Grand Theft Auto

Grand Theft Auto (GTA) is a series of action-adventure games

Grand Theft Auto
created by David Jones and Mike Dailly.[2] Later titles were
developed under the oversight of brothers Dan and Sam Houser,
Leslie Benzies and Aaron Garbut. It is primarily developed by
British development house Rockstar North (formerly DMA
Design), and published by its parent company, Rockstar Games.
The name of the series references the term "grand theft auto", used
in the United States for motor vehicle theft.

Gameplay focuses on an open world where the player can

complete missions to progress an overall story, as well as engage
in various side activities. Most of the gameplay revolves around
driving and shooting, with occasional role-playing and stealth
Series logo, used since Grand Theft
elements. The series also has elements of the earlier beat 'em up
games from the 16-bit era. The games in the Grand Theft Auto Auto III (2001)
series are set in fictional locales modelled after real-life cities, at Genre(s) Action-adventure
various points in time from the early 1960s to the 2010s. The
Developer(s) Rockstar North
original game's map encompassed three cities—Liberty City
(based on New York City), San Andreas (based on San Digital Eclipse
Francisco),[a] and Vice City (based on Miami)—but later titles Rockstar Leeds
tend to focus on a single setting; usually one of the original three Rockstar Canada
locales, albeit remodelled and significantly expanded. The series Publisher(s) Rockstar Games
centers on different protagonists who attempt to rise through the
ranks of the criminal underworld, although their motives for doing Creator(s) David Jones[1]
so vary in each title. The antagonists are commonly characters Mike Dailly[2]
who have betrayed the protagonist or their organisation, or Platform(s) Android
characters who have the most impact impeding the protagonist's
Dreamcast
progress. Several film and music veterans have voiced characters
Fire OS
in the games, including Ray Liotta, Dennis Hopper, Samuel L.
Jackson, James Woods, Debbie Harry, Axl Rose and Peter Game Boy Advance
Fonda.[3] Game Boy Color
iOS
DMA Design began the series in 1997, with the release of the macOS
Grand Theft Auto. As of 2020, the series consists of seven
Microsoft Windows
standalone titles and four expansion packs. The third main title,
Grand Theft Auto III, released in 2001, is considered a landmark MS-DOS
game, as it brought the series to a three-dimensional (3D) setting Nintendo DS
and more immersive experience. Subsequent titles have followed PlayStation
and built upon the concept established in Grand Theft Auto III, PlayStation 2
and received significant acclaim. They have influenced other PlayStation 3
open-world action games, and led to the label Grand Theft Auto
PlayStation 4
clone on similar titles.
PlayStation 5
The series has been critically acclaimed and commercially PlayStation Portable
successful, having shipped more than 280 million units with an Windows Phone
estimated gross revenue of over $9 billion,[4][5] making it the Xbox
fourth-highest selling video game franchise of all time, behind
Nintendo's Mario and Pokémon franchises,[6] and Tetris.[7] In Xbox 360
2006, Grand Theft Auto was featured in a list of British design Xbox One
icons in the Great British Design Quest organised by the BBC and Xbox Series X/S
the Design Museum.[8] In 2013, The Telegraph ranked Grand
First release Grand Theft Auto
Theft Auto among Britain's most successful exports.[9] The series
21 October 1997
has also been controversial for its adult nature and violent themes.
Latest release Grand Theft Auto V
17 September 2013

Contents
Titles
Main series
Other games
Compilations
Related media
Common elements
Gameplay
Setting
Liberty City
San Andreas
Vice City
Other settings
Voice acting
Controversies
Grand Theft Auto
Grand Theft Auto III
Vice City
San Andreas
Grand Theft Auto IV
The Lost and Damned
Chinatown Wars
Grand Theft Auto V
Lawsuits
Lawsuits involving Jack Thompson
Reception
Sales
Similar games
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Titles
 Home release
Year Title Developer Universe[10]
Console Computer Handheld Mobile
Main series
Windows ·
1997 Grand Theft Auto PS1 GBC
MS-DOS
2D
Grand Theft Auto
1999 PS1 · Dreamcast Windows GBC
2 DMA
Design
iOS ·
Grand Theft Auto Windows · Android
2001 PS2 · Xbox
III OS X ·
Fire OS
iOS ·
Grand Theft Windows · Android
2002 PS2 · Xbox 3D
Auto: Vice City OS X ·
Fire OS
iOS ·
Grand Theft
PS2 · Xbox · PS31 · Windows · Android
2004 Auto: San Rockstar
Andreas Xbox 3602 OS X · WP ·
North Fire OS
Grand Theft Auto
2008 PS3 · Xbox 360 Windows
IV
PS3 · Xbox 360 · PS4 HD
Grand Theft Auto
2013 · Xbox One · PS5 · Windows
V
Xbox Series X/S
Expansion packs
Grand Theft
Windows ·
1999 Auto: London PS1
MS-DOS
1969 Rockstar
2D
Grand Theft Canada
Windows ·
1999 Auto: London
MS-DOS
1961
Grand Theft Auto
2009 IV: The Lost and PS3 · Xbox 360 Windows
Damned Rockstar
HD
Grand Theft North
2009 Auto: The Ballad PS3 · Xbox 360 Windows
of Gay Tony
Handheld games
Grand Theft Auto Digital
2004 GBA
Advance Eclipse
iOS ·
Grand Theft
Android
2005 Auto: Liberty City PS2 PSP
· 3D
Stories
Fire OS
Grand Theft
Rockstar
2006 Auto: Vice City PS2 PSP
Leeds
Stories
iOS ·
Grand Theft
Android
2009 Auto: Chinatown PSP · DS HD
·
Wars
Fire OS
 Notes:

1. Originally available on PlayStation 3 as part of the PlayStation 2 Classics line via the PlayStation Network, but later
replaced with a HD native release.[11]
2. Originally available on Xbox 360 as part of the Xbox Originals line via the Xbox Live Marketplace, but later replaced
with a HD native release.[12]

Main series
Release timeline
2D era 3D era HD era[10]

1997 Grand Theft Auto

1998
Grand Theft Auto: London 1969
1999 Grand Theft Auto: London 1961
Grand Theft Auto 2
2000
2001 Grand Theft Auto III
2002 Grand Theft Auto: Vice City
2003

2004 Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas

Grand Theft Auto Advance
2005 Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories
2006 Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories
2007
2008 Grand Theft Auto IV
Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned
2009 Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars
Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony
2010
2011
2012

2013 Grand Theft Auto V

Grand Theft Auto Online

The Grand Theft Auto series is split into separate fictional universes, named after the primary level of graphics
capability used in each era.[10] The original Grand Theft Auto, its expansions and its sequel are considered the
"2D universe". Grand Theft Auto III and its sequels are considered the "3D universe". Grand Theft Auto IV,
its expansions and Grand Theft Auto V are considered the "HD universe". Each universe is considered
separate with only brands, place names and background characters shared between them.[10]

Grand Theft Auto, the first game in the series, was released for Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS in October
1997, ported to the PlayStation in 1998 and the Game Boy Color in 1999. Grand Theft Auto 2 was released in
1999 for Microsoft Windows, later receiving ports on the PlayStation, Dreamcast and Game Boy Color.[13]

The PlayStation 2 also featured three instalments of the main series, all of which have been re-released on
several platforms; a deal between Take-Two Interactive and Sony Computer Entertainment resulted in their
timed exclusivity on the PlayStation 2, before receiving ports to Microsoft Windows and the Xbox.[14] The
2001 title Grand Theft Auto III moved away from the two-dimension (2D) graphics used in the first two games
to three-dimension (3D) computer graphics[15] Grand Theft Auto: Vice City was published in 2002, and was
the first to feature a speaking protagonist, voiced by Ray Liotta.[16] Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, released
in 2004, introduced various new elements, including character customisation and a large map encompassing
three cities and surrounding rural area.[17]

Two main installments were published for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The 2008 title Grand Theft Auto
IV focused on realism and detail, removing various customisation features, while adding an online multiplayer
mode.[18] Grand Theft Auto V, published in 2013, featured three playable protagonists.[19] It was released to
massive financial success, breaking multiple records.[20] It was later re-released with various enhancements, in
2014 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and in 2015 for Microsoft Windows;[21] a version for PlayStation 5
and other consoles is scheduled for Q3/Q4 2021.[22][23]

