice that the domain is the absolute value function , f(x) ⫽ x.
all real numbers and the ⫺3 3
range is all nonnegative
⫺2 2
real numbers.
⫺1 1
O x
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3

90 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 The absolute value function can be written as f(x) ⫽ 冦⫺xx ifif xx ⬍ⱖ 00. A function
that is written using two or more expressions is called a piecewise function.
Study Tip Recall that a family of graphs is a group of graphs that displays one or more
Look Back similar characteristics. The parent graph of most absolute value functions is y ⫽ x.
To review families of
graphs, see Lesson 2-3.
Example 3 Absolute Value Functions
Graph f(x)
x  1 and g(x)
x  2 on the same coordinate plane.
Determine the similarities and differences in the two graphs.
Find several ordered pairs for each function.

x x  1 x x  2
⫺2 3 ⫺2 0
⫺1 2 ⫺1 ⫺1
0 1 0 ⫺2
1 2 1 ⫺1
2 3 2 0

Graph the points and connect them.

• The domain of each function is all real numbers.
• The range of f(x) ⫽ x ⫹ 1 is {yy ⱖ 1}. f (x )
x   1

The range of g(x) ⫽ x ⫺ 2 is {yy ⱖ ⫺2}. f (x )

• The graphs have the same shape, but different

y-intercepts.
• The graph of g(x) ⫽ x ⫺ 2 is the graph of
f(x) ⫽ x ⫹ 1 translated down 3 units. O x

g (x )
x   2

You can also use a graphing calculator to investigate families of absolute

value graphs.

TEACHING TIP

Families of Absolute Value Graphs

The calculator screen shows the graphs of y
5x  y
3x  y
2x 
y
x, y
2x, y
3x, and y
5x.
Think and Discuss
1. What do these graphs have in common? y
x 
2. Describe how the graph of y
ax changes as
a increases. Assume a ⬎ 0.
3. Write an absolute value function whose graph
[8, 8] scl: 1 by [2, 10] scl: 1
is between the graphs of y
2x and
y
3x.
4. Graph y
x and y
x on the same screen. Then graph y
2x and
y
2x on the same screen. What is true in each case?
5. In general, what is true about the graph of y
ax when a ⬍ 0?

www.algebra2.com/extra_examples Lesson 2-6 Special Functions 91

 To graph other piecewise functions, examine the inequalities in the definition of
the function to determine how much of each piece to include.

Example 4 Piecewise Function

Study Tip Graph f(x) ⴝ 冦 x ⴚ 4 if x ⬍ 2 . Identify the domain and range.
1 if x ⱖ 2
Graphs of Step 1 Graph the linear function f(x) ⫽ x ⫺ 4 for x ⬍ 2. f (x )
Piecewise
Functions Since 2 does not satisfy this inequality, stop
The graphs of each part of with an open circle at (2, ⫺2).
O x
a piecewise function may
or may not connect. A
Step 2 Graph the constant function f(x) ⫽ 1 for x ⱖ 2.
graph may stop at a given Since 2 does satisfy this inequality, begin with a
x value and then begin closed circle at (2, 1) and draw a horizontal ray
again at a different y value to the right.
for the same x value. The function is defined for all values of x, so the domain is all real numbers. The
values that are y-coordinates of points on the graph are 1 and all real numbers less
than ⫺2, so the range is {y| y ⬍ ⫺2 or y ⫽ 1}.

Special Functions
Step Constant Absolute Value Piecewise
Function Function Function Function
f (x ) f (x ) f (x ) f (x )

O x O x O x O x

horizontal segments horizontal line V-shape different rays,

and rays segments, and curves

Example 5 Identify Functions

Determine whether each graph represents a step function, a constant function,
an absolute value function, or a piecewise function.
a. b.
f (x ) f (x )

O x O x

Since this graph consists of multiple Since this graph is a horizontal line,
horizontal segments, it represents a it represents a constant function.
step function.

Concept Check 1. Find a counterexample to the statement To find the greatest integer function of x
when x is not an integer, round x to the nearest integer.
2. Evaluate g(4.3) if g(x) ⫽ [[x ⫺ 5]].
3. OPEN ENDED Write a function involving absolute value for which f(⫺2) ⫽ 3.
92 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
 Guided Practice Identify each function as S for step, C for constant, A for absolute value, or P for
piecewise.
GUIDED PRACTICE KEY 4. f (x ) 5. f (x )

O x
O x

Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.

6. f(x)
[[x]] 7. g(x)
[[2x]]
8. h(x)
x  4 9. f(x)
3x  2
1 if x  0 x  3 if x  1
10. g(x)
冦 x  2 if x  0 11. h(x)
冦 2x if x  1

Application PARKING For Exercises 12–14, use the following information.

