Higher Mathematics

1.4 Recurrence Relations

Paper 1 Section A
Each correct answer in this section is worth two marks.
1. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = aun + b, where a and b
are constants.
Given that u0 = 4 and u1 = 8, find an expression for a in terms of b.
1
A. a= 2 − 18 b

B. a = 2 − 14 b
1
C. a= 2 + 18 b

D. a = 2 + 14 b

Key Outcome Grade Facility Disc. Calculator Content Source

B 1.4 C 0.62 0.5 CN A10, A14 HSN 060

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2. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = 2un + 3 and u0 = 1.

What is the value of u2 ?
A. 7

B. 10

C. 13

D. 16

Key Outcome Grade Facility Disc. Calculator Content Source

C 1.4 C 0 0 CN A11 2010 P1 Q2

3. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = 3un + 4, with u0 = 1.

Find the value of u2 .
A. 7

B. 10

C. 25

D. 35

Key Outcome Grade Facility Disc. Calculator Content Source

C 1.4 C 0 0 NC A11 2012 P1 Q1

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4. A sequence is defined by un+1 = 3un + 4 with u1 = 2.

What is the value of u3 ?
A. 34

B. 21

C. 18

D. 13

Key Outcome Grade Facility Disc. Calculator Content Source

A 1.4 C 0 0 NC A11 2009 P1 Q1

5. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = −3un + 7 with u0 = 2.

What is the value of u2 ?
A. −1
B. 1

C. 4

D. 10

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C 1.4 C 0.85 0.38 NC A11 HSN 157

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6. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = 12 un + k, u0 = k.

Find an expression for u2 in terms of k.
3
A. 4k
3
B. 2k
7
C. 4k
5
D. 2k

Key Outcome Grade Facility Disc. Calculator Content Source

C 1.4 C 0.55 0.69 NC A11 HSN 092

7. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = 14 un + 8 with u0 = 32.

Evaluate u2 .
A. 10

B. 12

C. 16

D. 32

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B 1.4 C 0.83 0.35 NC A11 HSN 137

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√
8. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = 5un − 1 and u0 = 0.
What is the value of u2 ?
√
A. − 5 − 1

B. −1
√
C. 5−2
√
D. − 5

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A 1.4 C 0.6 0.38 NC A11 HSN 021

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9. Two sequences are defined by

un+1 = 12 un + 7 and
vn+1 = −vn + 2,

with u0 = −4 and v0 = 10.

Here are two statements about the sequences:

I. un tends to a limit as n → ∞.

II. vn tends to a limit as n → ∞.

Which of the following is true?

A. neither statement is correct

B. only statement I is correct

C. only statement II is correct

D. both statements are correct

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B 1.4 C 0.45 0.55 CN A12 HSN 166

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10. A sequence is generated by the recurrence relation un+1 = 14 un + 7, with

u0 = −2.
What is the limit of this sequence as n → ∞?
1
A. 28
28
B. 5
28
C. 3

D. 28

Key Outcome Grade Facility Disc. Calculator Content Source

C 1.4 C 0 0 NC A13 2010 P1 Q7

11. A sequence is generated by the recurrence relation un+1 = 0·7un + 10.

What is the limit of this sequence as n → ∞?
100
A. 3
100
B. 7
17
C. 100
3
D. 10

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A 1.4 C 0 0 NC A13 2009 P1 Q6

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12. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = 25 un + 6 with u0 = −10.

What is the limit of the sequence?
A. 10
2
B. 5
2
C. − 25
D. −30

Key Outcome Grade Facility Disc. Calculator Content Source

A 1.4 C 0.94 0.14 NC A13 HSN 088

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13. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = 19 un − 2, with u0 = 5.

What is the limit of the sequence?
A. − 94

B. − 16
9
1
C. 27
9
D. 4

Key Outcome Grade Facility Disc. Calculator Content Source

A 1.4 C 0.54 0.5 NC A13 HSN 146

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14. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = 17 un + 6 with u0 = 0.