Other games

Grand Theft Auto has spawned numerous additional games and expansion packs. In 1999, the original game
received two expansion packs: Grand Theft Auto: London 1969 and Grand Theft Auto: London 1961, which,
as their name suggests, featured a different setting - a fictional version of London - and new missions and
characters.[13] Grand Theft Auto Advance, released in 2004 exclusively for the Game Boy Advance, featured
a top-down perspective, similarly to the first two main games in the series, and the same setting as Grand Theft
Auto III, to which it served as a prequel. Three games were released for the PlayStation Portable: Grand Theft
Auto: Liberty City Stories in 2005, which is also a prequel to Grand Theft Auto III; Grand Theft Auto: Vice
City Stories in 2006, which is a prequel to Vice City; and Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars in 2009, which
features the same setting as Grand Theft Auto IV, but the two games are otherwise unrelated. Both Liberty City
Stories and Vice City Stories were later ported to the PlayStation 2, while Chinatown Wars was originally
released for the Nintendo DS and later ported to PlayStation Portable.[24] In 2009, The Lost and Damned and
The Ballad of Gay Tony were released for the Xbox 360 as expansion packs to Grand Theft Auto IV; a
"strategic alliance" between Rockstar and Microsoft resulted in the timed exclusivity. The expansions focus on
characters who played a relatively minor role in the main game, and whose stories take place simultaneously
with Grand Theft Auto IV's. Both were later released for the PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows as part of a
compilation, titled Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City, also available on Xbox 360.[25]

Numerous titles in the series have received ports to mobile devices. Chinatown Wars was released for iOS in
2010 and for Android and Fire OS in 2014.[26] For their tenth anniversaries, Grand Theft Auto III and Vice
City were both re-released for iOS and Android in 2011 and 2012, respectively.[27][28] In 2013, San Andreas
was ported to iOS, Android and Windows Phone and RT;[29] the mobile port was later re-released for Xbox
360 in 2014, the year of the game's tenth anniversary,[30] and the following year for PlayStation 3.[31] In 2015,
Liberty City Stories was ported to iOS, Android and Fire OS.[32][33]

Compilations

Grand Theft Auto Double Pack was released in 2003 for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox, and includes both
Grand Theft Auto III and Vice City.[34] Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy is a compilation of III, Vice City, and
San Andreas, and was first released in 2005 for the Xbox.[35] It was later re-released for the PlayStation 2,
Windows, Mac OS X, and PlayStation 4.[36][37][38][39] The Trilogy also served as the revised package for San
Andreas, which had to be pulled from shelves due to the controversial Hot Coffee mod.[40]

Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City is a standalone compilation of the two episodes for Grand Theft
Auto IV. It contains both The Lost and Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony on one disc. It was released on
29 October 2009 for the Xbox 360 and on 13 April 2010 for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 3. Microsoft
added Episodes from Liberty City to its backwards compatibility list for Xbox One platforms in February
2017.[41]
Related media
The series has been expanded into various other formats. Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto, a
book written by David Kushner chronicling the development of the series, was published in 2012.[42] In
March 2015, BBC Two announced The Gamechangers, a 90-minute docudrama based on the creation of
Grand Theft Auto.[43] Directed by Owen Harris and written by James Wood, the drama stars Daniel Radcliffe
as Rockstar president Sam Houser and Bill Paxton as disbarred attorney Jack Thompson.[44] In May 2015,
Rockstar filed a lawsuit against the BBC for trademark infringement, stating that they had no involvement with
the development of the film and had unsuccessfully tried to contact the BBC to resolve the matter.[45] It first
aired on 15 September 2015 on BBC Two.[46]

In 2006, McFarland & Company published The Meaning and Culture of Grand Theft Auto.[47] Compiled by
Nate Garrelts, the 264-page book is a collection of essays regarding the Grand Theft Auto series, to help
audiences better understand the games and to make a point about due diligence of game criticism. The book is
divided into two parts: the first part discusses the controversies surrounding the series, while the second half
takes a theoretical look at the games absent of the controversy.[48]

A planned film adaptation of the series is unable to proceed because of a lawsuit by Roger Corman, who
produced the 1977 film Grand Theft Auto. In 2017, Corman said "I actually sued the video game manufacturer
who flat-out stole the idea. We settled out of court and they gave me some money. I retain the right to remake
it, but the way it was actually written in the contract is a little bit cloudy. My lawyers are actually studying that
contract to make certain that I have a clear title to remake my picture, and I will remake Grand Theft Auto."[49]

Common elements

Gameplay

Each game in this series allows the player to take on the role of a criminal in the big city, typically an
individual who plans to rise through the ranks of organised crime through the course of the game. The player
is given various missions by kingpins and major idols in the city underworld which must be completed to
progress through the storyline. Assassinations and other violent crimes are featured regularly. Occasionally taxi
driving, firefighting, street racing, bus driving, or learning to fly helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft are also
involved in the game.

In later titles, notably those released after Grand Theft Auto 2, the player is given a more developed storyline in
which they are forced to overcome an unfortunate event (e.g., being betrayed and left for dead), which serves
as motivation for the character to advance up the criminal ladder and ultimately leads to the triumph of the
character by the end of the storyline.

The Grand Theft Auto series belongs to a genre of free-roaming role-playing video games called open world
games, and grants a large amount of freedom to the player. Traditional action games are structured as a single
track series of levels with linear gameplay, but in Grand Theft Auto the player can determine the missions that
they want to undertake, and their relationship with various characters are changed based on these choices.
Influenced by the earlier game Turbo Esprit,[50][51] the cities of the games can be roamed freely at any point in
the game, and are examples of open world video game environments which offer accessible buildings with
minor missions in addition to the main storyline. There are exceptions: missions follow a linear, overarching
plot. These missions are required to complete in order to unlock new areas in the game.

Grand Theft Auto III and subsequent games have more voice acting and radio stations, which simulate driving
to music with disc jockeys, radio personalities, commercials, talk radio, pop music, and American culture.
The use of vehicles in an explorable urban environment provides a basic simulation of a working city,
complete with pedestrians who generally obey traffic signals. Further details are used to flesh out an open-
ended atmosphere that has been used in several other games, such as The Simpsons: Hit & Run, which has less
emphasis on crime or violence, and Lego City Undercover, which reverses the roles of police officer and
criminal, although the player goes undercover in gangs for a portion of the game.

Criminal activities in Grand Theft Auto games do not go unnoticed by the police. As the player engages in
these in-game illegal activities, they may gain a "wanted level", represented by a maximum of five or six stars.
A small crime, such as running over a non-player character, may create a one star wanted level situation, while
shooting an officer may earn more stars. As the number of stars increase, the amount and strength of the
response will increase; a single star might have a few police cars chase after the player, while at 5 or 6 stars,
tanks and attack helicopters will chase down the player. Many in-game missions will automatically give the
player a wanted level after completing a certain event which they must then get rid of before the mission is
complete. Often, trying to keep away from the police while wanted will cause the player to gain even higher
wanted levels. The player can remove their character's wanted level by avoiding detection or spending in-
game money at specific locations to elude the police (such as a mod shop to repaint their car). Alternatively, if
the player-character dies, they will respawn at a hospital and the wanted level will be removed, though the
player may lose money, guns, and other benefits they had before being chased. The "wanted level" gameplay
concept has become common in similar open world games.

Setting

Most Grand Theft Auto games are set in fictional parodies of well-known United States cities, in a number of
different time periods. The games are split into three different universes (2D, 3D, and HD), each with their
own reinterpretations of previously established settings. The universes share the names of cities, several
brands, and background characters who never make physical appearances in the games (with a few
exceptions), but are otherwise considered to be separate continuities.[10]

Liberty City

Liberty City, based on New York City, is one of the three original cities introduced in Grand Theft Auto. It is
the first setting available to the player. The city encompasses two landmasses (a large one in the southeast and
a smaller one in the northeast) and a Manhattan-like central island; two smaller islands are featured along the
river that separates the three main islands. The setting also incorporates the neighboring state of New Guernsey
(a parody of New Jersey), which occupies the northwest portion of the map. All four major islands are divided
into multiple districts, inspired by New York and New Jersey's boroughs.