A downtown parking lot charges $2 for the first hour and $1 for each additional
hour or part of an hour.
12. What type of special function models this situation?
13. Draw a graph of a function that represents this situation.
1
14. Use the graph to find the cost of parking there for 4 hours.
2

Practice and Apply

Homework Help Identify each function as S for step, C for constant, A for absolute value, or P for
For See piecewise.
Exercises Examples
15. f (x ) 16. f (x ) 17. f (x )
15–20 5
21–29 1
30–37, 3
45–47, 49 O x O
38–41, 2, 4 x O x
44, 48
42, 43 1, 3

Extra Practice
See page 831.
18. f (x ) 19. f (x ) 20. f (x )

x
O x O

O x

21. TRANSPORTATION Bluffton High School chartered buses so the student body
could attend the girls’ basketball state tournament games. Each bus held a
maximum of 60 students. Draw a graph of a step function that shows the
relationship between the number of students x who went to the game and the
number of buses y that were needed.
www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz Lesson 2-6 Special Functions 93
 TELEPHONE RATES For Exercises 22 and 23, use the following information.
Sarah has a long-distance telephone plan where she pays 10¢ for each minute or part
of a minute that she talks, regardless of the time of day.
22. Graph a step function that represents this situation.
23. Sarah made a call to her brother that lasted 9 minutes and 40 seconds. How
much did the call cost?

Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.

24. f(x) ⫽ [[x ⫹ 3]] 25. g(x) ⫽ [[x ⫺ 2]] 26. f(x) ⫽ 2[[x]]
27. h(x) ⫽ ⫺3[[x]] 28. g(x) ⫽ [[x]] ⫹ 3 29. f(x) ⫽ [[ x]] ⫺ 1
30. f(x) ⫽ 2x 31. h(x) ⫽ ⫺x 32. g(x) ⫽ x ⫹ 3
33. g(x) ⫽ x ⫺ 4 34. h(x) ⫽ x ⫹ 3 35. f(x) ⫽ x ⫹ 2

   
1 1
36. f(x) ⫽ x ⫺ ᎏᎏ 37. f(x) ⫽ x ⫹ ᎏᎏ
4 2

38. f(x) ⫽ 冦 ⫺x2 ifif xx ⱕ⬎ 33 39. h(x) ⫽ 冦 ⫺11 ifif xx ⬍⬎ ⫺2

2

冦 冦
40. f(x) ⫽ x if x ⬍ ⫺3 ⫺1 if x ⱕ ⫺2
2 if ⫺3 ⱕ x ⬍ 1 41. g(x) ⫽ x if ⫺2 ⬍ x ⬍ 2
⫺2x ⫹ 2 if x ⱖ 1 ⫺x ⫹ 1 if x ⱖ 2
42. f(x) ⫽ [[x]] 43. g(x) ⫽ [[x]]
f (x )
44. Write the function shown in the graph.

Nutrition O
x
Good sources of vitamin C
include citrus fruits and
juices, cantaloupe, broccoli,
brussels sprouts, potatoes,
sweet potatoes, tomatoes,
and cabbage.
Source: The World Almanac NUTRITION For Exercises 45–47, use the following information.
The recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C is 2 micrograms per day.
45. Write an absolute value function for the difference between the number of
micrograms of vitamin C you ate today x and the recommended amount.
46. What is an appropriate domain for the function?
47. Use the domain to graph the function.

48. INSURANCE According to the terms of Lavon’s insurance plan, he must pay
the first $300 of his annual medical expenses. The insurance company pays 80%
of the rest of his medical expenses. Write a function for how much the insurance
company pays if x represents Lavon’s annual medical expenses.

49. CRITICAL THINKING Graph |x| ⫹ |y| ⫽ 3.

50. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of
the lesson.
How do step functions apply to postage rates?
Include the following in your answer:
• an explanation of why a step function is the best model for this situation,
while your gas mileage as a function of time as you drive to the post office
cannot be modeled with a step function, and
• a graph of a function that represents the cost of a first-class letter.
94 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
 51. For which function does f 冢⫺ᎏᎏ冣 ⫽ ⫺1?
1
Standardized 2
Test Practice A f(x) ⫽ 2x B f(x) ⫽ ⫺2x C f(x) ⫽ [[ x]] D f(x) ⫽ [[ 2x]]
52. For which function is the range {yy ⱕ 0}?
A f(x) ⫽ ⫺x B f(x) ⫽ [[ x]] C f(x) ⫽ x D f(x) ⫽ ⫺x

Maintain Your Skills

Mixed Review HEALTH For Exercises 53–55, use the table that shows the life expectancy for
people born in various years. (Lesson 2-5)

Year 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1997

Expectancy 68.2 69.7 70.8 73.7 75.4 76.5
Source: National Center for Health Statistics

53. Draw a scatter plot in which x is the number of years since 1950.
54. Find a prediction equation.
55. Predict the life expectancy of a person born in 2010.

Write an equation in slope-intercept form that satisfies each set of conditions.