What is the limit of the sequence?
A. 7
36
B. 7
1
C. 7
1
D. − 35

Key Outcome Grade Facility Disc. Calculator Content Source

A 1.4 C 0.67 0.43 NC A13 HSN 167

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15. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = aun + 32 , with u0 = 5.

Given that this sequence has limit 1, what is the value of a?
A. − 12

B. − 13
1
C. 3
1
D. 2

Key Outcome Grade Facility Disc. Calculator Content Source

A 1.4 C 0.48 0.43 NC A13, A14 HSN 141

[END OF PAPER 1 SECTION A]

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Paper 1 Section B
16. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = kun + k, where u0 = 1
and k is a constant.
(a) Find expressions for u1 and u2 in terms of k. 2

(b) Show that if u2 = 0, the sequence has a limit. 3

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 2 B CN A11 u1 = 2k, u2 = 2k2 + k OB 04-006
(b) 3 B CN A12 Proof

•1 ic: expression for u1 •1 u1 = k + k = 2k

•2 ic: expression for u2 •2 u2 = 2k2 + k

•3 pd: form quadratic equation •3 2k2 + k = 0

•4 pd: process quadratic •4 k(2k + 1) = 0
•5 ic: conclusion •5 k = 0 or k = − 12 , so −1 < k < 1

17. A sequences is defined by un+1 = aun + b where a and b are constants.

Given that u0 = 3, u1 = 8 and u2 = 33, find the values of a and b. 4

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

4 C CN A11, A14 a = 5, b = −7 Ex 1-4-4

•1 ss: form equation in a and b •1 8 = 3a + b

•2 ss: form second equation •2 33 = 8a + b
•3 pd: process for a •3 a=5
•4 pd: process for b •4 b = −7

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[SQA] 18. Two sequences are generated by the recurrence relations un+1 = aun + 10 and
vn+1 = a2 vn + 16.
The two sequences approach the same limit as n → ∞.
Determine the value of a and evaluate the limit. 5

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

4 C NC A13 a = 35 , L = 25 2000 P1 Q5
1 A/B NC A12

•1 ss: know how to find limit •1 L = aL + 10 or L = a2 L + 16 or

•2 pd: process L = 1−b a
•3 pd: process •2 L = 110 16
− a or L = 1− a2
•4 ic: interpret coeff. of un •3 110 16
− a or 1− a2
•5 pd: process
•4 10a2 − 16a + 6 = 0
•5 a = 35 and L = 25

19. Two sequences are defined by the recurrence relations

un+1 = 0·3un + s and vn+1 = tvn − 10

where s and t are constants and u0 = v0 = 12.

(a) Explain why un tends to a limit as n → ∞. 1

(b) Given that both sequences tend to the same limit as n → ∞, express t in terms
of s. 3

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 1 C CN A12 since −1 < 0·3 < 1 Ex 1-4-3
(b) 3 C CN A13 t = 1 + 7s

•1 ic: state limit condition •1 since −1 < 0·3 < 1

•2 pd: expressions for limits s −10

•2 un → , vn →
•3 ss: equate limit expressions 1 − 0·3 1−t
3 s −10
•4 pd: complete • =
1 − 0·3 1−t
•4 t = 1 + 7s

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20. The sequences defined by un+1 = kun + 1 and vn+1 = 23 vn + 2 both have the same
limit.
Find the value of k. 4

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

4 C NC A13 k = 56 OB 04-002

•1 pd: expression for lim un •1 l = 1

1− k
•2 pd: expression for lim vn •2 l = 2
1− 23
•3 ss: equate limit expressions 1 2
•3 =
•4 pd: process for k 1− k 1− 32
5
•4 k = 6

21. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = aun + b with u0 = 1,

where a and b are constants.
Given that u1 = 13 and u2 = 19,
(a) Find the values of a and b. 3

(b) (i) State why the sequence has a limit.