A redesigned version of Liberty City was introduced in Grand Theft Auto III (set in 2001). This iteration is
only loosely based on New York, and incorporates elements from other U.S. cities, such as Philadelphia,
Detroit, Boston, Chicago, and Baltimore.[52] The city encompassess three main islands, which are gradually
unlocked as the game's storyline progresses: Portland (based on the industrial areas of Brooklyn and Queens,
with additional elements from Manhattan and Long Island), Staunton Island (based mostly on Manhattan), and
Shoreside Vale (loosely based on North Jersey, The Bronx, Staten Island, and Upstate New York). The islands
are connected by road bridges and an underground tunnel system. A tunnel leading out of Liberty City can be
found in Shoreside Vale, but it is inaccessible to the player. This particular version of Liberty City returned in
the prequels Grand Theft Auto Advance (set in 2000) and Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories (set in 1998),
albeit with several changes to reflect the different time periods. The city was also mentioned in Grand Theft
Auto: Vice City and Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, and was the setting of a mission in the latter.
A third version of Liberty City was featured in Grand Theft Auto IV, its expansion packs The Lost and
Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony (all three set in 2008), and the handheld game Grand Theft Auto:
Chinatown Wars (set in 2009). This iteration closely resembles New York, and consists of four main boroughs,
which become available to explore as the story progresses: Broker (based on Brooklyn), Dukes (Queens),
Bohan (The Bronx), and Algonquin (Manhattan).[53] The placement of these boroughs mirrors that of their
real-life counterparts: Broker and Dukes occupy a large landmass in the southeast, while Bohan forms its own,
smaller island in the northeast, and Algonquin acts as the city's central island. The setting also incorporates
three smaller islands—Charge Island (Randall's Island), Colony Island (Roosevelt Island), and Happiness
Island (Liberty Island)—and a fourth landmass, Alderney, which is located west of Algonquin and regarded as
its own independent state (similarly to New Jersey). Alderney is absent in Chinatown Wars.[54] All islands,
barring Happiness Island, are connected by road bridges, underground tunnels, and a subway system; none of
which lead out of the city.

San Andreas

San Andreas, based on San Francisco, is one of the three original cities introduced in Grand Theft Auto. It is
the second setting available to the player. The locale encompasses two landmasses: a large northern portion,
which is divided into fifteen districts and generally considered to be the city's core, and a smaller island in the
southeast, consisting of only one district, which acts as the city's docks area. The northern landmass is further
divided by Aye Valley, which cuts through the heart of the area from the east to the west.

A reimagined version of San Andreas was featured in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (set in 1992), as a state
rather than a city. Based on California and Nevada, the state encompasses two landmasses, separated by a river
and surrounded by a large body of water. The southern portion of the map features the cities of Los Santos
(based on Los Angeles) and San Fierro (San Francisco), separated by vast forest and mountain areas. By
contrast, the northern portion is one large desert region and incorporates only one city, Las Venturas (Las
Vegas). Both landmasses feature additional rural settlements, which are less inhabited than the three major
cities. The cities are connected by a train track system, and each one features an airport, which can be used to
fast travel from a city to another. At the beginning of the game, players only have access to Los Santos, with
the rest of the map being gradually unlocked as the story progresses.

A third version of San Andreas appeared in Grand Theft Auto V (set in 2013), again imagined as a state. The
game features only the southern portion of the state, which is depicted as a large island, located at an unknown
distance from the U.S. mainland. The southern portion of the island is occupied mostly by the city of Los
Santos (which resembles Los Angeles much more closely than its San Andreas counterpart), while the
northern portion, known as Blaine County, is less inhabited, featuring vast areas of desert, forest, and
mountain, and only a few small towns.[55] This version of San Andreas is currently the only setting in the
series that doesn't feature any map limitations, allowing players to explore the entire island at the beginning of
the game. Los Angeles was extensively researched for Grand Theft Auto V. The team organised field research
trips with tour guides and architectural historians and captured around 250,000 photos and hours of video
footage during these visits.[56] Since the release of the game, hundreds of in-game buildings have been
identified as being based on real-world landmarks.[57] The New Yorker's Sam Sweet notes that, with sales of
the game reaching thirteen million copies, "there will be more people living in the imaginary state of Los
Santos than in the real city on which it was modelled."[58]

Vice City

Vice City, based on Miami, is one of the three original cities introduced in Grand Theft Auto. It is the third
setting available to the player. The city encompasses one large landmass, divided into eight districts which
form the city's core, and a smaller island, Vice Beach, in the northeast. Like its real-life counterpart, Vice City
is depicted as a tropical city, easily distinguished from the other two in the game by its beaches and palm trees.
A redesigned version of Vice City was introduced in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (set in 1986). The city
consists of two main landmasses, Vice City Beach and Vice City Mainland, separated by a large body of water
and connected to each other and to two smaller islands, Starfish Island and Prawn Island, by a series of road
bridges. At the beginning of the game, the player only has access to Vice City Beach, with the rest of the city
being gradually unlocked as the story progresses. The same setting would be later used in the prequel Grand
Theft Auto: Vice City Stories (set in 1984), albeit with several changes to reflect the different time period.

The HD universe version of Vice City has yet to be introduced, but has been referenced in both Grand Theft
Auto IV and Grand Theft Auto V.

Other settings

The London 1969 and London 1961 expansion packs for Grand Theft Auto take place within a fictionalized
version of London during the 1960s. As such, they are the only games in the series to be set outside of the
U.S. The portion of the city used in the games is based on Central London, although heavily condensed and
mostly geographically inaccurate. It consists of two landmasses, separated by the River Thames and connected
by several road bridges.

Grand Theft Auto 2 is set in Anywhere City, a fictional U.S. retrofuturistic metropolis with no apparent
inspiration from any real-life city. The setting consists of three areas, which the player will switch between as
the story progresses: the Downtown District, the Residential District, and the Industrial District. Each district is
depicted as its own individual island. The game is set in an unspecified time period—conflicting sources
suggest anything from "three weeks into the future",[59] to the year 2013,[60] while the game itself features
several references to the "new millennium" that is coming, implying that the year is 1999.[60]

Grand Theft Auto V features the fictional town of Ludendorff in the state of North Yankton (a parody of North
Dakota), which is the setting of two missions and is inaccessible outside of the storyline. Its online counterpart,
Grand Theft Auto Online, introduced the fictional Colombian island of Cayo Perico, which is the main setting
of the heist featured in the 2020 update The Cayo Perico Heist. Cayo Perico is the first setting in the series not
located in the United States since London.

Voice acting

The series has included a wide variety of voice actors. The original Grand Theft Auto, its mission packs and its
sequel, as well as Grand Theft Auto Advance and Chinatown Wars did not feature any voice credited to
specific roles.[61][62] The first game in the series to do so was Grand Theft Auto III which, despite a limited
budget and the series' low profile at the time,[63] featured several notable actors from film and television. These
included Frank Vincent, Michael Madsen and Kyle MacLachlan, who all had prominent roles. At the time it
was rare for a video game to use such high-profile actors, and Grand Theft Auto III is considered a pioneer in
doing so.[64] The next game, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, featured more film actors, including Ray Liotta as
the player character. Although the following title, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, also featured many notable
film actors—such as Samuel L. Jackson, Peter Fonda and James Woods—it had been decided that the use of
such actors should be reduced, particularly for leading roles. As a result, many of the prominent roles in San
Andreas were voiced by lower profile actors or rappers.[65][66]

From Liberty City Stories through to Grand Theft Auto V, the series has continued using lesser known actors
to voice main characters, but still uses celebrities and real-life radio personalities to voice the DJs of the many
radio stations featured in each game. Some games also feature celebrities portraying themselves, such as
Lazlow Jones, Phil Collins,[67] Ricky Gervais,[68] Katt Williams,[69] and Dr. Dre.[70]
Controversies
According to The Guinness World Records 2008 and 2009 Gamer's Edition, it is the most controversial video
game series in history, with over 4,000 articles published about it, which include accusations of glamorising
violence, corrupting gamers, and connection to real life crimes.[71]

Grand Theft Auto

The game was controversial from the first incarnation of the series.[72] Grand Theft Auto was condemned in
Britain, Germany, and France due to its "extreme violence",[73] and Brazil banned it outright.[73] Publicist
Max Clifford planted sensational stories in tabloids in order to help sell the first game.[72][74][75]

Grand Theft Auto III

The controversies flared up again with Grand Theft Auto III, since the 3D graphics made the violence more
realistic, and players could pay for the services of prostitutes to restore their health, and if they wished, kill
them to get some of their money back.[75]

There is also criticism from the focus on illegal activities in comparison with traditional "heroic" roles that
other games offer. The main character can commit a wide variety of crimes and violent acts while dealing with
only temporary consequences, including the killing of policemen and military personnel.