(Lesson 2-4)
56. slope 3, passes through (⫺2, 4) 57. passes through (0, ⫺2) and (4, 2)

Solve each inequality. Graph the solution set. (Lesson 1-5)

58. 3x ⫺ 5 ⱖ 4 59. 28 ⫺ 6y ⬍ 23

Getting Ready for PREREQUISITE SKILL Determine whether (0, 0) satisfies each inequality. Write
the Next Lesson yes or no. (To review inequalities, see Lesson 1-5.)
3
60. y ⬍ 2x ⫹ 3 61. y ⱖ ⫺x ⫹ 1 62. y ⱕ ᎏᎏx ⫺ 5
4
63. 2x ⫹ 6y ⫹ 3 ⬎ 0 64. y ⬎ x 65. x ⫹ y ⱕ 3

P ractice Quiz 2 Lessons 2-4 through 2-6

2
1. Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line with slope ⫺ᎏᎏ that passes
3
through (⫺2, 5). (Lesson 2-4)

BASKETBALL For Exercises 2–4, use the following information.

On August 26, 2000, the Houston Comets beat the New York Liberty to win their
fourth straight WNBA championship. The table shows the heights and weights of
the Comets who played in that final game. (Lesson 2-5)

Height (in.) 74 71 76 70 66 74 72
Weight (lb) 178 147 195 150 138 190 ?
Source: WNBA

2. Draw a scatter plot.

3. Use two ordered pairs to write a prediction equation.
4. Use your prediction equation to predict the missing value.

5. Graph f(x) ⫽ x ⫺ 1. Identify the domain and range. (Lesson 2-6)

Lesson 2-6 Special Functions 95

 Graphing Inequalities

• Graph linear inequalities.

• Graph absolute value inequalities.

Vocabulary do inequalities apply to fantasy football?

• boundary
Dana has Vikings receiver Randy Moss as a player on
his online fantasy football team. Dana gets 5 points
per receiving yard that Moss gets and 100 points per
touchdown that Moss scores. He considers 1000 points
or more to be a good game. Dana can use a linear
inequality to check whether certain combinations of
yardage and touchdowns, such as those in the table,
result in 1000 points or more.

GRAPH LINEAR INEQUALITIES A linear inequality resembles a linear

equation, but with an inequality symbol instead of an equals symbol. For example,
y ⱕ 2x ⫹ 1 is a linear inequality and y ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1 is the related linear equation.
The graph of y ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1 separates the coordinate plane
y
into two regions. The line is the boundary of each region.
The graph of the inequality y ⱕ 2x ⫹ 1 is the shaded y  2x  1
region. Every point in the shaded region satisfies the
inequality. The graph of y ⫽ 2x ⫹ 1 is drawn as a solid line
to show that points on the line satisfy the inequality. If the O x
inequality symbol were ⬍ or ⬎, then points on the
y ≤ 2x  1
boundary would not satisfy the inequality, so the
boundary would be drawn as a dashed line.
You can graph an inequality by following these steps.
Step 1 Determine whether the boundary should be solid or dashed.
Graph the boundary.
Step 2 Choose a point not on the boundary and test it in the inequality.
Step 3 If a true inequality results, shade the region containing your test point.
If a false inequality results, shade the other region.

Example 1 Dashed Boundary

Graph 2x ⴙ 3y
6.
The boundary is the graph of 2x ⫹ 3y ⫽ 6. Since the inequality symbol is ⬎,
the boundary will be dashed. Use the slope-intercept form,
2
y ⫽ ᎏᎏx ⫹ 2. y
3
2x  3y  6
Now test the point (0, 0). The point (0, 0) is usually a good
point to test because it results in easy calculations.

TEACHING TIP 2x ⫹ 3y ⬎ 6 Original inequality O x

2(0) ⫹ 3(0) ⬎ 6 (x, y) ⫽ (0, 0)
0⬎6 false
Shade the region that does not contain (0, 0).

96 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Inequalities can sometimes be used to model real-world situations.

Example 2 Solid Boundary

BUSINESS A mail-order company is hiring temporary employees to help in
their packing and shipping departments during their peak season.
a. Write an inequality to describe the number of employees that can be assigned
to each department if the company has 20 temporary employees available.
Let p be the number of employees assigned to packing and let s be the number
assigned to shipping. Since the company can assign at most 20 employees total
to the two departments, use a ⱕ symbol.
The number the number
Study Tip of employees of employees is at
Look Back for packing and for shipping most twenty.
}
}
}
}
}
To review translating
p ⫹ s ⱕ 20
verbal expressions
to inequalities, see
Lesson 1-5. b. Graph the inequality.
Since the inequality symbol is ⱕ, the graph of the 32
s
related linear equation p + s = 20 is solid. This is the 28
boundary of the inequality. 24
20 x
y = 20
Test (0, 0). 16
p ⫹ s ⱕ 20 Original inequality 12
8
0 ⫹ 0 ⱕ 20 (p, s) ⫽ (0, 0) 4
0 ⱕ 20 true O 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 p
Shade the region that contains (0, 0). Since the variables
cannot be negative, shade only the part in the first quadrant.

c. Can the company assign 8 employees to packing and 10 employees to

shipping?
The point (8, 10) is in the shaded region, so it satisfies the inequality. The
company can assign 8 employees to packing and 10 to shipping.