(ii) Find the limit of the sequence. 3

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 3 C NC A14 a = 12 , b = 25
2 OB 04-003
1
(b) 3 C NC A12, A13 (i) since −1 < 2 < 1,
(ii) l = 25

•1 ss: form two linear equations •1 a + b = 13, 13a + b = 19

•2 pd: eliminate one variable •2 12a = 6
•3 pd: complete •3 a = 12 , b = 25
2

1
•4 ic: state limit condition •4 since −1 < 2 <1
•5 ss: know how to find limit 25
2
•6 pd: process limit •5 l = 1
1− 2
6
• l = 25

[END OF PAPER 1 SECTION B]

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Paper 2
[SQA] 1.

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 3 C CR A10 1990 P2 Q3
(b) 5 C CR A10

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[SQA] 2.

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 4 C CR A10 1991 P2 Q9
(b) 4 C CR A14, A13
(b) 2 A/B CR A14, A13

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[SQA] 3.

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 3 C CR A10 1993 P2 Q8
(b) 3 C CR A10
(c) 1 C CR A14
(d) 3 C CR A12, A13
(d) 1 A/B CR A12, A13

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[SQA] 4.

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 4 C CR A10 1997 P2 Q3
(b) 2 C CR A10
(c) 3 C CR A14

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[SQA] 5.

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 3 C CR A10 1998 P2 Q8
(b) 1 C CR A14
(c) 4 C CR A12, A13

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6. During heavy rainfall the depth of a river is increasing by 2·5 units every hour.
Anti-flood measures reduce the depth of the river by 10% each hour. The initial
depth is 13·2 units.
(a) (i) Write down a recurrence relation for un , the depth of the river, in units,
after n hours.
(ii) Hence find the depth of the river after two hours. 3

(b) It has been decided that if the depth of the river exceeds 29 units then nearby
houses must be evacuated.
Will the houses have to be evacuated? Explain your answer. 3

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 3 C CN A10, A11 (i) un = 0·9un+1 + 2·5, Ex 1-5-7
(ii) 15·4 units (1 d.p.)
(b) 3 C CN A12, A13 no need to evacuate

•1 ic: interpret decay factor •1 0·9 stated or implied by •2

•2 ic: state recurrence relation •2 un = 0·9un+1 + 2·5, u0 = 13·2
•3 ss: evaluate successive terms •3 u1 = 14·38, u2 = 15·4
so the depth is 15·4 units (1 d.p.)
•4 ss: strategy for limit
•5 pd: process •4 e.g. l = 0·9l + 2·5 or l = 1−2·05·9
•6 ic: interpret result •5 −1 < 0·9 < 1 so l = 25 units
•6 will not exceed 29 units, so no need
to evacuate

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[SQA] 7.

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 5 C CR A10, A13 1989 P2 Q6
(b) 1 C CR CGD

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8. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un = 0·7un−1 + 3, with u1 = 5.

(a) Calculate the value of u2 . 1

(b) What is the smallest value of n for which un > 9? 2

(c) (i) State why the sequence has a limit.

(ii) Find the limit of the sequence. 3

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 1 C CN A11 u 2 = 6·5 WCHS U1 Q9
(b) 2 C CR A11 n=6
(ci) 1 C CN A12 since −1 < 0·7 < 1
(cii) 2 C CN A13 L = 10

•1 pd: calculate term •1 u2 = 0·7 × 5 + 3 = 6·5

•2 ss: evaluate successive terms •2 u3 = 7·55, etc. leading to u6 ≈ 9·16

•3 ic: state value of n •3 so n = 6

•4 ic: state limit condition •4 since −1 < 0·7 < 1

•5 ss: know how to find limit b
•5 L = 0·7L + 3 or l =
•6 pd: process limit 1−a
•6 L = 10

9. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = 0·44un − 2 with u0 = 60.

(a) Calculate the value of u2 . 2

(b) Find the smallest value of n for which un < 0. 2

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 2 C CR A11 u2 = 8·736 Ex 1-4-1
(b) 2 C CR A11 n=4

•1 pd: calculate u1 •1 u1 = 24·4

•2 pd: calculate u2 •2 u2 = 8·736

•3 ss: evaluate successive terms •3 u3 = 1·84, etc.

•4 ic: state value of n •4 u4 = −1·19 < 0 so n = 4

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10. (a) A sequence is defined by un+1 = − 12 un with u0 = −16.