Vice City

The sixth game in the series, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, also came under criticism. One mission in particular,
in which the player must instigate a gang war between Haitian and Cuban gangs, has been controversial.
Haitian and Cuban anti-defamation groups criticised the game.

Jean-Robert Lafortune of the Haitian American Grassroots Coalition is quoted as saying that "The game
shouldn't be designed to destroy human life, it shouldn't be designed to destroy an ethnic group," for this and
similar scenarios, including lines in the game's script such as "kill the Haitian dickheads" said by character
"Diaz" during an altercation between the player and a Haitian gang. After the threat of a lawsuit by the
Haitian-American Grassroots Coalition, Rockstar removed the word "Haitians" from this phrase in the game's
subtitles.[76]

San Andreas

San Andreas was criticised initially due to its "gangster" elements, which include drugs, prostitution, and
murder. It later received additional criticism after the discovery of an interactive sex minigame, nicknamed Hot
Coffee; initially cut from the game, it remained in the game code, and was discovered in both the console and
Windows versions of the game.

After the release of San Andreas, modders managed to find the unused code in the game and released
unofficial patches for the Windows and Xbox (with a modchip) versions as well as a PlayStation 2 version
through the use of an Action Replay code enabling the player to engage in these sexual mini-games (dubbed
"Hot Coffee" in reference to a euphemism for sex used in the game). These mini-games were left partially
intact in the game's code. This prompted application of an AO (Adults Only) ESRB rating to the version of the
game containing the leftover code. Take-Two Interactive was forced to re-release the game in order to restore
the M (Mature) rating. A class action lawsuit against Take-Two was also filed as a result of the "Hot Coffee"
code.[77][78]

Grand Theft Auto IV

One of the controversies involved with this game was Mothers Against Drunk Driving's (MADD) criticism of
the ability to drink and drive as a new feature. MADD had even requested ESRB to change the rating of the
game from "M" for ages seventeen and up to "AO", for adults only, because they felt it was inappropriate for
children, even at the age of seventeen, to experience drunk driving in such a manner.[79] In the final game,
drunk driving is a playable event, but it is a crime that automatically generates a wanted rating[80] and main
playable character Niko Bellic loudly (and drunkenly) proclaims that it is a "bad idea" and that he "should
know better".[81]

Notably, it is impossible to drive while drunk in the GTA IV expansions, The Lost and Damned and The
Ballad of Gay Tony. These were released after the criticism. It is, however, possible to drive drunk again in the
successor, Grand Theft Auto V.[82]

The Lost and Damned

The Lost and Damned expansion pack for Grand Theft Auto IV was condemned by US parents group
Common Sense Media who issued a public warning against the pack's content due to a full-frontal nudity
scene during one of the cutscenes. They claimed the game was "more controversial than its predecessors"
because it featured "full frontal male nudity".[83]

Chinatown Wars

There has been some controversy over a Nintendo wanted us to make Grand Theft Auto, and we wanted to
drug dealing minigame[85] along with make a game on their platform. They didn't want us to make a Grand
comments that some Nintendo games Theft Auto for kids, and we weren't interested in making a game we
are being aimed at children (despite the wouldn't normally make.
fact that the game was rated Mature).
Dan Houser, on the making of Chinatown Wars for the
The drug dealing mini-game allows
players to peddle six types of drugs Nintendo DS[84]
around the city, but the profit the player
makes depends on market conditions,
which will be based on the area in which they deal, and the level of regular service this area receives from
them.[86][87]

Grand Theft Auto V

A segment in the latest instalment caused controversy for scenes containing player initiated torture. The
mission "By the Book" features graphic depictions of kneecapping, electrocution, dental extraction and
waterboarding, and the player is required to perform an act of torture in order to progress in the
game.[88][89][90]

UK-based charity Freedom from Torture publicly condemned the use of torture scenes in Grand Theft Auto V.
The organisation, who works to rehabilitate survivors of torture, joined other human rights charities who were
outraged at a torture scene in the game in which the players have to pull teeth and electrocute an unarmed man
in order to extract information. The charity's CEO Keith Best stated: “Rockstar North has crossed a line by
effectively forcing people to take on the role of a torturer and perform a series of unspeakable acts if they want
to achieve success in the game."[88]

The game has also been accused of sexism. The Los Angeles Times considered the game's satirical portrayals
of women uncreative, and added that violent and sexist themes hurt the game experience.[91] Edge noted that
while "every female in the game exists solely to be sneered, leered or laughed at", it treated its all-male lead
characters in a similar vein through their stereotyped tendencies towards violence.[92] Sam Houser, Rockstar
Games co-founder, felt that the development team sometimes overlooked their portrayal of women in Grand
Theft Auto games, but that the weight towards male characters "fit with the story we wanted to tell".[93]

Lawsuits

Several celebrities have sued Rockstar Games and/or Take-Two Interactive for purportedly violating their
intellectual property or personality rights, including hip-hop artist Daz Dillinger,[94] Karen Gravano of Mob
Wives,[95] and actress Lindsay Lohan.[96]

Lawsuits involving Jack Thompson

Former lawyer Jack Thompson has been involved in a number of attempts to get families of murder victims to
hold the Grand Theft Auto series accountable for the death of their loved ones. Due to his conduct in this and
related cases, Thompson was disbarred in 2008[97] and was fined more than $100,000 by the Florida Bar
Association.[98]

On 20 October 2003, the families of Aaron Hamel and Kimberly Bede, two young people shot by teens
William and Josh Buckner (who in statements to investigators claimed their actions were inspired by Grand
Theft Auto III) filed a US$246 million lawsuit against publishers Rockstar Games, Take-Two Interactive
Software, retailer Walmart, and PlayStation 2 manufacturer Sony Computer Entertainment America.[99][100]
Rockstar and its parent company, Take-Two, filed for dismissal of the lawsuit, stating in US District Court on
29 October 2003 that the "ideas and concepts as well as the 'purported psychological effects' on the Buckners
are protected by the First Amendment's free-speech clause". The lawyer of the victims, Jack Thompson,
denied that, but failed in his attempt to move the lawsuit into a state court and under Tennessee's consumer
protection act.[101] Two days later, the plaintiffs filed a Notice of Voluntary Dismissal, and the case was
closed.

In February 2005, a lawsuit was brought upon the makers and distributors of the Grand Theft Auto series
claiming the games caused a teenager to shoot and kill three members of the Alabama police force. The
shooting took place in June 2003 when Devin Moore, 17 years old at the time, was taken in for questioning by
police in Fayette, Alabama regarding a stolen vehicle. Moore then grabbed a pistol from one of the police
officers and shot and killed him along with another officer and dispatcher before fleeing in a police
car.[102][103] One of Moore's attorneys, Jack Thompson, claimed it was Grand Theft Auto's graphic nature—
with his constant playing time—that caused Moore to commit the murders, and Moore's family agrees.
Damages were being sought from branches of GameStop and Wal-Mart in Jasper, Alabama, the stores from
which Grand Theft Auto III and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, respectively, were purchased and also from the
games' publisher Take-Two Interactive, and the PlayStation 2 manufacturer Sony Computer Entertainment. On
29 March 2006 the case was dismissed and permission to appeal was denied.[104]

In May 2005, Jack Thompson appeared via satellite on the Glenn Beck program on CNN's Headline News.
Thompson mentioned Devin Moore and said, regarding Grand Theft Auto III and Grand Theft Auto: Vice
City, "There's no doubt in my mind [...] that but for Devin Moore's training on this cop killing simulator, he
would not have been able to kill three cops in Fayette, Alabama who are now dead and in the ground. We are
suing Take-Two, Sony, Wal-Mart, and GameStop for having trained Devin Moore to kill. He had no history of
violence. No criminal record."[105]