GRAPH ABSOLUTE VALUE INEQUALITIES Graphing absolute value

inequalities is similar to graphing linear inequalities. The inequality symbol
determines whether the boundary is solid or dashed, and you can test a point
to determine which region to shade.

Example 3 Absolute Value Inequality

Graph y  x ⴙ 1.
Since the inequality symbol is ⬍, the graph of the related y
equation y ⫽ x ⫹ 1 is dashed. Graph the equation.
Test (0, 0).
y x
1
y ⬍ x ⫹ 1 Original inequality O x
0 ⬍ 0 ⫹ 1 (x, y) = (0, 0)
0⬍0⫹1 0 = 0
0⬍1 true

Shade the region that includes (0, 0).

www.algebra2.com/extra_examples Lesson 2-7 Graphing Inequalities 97

 Concept Check 1. Write an inequality for the graph at the right. y

2. Explain how to determine which region to shade

when graphing an inequality.
3. OPEN ENDED Write an absolute value inequality
O x
for which the boundary is solid and the solution is the
region above the graph of the related equation.

Guided Practice Graph each inequality.

4. y ⬍ 2 5. y ⬎ 2x ⫺ 3 6. x ⫺ y ⱖ 0
7. x ⫺ 2y ⱕ 5 8. y ⬎ 2x 9. y ⱕ 3x ⫺ 1

Application SHOPPING For Exercises 10–12, use the following information.

Gwen wants to buy some cassettes that cost $10 each and some CDs that cost
GUIDED PRACTICE KEY $13 each. She has $40 to spend.
10. Write an inequality to represent the situation, where c is the number of cassettes
she buys and d is the number of CDs.
11. Graph the inequality.
12. Can she buy 3 cassettes and 2 CDs? Explain.

Practice and Apply

Homework Help Graph each inequality.
For See 13. x ⫹ y ⬎ ⫺5 14. 3 ⱖ x ⫺ 3y 15. y ⬎ 6x ⫺ 2
Exercises Examples
13–24, 31, 32 1, 2 16. x ⫺ 5 ⱕ y 17. y ⱖ ⫺4x ⫹ 3 18. y ⫺ 2 ⬍ 3x
25–30, 41 3
19. y ⱖ 1 20. y ⫹ 1 ⬍ 4 21. 4x ⫺ 5y ⫺ 10 ⱕ 0
33–40 2
1 1
22. x ⫺ 6y ⫹ 3 ⬎ 0 23. y ⬎ ᎏᎏx ⫹ 5 24. y ⱖ ᎏᎏx ⫺ 5
Extra Practice 3 2
See page 832. 25. y ⱕ x 26. y ⬎ 4x 27. y ⫹ x ⬍ 3
28. y ⱖ x ⫺ 1 ⫺ 2 29. x ⫹ y ⬎ 1 30. x ⱕ y

31. Graph all the points on the coordinate plane to the left of the graph of x ⫽ ⫺2.
Write an inequality to describe these points.
32. Graph all the points on the coordinate plane below the graph of y ⫽ 3x ⫺ 5.
Write an inequality to describe these points.

SCHOOL For Exercises 33 and 34, use the following information.

Rosa’s professor says that the midterm exam will count for 40% of each student’s
grade and the final exam will count for 60%. A score of at least 90 is required for an A.
33. The inequality 0.4x ⫹ 0.6y ⱖ 90 represents this situation, where x is the midterm
score and y is the final exam score. Graph this inequality.
34. If Rosa scores 85 on the midterm and 95 on the final, will she get an A?

DRAMA For Exercises 35–37, use the following information.

Tickets for the Prestonville High School Drama Club’s spring play cost $4 for adults and
$3 for students. In order to cover expenses, at least $2000 worth of tickets must be sold.
35. Write an inequality that describes this situation.
36. Graph the inequality.
37. If 180 adult and 465 student tickets are sold, will the club cover its expenses?
98 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
 FINANCE For Exercises 38–40, use the following Dividend
information. Company
per Share
Carl Talbert estimates that he will need to earn at least
$9000 per year combined in dividend income from the Able Rentals $1.20
two stocks he owns to supplement his retirement plan. Best Bikes $1.80
38. Write and graph an inequality for this situation.
39. Will he make enough from 3000 shares of each company?
40. CRITICAL THINKING Graph y ⬍ x.
41. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of
Finance the lesson.
A dividend is a payment How do inequalities apply to fantasy football?
from a company to an Include the following in your answer:
investor. It is a way to
make money on a stock • an inequality, and an explanation of how you obtained it, to represent a good
without selling it. game for Randy Moss in Dana’s fantasy football league,
• a graph of your inequality (remember that the number of touchdowns cannot
be negative, but receiving yardage can be), and
• which of the games with statistics in the table qualify as good games.