Write down the values of u1 and u2 . 1

(b) A second sequence is given by 4, 5, 7, 11, . . ..

It is generated by the recurrence relation vn+1 = pvn + q with v1 = 4.
Find the values of p and q. 3

(c) Either the sequence in (a) or the sequence in (b) has a limit.
(i) Calculate this limit.
(ii) Why does the other sequence not have a limit? 3

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 1 C CN A11 u1 = 8, u2 = −4 2011 P2 Q3
(b) 3 C CN A11, A10 p = 2, q = −3
(c) 3 C CN A12, A13 (i) l = 0
(ii) outside −1 < p < 1

•1 pd: find terms of a sequence •1 u1 = 8 and u2 = −4

•2 ic: interpret sequence •2 e.g. 4p + q = 5 and 5p + q = 7

•3 ss: solve for one variable •3 p = 2 or q = −3
•4 pd: state second variable •4 q = −3 or p = 2

•5 ss: know how to find valid limit •5 l = − 12 l or l = 0

1−(− 21 )
•6 pd: calculate a valid limit only •6 l = 0
•7 ic: state reason •7 outside interval −1 < p < 1

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[SQA] 11. On the first day of March, a bank loans a man £2500 at a fixed rate of interest
of 1.5% per month. This interest is added on the last day of each month and is
calculated on the amount due on the first day of the month. He agrees to make
repayments on the first day of each subsequent month. Each repayment is £300
except for the smaller final amount which will pay off the loan.
(a) The amount that he owes at the start of each month is taken to be the amount
still owing just after the monthly repayment has been made.
Let un and un+1 represent the amounts that he owes at the start of two
successive months. Write down a recurrence relation involving un+1 and un . 2

(b) Find the date and the amount of the final payment. 4

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 2 C CN A10, A14 un+1 = 1·015un − 300, u0 = 2500
2001 P2 Q3
(b) 4 C CR A11, A14 1 December, £290·68

•1 ic: interpret 1·5% •1 1·015 stated or implied by the start of

•2 ic: state the recurrence relation (b)
2
• un+1 = 1·015un − 300 and initial
•3 ss: use recurrence relation value
•4 pd: process (e.g. u0 = 2500) stated or implied by
•5 ic: start final date the start of (b)
•6 pd: process final payment
•3 u1 i.e. £2237·50
•4 u2 and u3 i.e. £1971·06, £1700·63
•5 £286·38
•6 £290·68 for December payment

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12. Sheila opens a new savings account with £100.

The account receives 4·3% interest per annum. Each year, after the interest is paid
in, Sheila will add £k to her savings, where k is a constant.
(a) Write down a recurrence relation for un , the amount in pounds, in the account
after n years. 1

(b) Sheila would like to have exactly £500 in her account after three years. Find
the required value of k, correct to two decimal places. 4

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 1 C CN A10 un = 1·043un−1 + k Ex 1-6-2
(b) 4 A CR A11, A14 k = 123·46 (2 d.p.)

•1 ic: state recurrence relation •1 un = 1·043un−1 + k, u0 = 100

•2 ss: evaluate successive terms •2 u1 = 1·043 × 100 + k

•3 pd: expression for u3 u2 = 1·043(1·043 × 100 + k) + k
•4 ss: equate with given amount •3 u3 = 1·0433 × 100 + (1 + 1·043 + 1·0432 )k
•5 pd: process for k •4 u3 = 500
•5 k = 123·46 (2 d.p.)

13. Two sequences are defined by un+1 = 13 un + b and vn+1 = bvn + 5 where b is a
constant and u0 = v0 = 1.
(a) (i) Explain why the first sequence tends to a limit as n → ∞.
(ii) Given that the limit of the first sequence is 27, find the value of b. 4

(b) Does the second sequence tend to a limit as n → ∞? Explain your answer. 1

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 4 C CN A12, A13 (i) since −1 < 13 < 1, OB 04-001
(ii) b = 18
(b) 1 C CN A12 no, since 18 > 1

•1 ic: state limit condition •1 since −1 < 13 < 1

•2 pd: expression for limit •2 l = 1−b a = 32 b
•3 ss: equate expressions for limit •3 32 b = 27
•4 pd: process for b •4 b = 18

•5 ic: use limit condition •5 no, since 18 > 1

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[SQA] 14.