In September 2006, Thompson brought another lawsuit, claiming that Cody Posey played the game
obsessively before murdering his father Delbert Paul Posey, stepmother Tryone Schmid, and stepsister Marilea
Schmid on a ranch in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The suit was filed on behalf of the victims' families.[106]
The suit alleged that were it not for his obsessive playing of Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, the murders would
not have taken place.[107] Named in the suit were Cody Posey, Rockstar Games, Take-Two Interactive, and
Sony. The suit asked for US$600 million in damages.[108] During the criminal trial, Posey's defence team
argued he was abused by his father, and tormented by his stepmother.[109] Posey was also taking Zoloft at the
time of the killings.[110] The lawsuit was dismissed in December 2007.[111]

Reception
Ever since the release of Grand Theft Auto III in 2001, the Grand Theft Auto series has been a major success,
both critically and financially. It has generated perfect or near perfect reviews and scores on almost all of the
games; by September 2013, the series sold over 150 million copies worldwide,[177] and as of August 2015,
Grand Theft Auto shipped over 220 million units worldwide.[6] The Times Online reported that Grand Theft
Auto IV recorded 609,000 copies in the UK on its first day of release.[178] In its first week, Grand Theft Auto
IV sold approximately 6 million copies worldwide and grossed over $500 million.[179]

In 2006, Grand Theft Auto was voted one of Britain's top 10 designs in the Great British Design Quest
organised by the BBC and the Design Museum. The game appeared in a list of British design icons which
included Concorde, Jaguar E-Type, Aston Martin DB5, Mini, World Wide Web, Tomb Raider, K2 telephone
box, London tube map, AEC Routemaster bus and the Supermarine Spitfire.[8][180]

The series has broken several records, resulting in Guinness World Records awarding the series 10 world
records in the Gamer's Edition 2008. These records include Most Guest Stars in a Video Game Series, Largest
Voice Cast in a Video Game (Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas), Largest In-Game Soundtrack (Grand Theft
Auto: San Andreas) as well as Most Successful Entertainment Launch of All Time (Grand Theft Auto V).
Guinness World Records also ranked Grand Theft Auto in third place on their list of top 50 console games of
all time based on initial impact and lasting legacy.[181] Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas is listed as the most
successful game on the PlayStation 2 according to The Guinness World Records 2009 Gamer's Edition.

Grand Theft Auto III, San Andreas and Vice City currently lie at the 2nd, 5th and 6th highest rated PlayStation
2 games on Metacritic, respectively,[182] while Chinatown Wars is rated the best game on the Nintendo
DS[183] and the second best on the PlayStation Portable,[184] and Grand Theft Auto IV is currently rated the
second best game ever, with a score of 98, only trailing behind The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. Also,
Vice City, Grand Theft Auto III, San Andreas, Grand Theft Auto IV and Grand Theft Auto V lie at 11th, 24th,
27th, 93rd and 2nd best PC games of all time, on Metacritic.[185][186] Along with this, The Lost and Damned
and The Ballad of Gay Tony are currently placed 35th and 59th in the top Xbox 360 games.[187]

Sales
 Aggregate review scores
As of 5 February 2015.

Game GameRankings Metacritic

(PC) 79%[112]
Grand Theft Auto (PS1) 68%[113] —
(GBC) 57%[114]
(PC) 75%[115]
London 1969 —
(PS1) 69%[116]
(PC) 72%[117]
(DC) 71%[118]
Grand Theft Auto 2 (PS1) 70[121]
(PS1) 70%[119]
(GBC) 35%[120]
(PS2) 97[124]
(PS2) 95%[122]
Grand Theft Auto III (Xbox) 96[125]
(PC) 94%[123]
(PC) 93[126]
(Xbox) 96[125]
(PS2) 94%[127]
Vice City (PS2) 95[129]
(PC) 94%[128]
(PC) 94[130]
(PS2) 95%[131] (PS2) 95[134]
San Andreas (Xbox) 92%[132] (Xbox) 93[135]
(PC) 92%[133] (PC) 93[136]
Advance (GBA) 70%[137] (GBA) 68[138]
(PSP) 87%[139] (PSP) 88[141]
Liberty City Stories
(PS2) 77%[140] (PS2) 78[142]
(PSP) 85%[143] (PSP) 86[145]
Vice City Stories
(PS2) 76%[144] (PS2) 75[146]
(PS3) 97%[147] (PS3) 98[150]
Grand Theft Auto IV (X360) 97%[148] (X360) 98[151]
(PC) 88%[149] (PC) 90[152]
(PC) 94%[153]
(X360) 90[156]
The Lost and Damned (PS3) 94%[154]
(PS3) 88[157]
(X360) 90%[155]
(NDS) 93%[158] (NDS) 93[160]
Chinatown Wars
(PSP) 90%[159] (PSP) 90[161]
(PC) 90%[162]
(X360) 89[165]
The Ballad of Gay Tony (PS3) 90%[163]
(PS3) 87[166]
(X360) 89%[164]
(XONE) 98%[167] (XONE) 97[172]
(PS3) 97%[168] (PS3) 97[173]
Grand Theft Auto V (PS4) 96%[169] (PS4) 97[174]
(X360) 96%[170] (X360) 97[175]
(PC) 95%[171] (PC) 96[176]
 Year Game Sales Acquired label(s)

1997 Grand Theft Auto 1 million+[188] PS1 Greatest Hits, Platinum

Grand Theft Auto: London 1969

1999 Grand Theft Auto: London 1961
Grand Theft Auto 2 PS1 Greatest Hits

2001 Grand Theft Auto III 17.5 million[189] PS2 Greatest Hits, Platinum

2002 Grand Theft Auto: Vice City 20 million[189] PS2 Greatest Hits, Platinum

27.5 PS2 Greatest Hits, Platinum · Xbox Platinum

Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Hits ·
2004 million[190][191]
PS3 Greatest Hits · Xbox 360 Platinum Hits
Grand Theft Auto Advance 100,000

2005 Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories 8 million[189] PSP Greatest Hits, Platinum · PS2 Platinum

2006 Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories 4.5 million[189] PSP Greatest Hits, Platinum · PS2 Platinum

PS3 Greatest Hits, Platinum · Xbox 360

2008 Grand Theft Auto IV 25 million+[192]
Platinum Hits

Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and 1

Damned million+[193][194]

Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars 200,000[195] PSP Greatest Hits

2009
Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay
Tony
Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from
160,000+[196] PS3 Greatest Hits · Xbox 360 Platinum Hits
Liberty City

2013 Grand Theft Auto V 130 million[197] PS3 Greatest Hits · Xbox 360 Platinum Hits

Total series sales: 235 million+[6][198]

Similar games
The release of Grand Theft Auto III is treated as a major event in the history of video games, much like the
release of Doom nearly a decade earlier.[199]

During interviews to mark the 10th anniversary of the release of Grand Theft Auto III, producer of the Street
Fighter series, Yoshinori Ono, said "It would be no exaggeration to say that Grand Theft Auto III changed the
industry, and we can basically separate the time before and after its emergence as distinct eras." In the same
article Bethesda studios director, Todd Howard, said "The mark of a truly great game is how many people try
to recapture or emulate it and fail. There's a long line behind this one."[200]

Subsequent games that follow this formula of driving and shooting have been called "Grand Theft Auto
clones". Some reviewers even extended this label to the Driver series, even though this series began years
before the release of Grand Theft Auto III.[201] Grand Theft Auto clones are a type of 3D action-adventure
game,[202][203][204][205][206] where players are given the ability to drive any vehicle or fire any weapon as
they explore an open world.[207] These games often incorporate violent and criminal themes. Notable games
that are comparable to Grand Theft Auto are Saints Row,[208] Scarface: The World Is Yours,[209] True Crime:
Streets of LA,[210][211] Watch Dogs,[212] Sleeping Dogs,[213] Just Cause,[214] Mafia[215] and The
Godfather.[216]
See also
List of best-selling video game franchises
GTA gang

Notes
a. In later games, San Andreas is depicted as a state, mostly based on California and Nevada,
while a new city based on San Francisco, San Fierro, is instead featured. Two additional cities,
Los Santos (based on Los Angeles) and Las Venturas (based on Las Vegas) also exist in the
state of San Andreas.