Standardized 42. Which could be the inequality for the graph? y

Test Practice Ay ⬍ 3x ⫹ 2 B y ⱕ 3x ⫹ 2
C y ⬎ 3x ⫹ 2 D y ⱖ 3x ⫹ 2
O x
43. Which point satisfies y ⬎ 5x ⫺ 3?
A (2, 2) B (⫺1, 3)
C (3, 7) D (⫺2, 4)

Graphing SHADE( COMMAND You can graph inequalities with a graphing calculator by
Calculator using the Shade( command located in the DRAW menu. You must enter two functions.
• The first function defines the lower boundary of the region to be shaded.
• The second function defines the upper boundary of the region.
• If the inequality is “y ⱕ,” use the Ymin window value as the lower boundary.
• If the inequality is “y ⱖ,” use the Ymax window value as the upper boundary.
Graph each inequality.
44. y ⱖ 3 45. y ⱕ x ⫹ 2 46. y ⱕ ⫺2x ⫺ 4 47. x ⫺ 7 ⱕ y

Maintain Your Skills

Mixed Review Graph each function. Identify the domain and range. (Lesson 2-6)
48. f(x) ⫽ [[x]] ⫺ 4 49. g(x) ⫽ x ⫺ 1 50. h(x) ⫽ x ⫺ 3
SALES For Exercises 51–53, use the table that shows the years of experience for
eight sales representatives and their sales during a given period of time. (Lesson 2-5)

Years 6 5 3 1 4 3 6 2
Sales ($) 9000 6000 4000 3000 6000 5000 8000 2000

51. Draw a scatter plot.

52. Find a prediction equation.
53. Predict the sales for a representative with 8 years of experience.
Solve each equation. Check your solution. (Lesson 1-3)
54. 4x ⫺ 9 ⫽ 23 55. 11 ⫺ 2y ⫽ 5 56. 2z ⫺ 3 ⫽ ⫺6z ⫹ 1
www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz Lesson 2-7 Graphing Inequalities 99
 Vocabulary and Concept Check
absolute value function (p. 90) linear equation (p. 63) range (p. 56)
boundary (p. 96) linear function (p. 63) rate of change (p. 69)
Cartesian coordinate plane (p. 56) line of fit (p. 81) relation (p. 56)
constant function (p. 90) mapping (p. 57) scatter plot (p. 81)
dependent variable (p. 59) one-to-one function (p. 57) slope (p. 68)
domain (p. 56) ordered pair (p. 56) slope-intercept form (p. 75)
family of graphs (p. 70) parent graph (p. 70) standard form (p. 64)
function (p. 57) piecewise function (p. 91) step function (p. 89)
functional notation (p. 59) point-slope form (p. 76) vertical line test (p. 57)
greatest integer function (p. 89) prediction equation (p. 81) x-intercept (p. 65)
identity function (p. 90) quadrant (p. 56) y-intercept (p. 65)
independent variable (p. 59)

Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.

1. The (constant, identity) function is a linear function described by f(x) ⫽ x.
2. The graph of the (absolute value, greatest integer) function forms a V-shape and is
described by f(x) ⫽ x.
3. The (slope-intercept, standard) form of the equation of a line is Ax ⫹ By ⫽ C, where
A and B are not both zero.
4. Two lines in the same plane having the same slope are (parallel, perpendicular).
5. The (domain, range) is the set of all x-coordinates of the ordered pairs of a relation.
6. The set of all y-coordinates of the ordered pairs of a relation is the (domain, range).
7. The ratio of the change in y-coordinates to the corresponding change in
x-coordinates is called the (slope, y-intercept) of a line.
8. The (line of fit, vertical line test) can be used to determine if a relation is a function.

2-1 Relations and Functions

See pages
56–62. Concept Summary
• A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain is the set of all x-coordinates,
and the range is the set of all y-coordinates.
• A function is a relation where each member of the domain is paired with exactly
one member of the range.

Example Graph the relation {(ⴚ3, 1), (0, 2), (2, 5)} and find the domain y
(2, 5)
and range. Then determine whether the relation is a function.
The domain is {⫺3, 0, 2}, and the range is {1, 2, 5}.
(0, 2)
Graph the ordered pairs. Since each x value is paired with (⫺3, 1)
exactly one y value, the relation is a function.
O x

100 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions www.algebra2.com/vocabulary_review

 Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review

Exercises Graph each relation or equation and find the domain and range. Then
determine whether the relation or equation is a function.
See Examples 1 and 2 on pages 57 and 58.
9. {(6, 3), (2, 1), (
2, 3)} 10. {(
5, 2), (2, 4), (1, 1), (
5,
2)}
11. y  0.5x 12. y  2x  1

Find each value if f(x)
5x  9. See Example 5 on page 59.

13. f(6) 14. f(
2) 15. f(y) 16. f(
2v)

2-2 Linear Equations

See pages Concept Summary
63–67.
• A linear equation is an equation whose graph is a line. A linear function
can be written in the form f(x)  mx  b.
• The standard form of a linear equation is Ax  By  C.
Example Write 2x  6
y  8 in standard form. Identify A, B, and C.
2x
6 = y  8 Original equation
2x
y
6  8 Subtract y from each side.