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 1 C CR A12 1998 P1 Q8
(b) 2 C CR A13
(c) 2 A/B CR A14

[SQA] 15. A man decides to plant a number of fast-growing trees as a boundary between
his property and the property of his next door neighbour. He has been warned,
however, by the local garden centre that, during any year, the trees are expected
to increase in height by 0·5 metres. In response to this warning he decides to trim
20% off the height of the trees at the start of any year.
(a) If he adopts the “20% pruning policy”, to what height will he expect the trees
to grow in the long run? 3

(b) His neighbour is concerned that the trees are growing at an alarming rate and
wants assurances that the trees will grow no taller than 2 metres. What is the
minimum percentage that the trees will need to be trimmed each year so as to
meet this condition. 3

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 3 C CN A13, A14 2·5 metres 2002 P2 Q4
(b) 3 C CN A12, A13 trim 25%

•1 ic: interpret the decay factor •1 0·8 stated or implied

•2 ss: strategy for limit •2 e.g. l = 0·8l + 0·5 or l = 1−0·05·8
•3 pd: process limit •3 −1 < 0·8 < 1 so l = 2·5 metres
•4 ss: reverse strategy for limit •4 2 = 2m + 0·5
•5 pd: process •5 m = 0·75
•6 ic: interpret scale factor •6 trim 25%

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16. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = aun + 22, u0 = 1, with
−1 < a < 1.
(a) Find the value of a for which the sequence has a limit of 33. 3

(b) Show that the sequence cannot have a limit of 10. 3

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 3 C CN A13 a = 13 New 1.4 G1
(b) 3 B CN A14 Proof

•1 pd: expression for limit •1 l = 122

−a
•2 ss: equate limit expressions •2 122 = 33
−a
•3 pd: process for a 3
• a=3 1

•4 ss: form equation of limit •4 122

− a = 10
expressions •5 a = − 12
10
•5 pd: process for a •6 impossible, since −1 < a < 1
•6 ic: use limit condition

[SQA] 17.

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

3 A/B CN A13 1999 P1 Q18

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[SQA] 18. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un = 0·9un−1 + 2, u1 = 3.

(a) Calculate the value of u2 . 1

(b) What is the smallest value of n for which un > 10? 1

(c) Find the limit of this sequence as n → ∞. 2

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 1 C CR A10 1994 P1 Q9
(b) 1 C CR A14
(c) 2 C CR A13

[SQA] 19. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = 0·3un + 5 with first term
u1 .
(a) Explain why this sequence has a limit as n tends to infinity. 1

(b) Find the exact value of this limit. 2

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 1 C CN A12 1996 P1 Q11
(b) 2 C CN A13

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20. A sequence is defined by the recurrence relation un+1 = aun + b, where

−1 < a < 1 and u0 = 8.
(a) Given that u1 = 12 and u2 = 13, find the values of a and b. 3

(b) Find the limit of the sequence as n → ∞. 2

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 3 C CN A14 a = 14 , b = 10 OB 04-005
(b) 2 C CN A13 l = 40
3 = 13 3
1

•1 ss: form two linear equations •1 8a + b = 12, 12a + b = 13

•2 pd: eliminate one variable •2 4a = 1
•3 pd: complete •3 a = 14 , b = 10

10
•4 ss: know how to find limit •4 l = 1− 14
•5 pd: process limit •5 l = 40
13 13
3 =

[SQA] 21.

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

4 C CR A14 1991 P1 Q11

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[SQA] 22.

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

(a) 3 C CR A14 1992 P2 Q3
(b) 5 C CR A14, A13

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[SQA] 23.

Part Marks Level Calc. Content Answer U1 OC4

7 C CR A14, A12, A13 1995 P2 Q3

[END OF PAPER 2]

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