References
1. David Jones Returns To APB – Edge Magazine (http://www.edge-online.com/news/david-jones
-returns-apb). Edge-online.com (12 May 2011). Retrieved on 6 September 2012.
2. "GTA: "Max Clifford made it all happen" " (http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-10-22-gta
-max-clifford-made-it-all-happen). GamesIndustry.biz. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 22 June
2013.
3. Orland, Kyle (14 September 2011). "Grand Theft Auto IV Passes 22M Shipped, Franchise
Above 114M" (http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/37228/Grand_Theft_Auto_IV_Passes_22
M_Shipped_Franchise_Above_114M.php). Gamasutra. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
4. "Grand Theft Auto life-time sales hit 250 million, GTA 5 and GTA Online ships 70 million units"
(https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/grand-theft-auto-life-time-sales-hits-250-million-gta-5-gta-online-ship
s-70-million-units-1589687). www.ibtimes.co.uk. 3 November 2016.
5. "More Than 100 Million Copies of 'GTA V' Sold, 'GTA Online' Continues to Thrive" (https://variet
y.com/2018/gaming/news/gta-v-100-million-sales-1203022310/). variety. 8 November 2018.
Retrieved 17 November 2018..
6. Haywald, Justin (21 August 2015). "Grand Theft Auto Series Passes 220 Million Sales
Worldwide" (http://www.gamespot.com/articles/grand-theft-auto-series-passes-220-million-sale
s-w/1100-6429961/). GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
7. Takahashi, Dean (7 April 2014). " 'Mr. Tetris' explains why the puzzle game is still popular after
three decades (interview)" (https://venturebeat.com/2014/04/07/mr-tetris-explains-why-the-puzz
le-game-is-still-popular-after-three-decades-interview/). VentureBeat. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
8. "Long list unveiled for national vote on public's favourite example of Great British Design" (http
s://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/01_january/27/culture.shtml). BBC.
18 November 2016.
9. "GTA 5: a Great British export" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/video-games/1031626
7/GTA-5-a-Great-British-export.html). The Telegraph. 17 September 2015.
10. Rockstar. "Grand Theft Auto III: Your Questions Answered – Part One (Claude, Darkel & Other
Characters)" (http://www.rockstargames.com/newswire/article/19861/grand-theft-auto-iii-your-q
uestions-answered-part-one-claude-dar.html). "Rockstar: The "universes" are the worlds
interpreted at different definitions, 2D, 3D and high definition, so we felt brands and radio/back
ground characters would exist in both, but 3 dimensional characters would not."
11. Harradence, Michael (16 November 2015). "GTA San Andreas for PS3 gets rated for upcoming
re-release" (http://www.psu.com/news/28669/GTA-San-Andreas-for-PS3-gets-rated-for-upcomi
ng-re-release/). psu.com. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
12. Makuch, Eddie (23 October 2014). "GTA: San Andreas Re-Release Coming to Xbox 360
[UPDATE]" (http://www.gamespot.com/articles/gta-san-andreas-re-release-coming-to-xbox-360
-upda/1100-6423111/). GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
13. Usher, William (14 March 2015). "Grand Theft Auto Drama Heading to BBC Television" (http://w
ww.cinemablend.com/games/Grand-Theft-Auto-Drama-Heading-BBC-Television-70657.html).
Cinema Blend. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
14. Walker, Trey (21 May 2002). "E3 2002: Sony gets Grand Theft Auto exclusive" (http://www.gam
espot.com/articles/e3-2002-sony-gets-grand-theft-auto-exclusive/1100-2866884/). GameSpot.
CBS Interactive. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
15. Moses, Travis (23 January 2008). "Preview : Grand Theft Auto IV" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20090422230023/http://www.gamepro.com/article/previews/158028/grand-theft-auto-iv/).
Gamepro.com. Archived from the original (http://www.gamepro.com/article/previews/158028/gr
and-theft-auto-iv/) on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
16. McLaughlin, Rus; Thomas, Lucas M. (6 May 2013). "IGN Presents The History of Grand Theft
Auto" (http://ign.com/articles/2013/05/06/ign-presents-the-history-of-grand-theft-auto-2?
page=3). IGN. Ziff Davis. p. 3. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
17. McLaughlin, Rus; Thomas, Lucas M. (6 May 2013). "IGN Presents The History of Grand Theft
Auto" (http://ign.com/articles/2013/05/06/ign-presents-the-history-of-grand-theft-auto-2?
page=4). IGN. Ziff Davis. p. 4. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
18. McWhertor, Michael (2 August 2007). "Take-Two Execs Explain Grand Theft Auto IV Delay" (htt
p://www.kotaku.com.au/2007/08/taketwo_interactive_taketwo_ex/). Kotaku. Gawker Media.
Retrieved 14 March 2015.
19. R* Q (16 September 2013). "Grand Theft Auto V Reviews" (http://www.rockstargames.com/new
swire/article/51370/grand-theft-auto-v-reviews.html). Rockstar Games. Retrieved 25 September
2013.
20. Karmali, Luke (9 October 2013). "GTA 5 Currently Holds Seven Guinness World Records" (htt
p://au.ign.com/articles/2013/10/09/gta-5-currently-holds-seven-guinness-world-records). IGN.
Retrieved 10 October 2013.
21. R* Q (12 September 2014). "Grand Theft Auto V Release Dates and Exclusive Content Details
for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC" (http://www.rockstargames.com/newswire/article/52308/gr
and-theft-auto-v-release-dates-and-exclusive-content). Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games.
Retrieved 12 September 2014.
22. R* Q (11 June 2020). "Grand Theft Auto V coming to PlayStation 5 in 2021" (https://blog.playsta
tion.com/2020/06/11/grand-theft-auto-v-coming-to-playstation-5-in-2021/). PlayStation Blog.
Sony Interactive Entertainment. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200611213428/https://
blog.playstation.com/2020/06/11/grand-theft-auto-v-coming-to-playstation-5-in-2021/) from the
original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
23. "Grand Theft Auto V Coming to New Generation Consoles in 2021" (https://www.rockstargame
s.com/newswire/article/61603/Grand-Theft-Auto-V-Coming-to-New-Generation-Consoles-in-20
21). Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. 11 June 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20200611214905/https://www.rockstargames.com/newswire/article/61603/Grand-Theft-Auto-
V-Coming-to-New-Generation-Consoles-in-2021) from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved
12 June 2020.
24. Robert Purchese (22 June 2009). "Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars for PSP" (http://www.eur
ogamer.net/articles/gta-chinatown-wars-for-psp). Eurogamer.net. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
25. Ashcraft, Brian (29 January 2010). "Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City Announced
for PS3 and PC" (https://kotaku.com/5459329/grand-theft-auto-episodes-from-liberty-city-annou
nced-for-ps3-and-pc). Kotaku. Gawker Media. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
26. R* Q (18 December 2014). "Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars Updated for iOS and Now
Available for Android and Amazon Devices" (http://www.rockstargames.com/newswire/article/5
2368/grand-theft-auto-chinatown-wars-updated-for-ios-and-now). Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar
Games. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
27. Q, R*. "Announcing Grand Theft Auto III: 10th Anniversary Edition for Select Mobile Devices &
the Limited Edition Claude Action Figure" (http://www.rockstargames.com/newswire/article/192
01/announcing-grand-theft-auto-iii-10th-anniversary-edition-for-sel.html).
28. "Grand Theft Auto: Vice City 10th Anniversary Edition Coming to iOS and Android Devices on
December 6th" (http://www.rockstargames.com/newswire/article/46331/grand-theft-auto-vice-cit
y-10th-anniversary-edition-coming-to-io.html). Rockstar Games. 21 November 2012. Retrieved
30 April 2013.
29. Johnson, Leif (18 December 2013). "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas iOS Review" (http://www.i
gn.com/articles/2013/12/18/grand-theft-auto-san-andreas-ios-review). IGN. Retrieved 3 March
2014.
30. Makuch, Eddie (23 October 2014). "GTA: San Andreas Re-Release Coming to Xbox 360
[UPDATE]" (http://www.gamespot.com/articles/gta-san-andreas-re-release-coming-to-xbox-360
-upda/1100-6423111/). GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