2x
y  14 Add 6 to each side.

The standard form is 2x
y  14. So, A  2, B 
1, and C  14.

Exercises State whether each equation or function is linear. Write yes or no. If
no, explain your reasoning. See Example 1 on page 63.
17. 3x2
y  6 18. 2x  y  11 19. h(x)  兹苶
2x  1

Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C. See Example 3 on page 64.
2 3
20. y  7x  15 21. 0.5x 
0.2y
0.4 22. x
 y  6
3 4

Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then
graph the equation. See Example 4 on page 65.
1
23.
y  x  4 24. 6x 
12y  48 25. y
x 
9
5

2-3 Slope y
See pages Concept Summary x 2  x1
68–74.
• The slope of a line is the ratio of the change in y-coordinates
y 2  y1 (x 2, y 2)
to the corresponding change in x-coordinates.
y
y
m
2
1 (x 1, y 1)
x2
x1
O x
• Lines with the same slope are parallel. Lines with slopes
that are opposite reciprocals are perpendicular.
Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review 101
 Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review

Example Find the slope of the line that passes through (⫺5, 3) and (7, 9).
y ⫺y
m⫽ᎏ
2
ᎏ1 Slope formula
x2 ⫺ x1
9⫺3
⫽ ᎏᎏ (x1, y1) ⫽ (⫺5, 3), (x2, y2) ⫽ (7, 9)
7 ⫺ (⫺5)
6 1
⫽ ᎏᎏ or ᎏᎏ Simplify.
12 2

Exercises Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.
See Example 1 on page 68.
26. (⫺6, ⫺3), (6, 7) 27. (5.5, ⫺5.5), (11, ⫺7) 28. (⫺3, 24), (10, ⫺41)

Graph the line passing through the given point with the given slope.
See Example 2 on page 69.
5 1
29. (0, 1), m ⫽ 2 30. (3, ⫺2), m ⫽ ᎏᎏ 31. (⫺5, 2), m ⫽ ⫺ᎏᎏ
2 4
Graph the line that satisfies each set of conditions.
See Examples 4 and 5 on pages 70 and 71.
32. passes through (2, 0), parallel to a line whose slope is 3
1
33. passes through (⫺1, ⫺2), perpendicular to a line whose slope is ᎏᎏ
2
34. passes through (4, 1), perpendicular to graph of 2x ⫹ 3y ⫽ 1
35. passes through (⫺2, 2), parallel to graph of ⫺2x ⫹ y ⫽ 4

2-4 Writing Linear Equations

See pages Concept Summary
75–80.
• Slope-Intercept Form: y ⫽ mx ⫹ b
• Point-Slope Form: y ⫺ y1 ⫽ m(x ⫺ x1)
Example Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line through (4, 5) that is
parallel to the line through (⫺1, ⫺3) and (2, ⫺1).
2
First, find the slope of the given line. The parallel line will also have slope ᎏᎏ.
3
y2 ⫺ y1
m⫽ᎏ ᎏ Slope formula y ⫺ y1 ⫽ m(x ⫺ x1) Point-slope form
x2 ⫺ x1
2 2
⫺1 ⫺ (⫺3) (x1, y1) = (⫺1, ⫺3),
y ⫺ 5 ⫽ ᎏᎏ(x ⫺ 4) (x1, y1) ⫽ (4, 5), m ⫽ ᎏᎏ
3
3
⫽ ᎏᎏ
2 ⫺ (⫺1) (x2, y2) ⫽ (2, ⫺1) 2 7
y ⫽ ᎏᎏ x ⫹ ᎏ ᎏ Slope-intercept form
3 3
2
⫽ ᎏᎏ Simplify.
3

Exercises Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies
each set of conditions. See Examples 1, 2, and 4 on pages 76–78.
3
36. slope ᎏᎏ, passes through (⫺6, 9)
4
37. passes through (3, ⫺8) and (⫺3, 2)
38. passes through (⫺1, 2), parallel to the graph of x ⫺ 3y ⫽ 14
39. passes through (3, 2), perpendicular to the graph of 4x ⫺ 3y ⫽ 12

102 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review

2-5 Modeling Real-World Data:

See pages
81–86.
Using Scatter Plots
Concept Summary
• A scatter plot is a graph of ordered pairs of data.
• A prediction equation can be used to predict one of the variables given the
other variable.

Example WEEKLY PAY The table below shows the median weekly earnings for American
workers for the period 1985–1999. Predict the median weekly earnings for 2010.

Year 1985 1990 1995 1999 2010

Earnings ($) 343 412 479 549 ?
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

A scatter plot suggests that any two points

could be used to find a prediction equation. Median Weekly Earnings
Use (1985, 343) and (1990, 412). 700
600 479
y ⫺y
m⫽ᎏ
2
ᎏ1
Earnings ($)
Slope formula 500 343
x2 ⫺ x1
400 549
412 ⫺ 343 (x1, y1) ⫽ (1985, 343),
⫽ ᎏᎏ 300 412
1990 ⫺ 1985 (x2, y2) ⫽ (1990, 412) 200
69
⫽ ᎏᎏ or 13.8 Simplify. 100
5 0
1985 1990 1995 2000
y ⫺ y1 ⫽ m(x ⫺ x1) Point-slope form Year

y ⫺ 343 ⫽ 13.8(x ⫺ 1985) Substitute. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

y ⫽ 13.8x ⫺ 27,050 Add 343 to each side.