31. Harradence, Michael (16 November 2015). "GTA San Andreas for PS3 gets rated for upcoming
re-release" (http://www.psu.com/news/28669/GTA-San-Andreas-for-PS3-gets-rated-for-upcomi
ng-re-release/). psu.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151117155612/http://www.p
su.com/news/28669/GTA-San-Andreas-for-PS3-gets-rated-for-upcoming-re-release) from the
original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
32. Vas, Gergo (17 December 2015). "Kotaku" (https://kotaku.com/the-psp-classic-grand-theft-auto-
liberty-city-stories-1748476859). Retrieved 18 December 2015.
33. Fingas, Roger (17 December 2015). "GTA: Liberty City Stories comes to iOS, Pixelmator adds
Apple Pencil tilt to more brushes" (http://appleinsider.com/articles/15/12/17/gta-liberty-city-storie
s-comes-to-ios-pixelmator-adds-apple-pencil-tilt-to-more-brushes). Apple community. Retrieved
18 December 2015.
34. Boulding, Aaron (4 November 2003). "Grand Theft Auto Double Pack" (http://www.ign.com/artic
les/2003/11/05/grand-theft-auto-double-pack). IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
35. "IGN: Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110713005815/http://uk.xb
ox.ign.com/objects/773/773097.html). Uk.xbox.ign.com. Archived from the original (http://uk.xbo
x.ign.com/objects/773/773097.html) on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
36. "IGN: Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy" (http://uk.ps2.ign.com/objects/865/865013.html).
Uk.ps2.ign.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080409054633/http://uk.ps2.ign.com/
objects/865/865013.html) from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
37. "IGN: Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy" (http://uk.pc.ign.com/objects/143/14356725.html).
Uk.pc.ign.com. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
38. "IGN: Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy" (http://uk.mac.ign.com/objects/086/086141.html).
Uk.mac.ign.com. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
39. "Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy on PS4" (https://store.playstation.com/#!/en-us/games/grand-the
ft-auto-the-trilogy/cid=UP1004-CUSA03506_00-GTATRILBUNDLEPS4). 12 January 2016.
Retrieved 13 January 2016.
40. "IGN: Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy" (http://xbox.ign.com/objects/773/773097.html).
Xbox.ign.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20051102091030/http://xbox.ign.com/obje
cts/773/773097.html) from the original on 2 November 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
41. Matulef, Jeffrey (9 February 2017). "Grand Theft Auto 4 and Episodes from Liberty City get
Xbox One backwards compatibility" (http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-02-09-gta4-and-ep
isodes-from-liberty-city-get-xbox-one-backwards-compatibility). Eurogamer. Retrieved
10 February 2017.
42. GameSpot Staff (1 March 2012). "By the Book: Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto"
(http://www.gamespot.com/articles/by-the-book-jacked-the-outlaw-story-of-grand-theft-auto/110
0-6363867/). GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
43. Makuch, Eddie (12 March 2015). "Grand Theft Auto TV Drama Announced" (http://www.games
pot.com/articles/grand-theft-auto-tv-drama-announced/1100-6425878/). GameSpot. CBS
Interactive. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
44. Makuch, Eddie (22 April 2015). "GTA Drama Casts Daniel Radcliffe and Bill Paxton" (http://ww
w.gamespot.com/articles/gta-drama-casts-daniel-radcliffe-and-bill-paxton/1100-6426802/).
GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150423223101/http://ww
w.gamespot.com/articles/gta-drama-casts-daniel-radcliffe-and-bill-paxton/1100-6426802/) from
the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
45. Krupa, Daniel (21 May 2015). "Rockstar Games Files Lawsuit Against the BBC" (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20150521200740/http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/05/21/rockstar-games-files-la
wsuit-against-the-bbc). IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original (http://ign.com/articles/2015/0
5/21/rockstar-games-files-lawsuit-against-the-bbc) on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
46. Rymer, Barbara. "The Gamechangers" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2015/37/g
amechangers). BBC. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
47. Dredge, Stuart. "Top 10 things you never knew about Grand Theft Auto (because you're not
brainy enough)" (http://www.techdigest.tv/2006/12/top_10_things_y.html). TechDigest.
Retrieved 17 June 2015.
48. Quijano-Cruz, Johansen. "Using Literary Theory to Read Games: Power, Ideology, and
Repression in Atlus' Growlanser: Heritage of War" (http://www.eludamos.org/index.php/eludam
os/article/viewArticle/vol2no2-2/77). Eludamos. Journal for Computer Game Culture. Retrieved
17 June 2015.
49. McKittrick, Christopher. "Seven Decades of Cinematic Storytelling: Roger Corman on
Screenwriting" (https://creativescreenwriting.com/roger-corman-2/). Creative Screenwriting.
Retrieved 14 March 2017.
50. Retrorevival: Turbo Esprit, Retro Gamer issue 20, page 48. Imagine Publishing, 2006.
51. Charlie Brooker's Gameswipe, BBC Television, 2009. "Grand Theft Auto directly inspired by
the pioneering Spectrum game Turbo Esprit"
52. Goldstein, Hilary (28 March 2008). "Grand Theft Auto IV: Building a Brave New World" (http://a
u.ign.com/articles/2008/03/29/gta-iv-building-a-brave-new-world). IGN. Retrieved 3 May 2008.
53. Moore, Matthew (14 May 2008). "Grand Theft Auto IV: Photos reveal similarities between
Liberty City and New York City" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1955256/Grand-Theft-Auto-I
V-Photos-reveal-similarities-between-Liberty-City-and-New-York-City.html). The Daily
Telegraph. London. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
54. Welsh, Oli (17 November 2008). "GTA DS to feature most of IV's map" (https://www.eurogamer.
net/articles/gta-ds-to-feature-most-of-ivs-map). Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved 7 May
2020.
55. Rockstar Games Grand Theft Auto V Official Announcement (http://www.rockstargames.com/ne
wswire/article/19471/grand-theft-auto-v-official-announcement.html). Retrieved 26 November
2012.
56. Bernstein, Joseph (13 August 2013). " "Way Beyond Anything We've Done Before": Building
The World Of "Grand Theft Auto V" " (https://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/way-beyond-a
nything-weve-done-before-building-the-world-of-g). BuzzFeed. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
57. "Los Santos Landmarks Map" (http://grandtheftdata.com/landmarks). 1 December 2013.
Retrieved 18 April 2014.
58. Sweet, Sam (20 September 2013). "Idling in Los Santos" (http://www.newyorker.com/online/blo
gs/culture/2013/09/idling-in-los-santos-grand-theft-auto-vs-la-fantasy.html). The New Yorker.
Retrieved 29 September 2013.
59. "GTA2 – Frameset" (http://www.rockstargames.com/gta2/frameset.html). Rockstar Games.
Retrieved 5 February 2011.
60. "GTA2 – Individual Police Files" (http://www.rockstargames.com/gta2/journal/journal_list.html).
Rockstar Games. Retrieved 29 April 2007.
61. "Grand Theft Auto instruction manual (PC) (in English)" (http://gtamp.com/dl/file.php?id=48)
(PDF). Rockstar Games. 1997. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
62. "Grand Theft Auto 2 instruction manual (PC) (in English)" (http://gtamp.com/dl/file.php?id=6)
(PDF). Rockstar Games. 1999. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
63. "Grand Theft Auto: the Inside Story" (https://archive.today/20120426182234/http://www.next-ge
n.biz/features/grand-theft-auto-inside-story). Edge magazine. 16 March 2008. Archived from the
original (http://www.next-gen.biz/features/grand-theft-auto-inside-story) on 26 April 2012.
Retrieved 11 May 2008.
64. "Video game review: Grand Theft Auto III" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/connected/main.jhtml?x
ml=/connected/hubpages/2008/gta/dlgta3.xml). The Daily Telegraph. London. 15 April 2008.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080430020523/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/connecte
d/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fconnected%2Fhubpages%2F2008%2Fgta%2Fdlgta3.xml) from the
original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