C02 099C 82 999
To predict the earnings for 2010, substitute 2010 for x.
y ⫽ 13.8(2010) ⫺ 27,050 x ⴝ 2010

⫽ 688 Simplify.

The model predicts median weekly earnings of $688 in 2010.

Exercises For Exercises 40–42, use the table that shows the People
number of people below the poverty level for the period Year
(millions)
1980–1998. See Examples 1 and 2 on pages 81 and 82.
1980 29.3
40. Draw a scatter plot.
1985 33.1
41. Use two ordered pairs to write a prediction equation.
1990 33.6
42. Use your prediction equation to predict the number
1995 36.4
for 2010.
1998 34.5
2010 ?
Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review 103

 • Extra Practice, see pages 830–832.
• Mixed Problem Solving, see page 863.

2-6 Special Functions

See pages Concept Summary
89–95.
Greatest Integer Constant Absolute Value Piecewise

f (x ) f (x ) f (x ) f (x )

f (x )
冀x 冁
O
O x O x O x x
f (x )
|x |

Example Graph the function f(x)
3x  2. y

Identify the domain and range.
O
The domain is all real numbers.
x
The range is all real numbers f (x )
3|x |  2
greater than or equal to 2.

Exercises Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.

See Examples 1–3 on pages 89–91.
43. f(x)
[[x]]  2 44. h(x)
[[2x  1]] 45. g(x)
x  4

46. h(x)
x  1  7 47. f(x)
冦x 21 ifif xx  1 冦 x  4 if x  1

1 48. g(x)
2x  3 if x  1

2-7 Graphing Inequalities

See pages Concept Summary
96–99.
You can graph an inequality by following these steps.
Step 1 Determine whether the boundary is solid or dashed. Graph the boundary.
Step 2 Choose a point not on the boundary and test it in the inequality.
Step 3 If a true inequality results, shade the region containing your test point.
If a false inequality results, shade the other region.

Example Graph x  4y  4. y

Since the inequality symbol is , the graph of the boundary

should be solid. Graph the equation. Test (0, 0).
x + 4y  4 Original inequality x  4y
4 O
x

0  4(0)  4 (x, y) = (0, 0)

0  4 Shade the region that contains (0, 0).

Exercises Graph each inequality. See Examples 1–3 on pages 96 and 97.
49. y  3x  5 50. x  y  1 51. y  0.5x  4
52. 2x  y  3 53. y  x  2 54. y  x  3

104 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Practice Test

Vocabulary and Concepts

Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
1. The variable whose values make up the domain of a function is called the
(independent, dependent) variable.
2. To find the (x-intercept, y-intercept) of the graph of a linear equation, let y ⫽ 0.
3. An equation of the form (Ax ⫹ By ⫽ C, y ⫽ mx ⫹ b) is in slope-intercept form.

Skills and Applications

Graph each relation and find the domain and range. Then determine
whether the relation is a function.
4. {(⫺4, -8), (⫺2, 2), (0, 5), (2, 3), (4, ⫺9)} 5. y ⫽ 3x ⫺ 3

Find each value.

6. f(3) if f(x) ⫽ 7 ⫺ x2 7. f(0) if f(x) = x ⫺ 3x2

Graph each equation or inequality.

3
8. y ⫽ ᎏᎏx ⫺ 4 9. 4x ⫺ y ⫽ 2 10. x ⫽ ⫺4
5
11. y ⫽ 2x ⫺ 5 12. f(x) ⫽ 3x ⫺ 1 13. f(x) ⫽ [[3x]]⫹ 3

14. g(x) ⫽ x ⫹ 2 15. h(x) ⫽ 冦 2xx ⫹⫺ 21 ifif xx ⬍ⱖ ⫺2

⫺2
16. y ⱕ 10

17. x ⬎ 6 18. ⫺2x ⫹ 5 ⱕ 3y 19. y ⬍ 4x ⫺ 1

Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.
20. (8, ⫺4), (6, 1) 21. (⫺2, 5), (4, 5) 22. (5, 7), (4, ⫺6)

Graph the line passing through the given point with the given slope.
1
23. (1, ⫺3), 2 24. (⫺2, 2), ⫺ᎏᎏ 25. (3, ⫺2), undefined
3
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies each
set of conditions.
26. slope ⫺5, y-intercept 11 27. x-intercept 9, y-intercept ⫺4
28. passes through (⫺6, 15), parallel to the graph of 2x ⫹ 3y ⫽ 1
29. passes through (5, 2), perpendicular to the graph of x ⫹ 3y ⫽ 7

RECREATION For Exercises 30–32, use the Year 1995 1996 1997 1998
table that shows the amount Americans
Amount ($ billions) 401.6 429.6 457.8 494.7
spent on recreation in recent years.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
30. Draw a scatter plot, where x represents
the number of years since 1995.
31. Write a prediction equation.
32. Predict the amount that will be spent on recreation in 2010.

33. STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE What is the slope of a line parallel to y ⫺ 2 ⫽ 4(x ⫹ 1)?
1 1
A ⫺4 B ⫺ᎏᎏ C ᎏᎏ D 4
4 4
www.algebra2.com/chapter_test Chapter 2 Practice Test 105
 6. If one side of a triangle is three times as long as
Part 1 Multiple Choice a second side and the second side is s units long,
then the length of the third side of the triangle
Record your answers on the answer sheet
can be
provided by your teacher or on a sheet of
paper. A 3s. B 4s.
C 5s. D 6s.
1. In the figure, ⬔B and ⬔BCD are right angles.
苶苶
BC is 9 units, 苶
A苶
B is 12 units, and 苶
C苶
D is 8 units.
What is the area, in square units, of 䉭ACD?
A 36 12 7. Which of the following sets of numbers has the
A B property that the product of any two numbers
B 60
is also a number in the set?
C 72 9 I the set of positive numbers
D 135 II the set of prime numbers
D C
8 III the set of even integers
A I only
2. If x ⫹ 3 is an even integer, then x could be B II only
which of the following?
C III only
A ⫺2 B ⫺1
D I and III only
C 0 D 2

3⫹x 3 3
3. What is the slope of the line that contains the 8. If ᎏᎏ ⫽ ᎏᎏ ⫹ ᎏᎏ, then x ⫽ ______.
7⫹x 7 7
points (15, 7) and (6, 4)? 3
A ᎏᎏ B 3
1 1 7
A ᎏᎏ B ᎏᎏ
4 3 C 7 D 21
3 2
C ᎏᎏ D ᎏᎏ
8 3

9. The average (arithmetic mean) of r, s, x, and y

4. In 2000, Matt had a collection of 30 music CDs. is 8, and the average of x and y is 4. What is
Since then he has given away 2 CDs, purchased the average of r and s?
6 new CDs, and traded 3 of his CDs to Kashan
for 4 of Kashan’s CDs. Since 2000, what has
A 4 B 6
been the percent of increase in the number of C 8 D 12
CDs in Matt’s collection?
1
A 3ᎏᎏ% B 10%
3
2 2
C 14ᎏᎏ% D 16ᎏᎏ%
7 3

Test-Taking Tip
5. If the product of (2 ⫹ 3), (3 ⫹ 4), and (4 ⫹ 5) is Questions 1–9 On multiple-choice questions, try
equal to three times the sum of 40 and x, then to compute the answer first. Then compare your
x ⫽ ______. answer to the given answer choices. If you don’t
A 43 B 65 find your answer among the choices, check your
calculations.
C 105 D 195
106 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
 Aligned and
verified by

Part 2 Short Response/Grid In Part 3 Quantitative Comparison

Record your answers on the answer sheet Compare the quantity in Column A and
provided by your teacher or on a sheet of the quantity in Column B. Then determine
paper. whether:
A the quantity in Column A is greater,
7
10. If n is a prime integer such that 2n ⬎ 19 ⱖ ᎏᎏn
8 B the quantity in Column B is greater,
what is one possible value of n?
C the two quantities are equal, or
D the relationship cannot be determined
苶C
11. If A苶 is 2 units, what is the value of t?
from the information given.

3t 5t Column A Column B

A B C 18. m is an integer greater than 3.

1 1 1
1 ᎏᎏ ᎏᎏ ⫺ ᎏᎏ
12. If 0.85x ⫽ 8.5, what is the value of ᎏᎏ? 4 m 4
x
19. y
13. In 䉭ABC, what is the value of
w ⫹ x ⫹ y ⫹ z? P
Q
B
O x
y˚

w˚

60˚ x˚ z˚
A C
the x-coordinate the y-coordinate
14. In an election, a total of 4000 votes were cast of point Q of point P
for three candidates, A, B, and C. Candidate
C received 800 votes. If candidate B received 20. The cost of 3 bananas and 2 apples is $1.50.
more votes than candidate C and candidate
A received more votes than candidate B, cost of one apple cost of one banana
what is the least number of votes that
candidate A could have received? 21. The average (arithmetic mean) of three
integers, x, y, and z is 30.

15. If the points P(⫺2, 3), Q(2, 5), and R(2, 3) are the average
vertices of a triangle, what is the area of the (arithmetic mean) 30
triangle? of x, y, z, and 29

22. y m
16. How many of the first one hundred positive
integers contain the digit 7? (0, k )

17. A triangle has a base of length 17, and the (1 ⫺ k , 0)O x

other two sides are equal in length. If the
lengths of the sides of the triangle are
integers, what is the shortest possible length
the slope of line m 1
of a side?
www.algebra2.com/standardized_test Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice 107