65. Whitehead, Dan (26 August 2012). "Retrospective: Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas" (https://ww
w.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-08-26-retrospective-grand-theft-auto-san-andreas). Eurogamer.
Retrieved 12 May 2020.
66. Steinberg, Nick (15 October 2018). "Rockstar Won't Hire Famous Actors For Its Games
Anymore And Burt Reynolds Is (Partly) To Blame" (http://www.goliath.com/gaming/rockstar-won
t-hire-famous-actors-for-its-games-anymore-and-burt-reynolds-is-partly-to-blame/). Goliath.
Retrieved 12 May 2020.
67. Hill, Matt (22 October 2016). "25 GTA celebrity guest stars that stole the game" (http://www.digit
alspy.com/videogames/grand-theft-auto/g24330/grand-theft-auto-gta-celebrity-voices-guest-star
s/). Digital Spy.
68. Schiesel, Seth (28 April 2008). "Grand Theft Auto IV: Dystopian Liberty City" (https://www.nytim
es.com/2008/04/28/arts/28auto.html) – via NYTimes.com.
69. Zweizen, Zack (5 September 2018). "The Real-Life Celebrities Who Appeared In GTA" (https://
www.kotaku.com.au/2018/09/the-real-life-celebrities-who-appeared-in-gta/). Kotaku Australia.
70. Cowen, Trace (15 December 2020). "Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine Featured in New 'GTA V' Heist
Update" (https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2020/12/dr-dre-jimmy-iovine-featured-in-new-gt
a-v-heist-update). Complex.
71. Guinness World Records, ed. (February 2009). Guinness World Records 2009 Gamer's Edition
(https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_o9k7/page/108). pp. 108–109 (https://ar
chive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_o9k7/page/108). ISBN 978-1-904994-45-9.
72. gamesindustry.biz (11 September 2003). "Grand Theft Auto in the dock over JP road killing" (htt
ps://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/09/11/grand_theft_auto/). The Register. Retrieved 21 July
2009.
73. McLaughlin, Rus; Thomas, Lucas M. (6 May 2013). "IGN Presents: The History of Grand Theft
Auto" (http://ign.com/articles/2013/05/06/ign-presents-the-history-of-grand-theft-auto-2). IGN.
Retrieved 21 December 2013.
74. Peter Ross (27 April 2008). "Grand Theft Auto IV Joyride" (http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.c
om/comment/Grand-Theft-Auto-IV-Joyride.4024414.jp). Scotland on Sunday. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20080502070957/http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/comment/Grand
-Theft-Auto-IV-Joyride.4024414.jp) from the original on 2 May 2008.
75. Sam Gibson (6 May 2013). "The history of Grand Theft Auto" (http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/
05/06/ign-presents-the-history-of-grand-theft-auto-2). IGN.com.
76. "Take-Two self-censoring Vice City" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070929225104/http://uk.ga
mespot.com/ps2/action/grandtheftautovicecity/news.html?sid=6085346). GameSpot. Archived
from the original (http://uk.gamespot.com/ps2/action/grandtheftautovicecity/news.html?sid=608
5346#) on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
77. "IGN: Hot Coffee Lawsuit Finally Mopped Up" (http://ps2.ign.com/articles/834/834150p1.html).
IGN. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
78. "Take-Two Announces 'Hot Coffee' Lawsuit Settlements" (http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/n
ews_index.php?story=16182). Gamasutra. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
79. Sinclair, Brendan (30 April 2008). "Mothers against GTAIV's drunk driving" (http://www.gamesp
ot.com/articles/mothers-against-gtaivs-drunk-driving/1100-6190213/). GameSpot. Retrieved
13 October 2008.
80. Sterling, Jim. "Does GTA IV promote drunk driving?" (https://www.destructoid.com/does-gta-iv-p
romote-drunk-driving--84443.phtml). Destructoid. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
81. Grand Theft Auto IV, Xbox 360/PlayStation 3 release.
82. "GTA V players can drive drunk as ESRB states" (http://attackofthefanboy.com/news/gta-player
s-drive-drunk-esrb-states/). Attack of the Fanboy. 21 August 2013. Retrieved 5 September
2015.
83. "Parents Group Warns Against Lost And Damned Nudity" (http://blog.wired.com/games/2009/0
2/parents-group-w.html). Wired.com. 21 February 2009.
84. "Houser: "Nintendo didn't want us to make GTA for kids" " (http://www.dpadmagazine.com/200
8/09/25/houser-nintendo-didnt-want-us-to-make-gta-for-kids/). D+PAD. 25 September 2008.
Retrieved 20 August 2011.
85. Langshaw, Mark (24 April 2011). "Feature: Video Game Controversy" (http://www.digitalspy.co
m/gaming/feature/a315957/feature-video-game-controversy.html). Digital Spy. Retrieved
20 August 2011.
86. L.B. Jeffries. "Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars Features Drug-Dealing Minigame" (http://ww
w.escapistmagazine.com/forums/read/7.72422-GTA-Chinatown-Wars-Features-Drug-Dealing-
Minigame). Escapistmagazine.com. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
87. "Rockstar: Nintendo wanted a bad ass Grand Theft Auto title" (http://www.infendo.com/rockstar-
nintendo-wanted-a-bad-ass-gta-title/). Infendo.com. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 20 August
2011.
88. Alex Hern (18 September 2013). "Grand Theft Auto 5 under fire for graphic torture scene" (htt
p://techinamerica.com/grand-theft-auto-5-under-fire-for-graphic-torture-scene/). Tech in
America. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130928223234/http://techinamerica.com/gra
nd-theft-auto-5-under-fire-for-graphic-torture-scene/) from the original on 28 September 2013.
Retrieved 5 November 2013.
89. Martin Bagot (17 September 2013). "Grand Theft Auto 5 torture row: Teachers slam scenes of
extreme violence in most expensive game ever made – Mirror Online" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/
lifestyle/staying-in/video-games/gta-5-torture-row-teachers-2278689). Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved
5 November 2013.
90. "Why Grand Theft Auto 5's most controversial mission may be unpleasant and repulsive but
there is a message behind the degradation – Dan Silver – Mirror Online" (https://www.mirror.co.
uk/lifestyle/staying-in/video-games/gta-5s-most-controversial-mission-2279001). Mirror.co.uk.
17 September 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
91. Martens, Todd (20 September 2013). " 'Grand Theft Auto V' review: Stubborn sexism, violence
ruin game play" (http://herocomplex.latimes.com/games/theft-is-the-least-of-the-sins-of-grand-th
eft-auto-v/). Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
92. Edge Staff (November 2013). "Play: Economies of scale" (http://www.edge-online.com/review/g
rand-theft-auto-v-review/). Edge. No. 259. Future plc. pp. 85–88.
93. Suellentrop, Chris (16 September 2013). "Grand Theft Auto V Is a Return to the Comedy of
Violence" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/17/arts/video-games/grand-theft-auto-v-is-a-return
-to-the-comedy-of-violence.html). The New York Times. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
94. Staff (11 October 2013). "Daz Dillinger accuses Grand Theft Auto V of Stealing his Beats" (htt
p://pitchfork.com/news/52614-daz-dillinger-accuses-grand-theft-auto-v-of-stealing-his-beats/).
Pitchfork. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
95. Jackson, Mike (27 February 2014). "Mob Wives' Karen Gravano suing Rockstar over GTA V
character" (http://www.computerandvideogames.com/451243/mob-wives-karen-gravano-suing-
rockstar-over-gta-v-character/). Computer and Video Games. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
96. "Lindsay Lohan is suing the makers of Grand Theft Auto V" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/2
8129505). Newsbeat. BBC. 2 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
97. "Disbarred!" (http://www.gamepolitics.com/2008/09/25/disbarred) Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20080926072609/http://www.gamepolitics.com/2008/09/25/disbarred) 26 September
2008 at the Wayback Machine, GamePolitics.com, 25 September 2008
98. "Judge's report recommending Permanent disbarment for Jack Thompson" (http://www.gamepo
litics.com/2008/07/09/we-have-judge039s-report-recommending-permanent-disbarment-jack-th
ompson) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080928054215/http://www.gamepolitics.com/
2008/07/09/we-have-judge039s-report-recommending-permanent-disbarment-jack-thompson)
28 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Gamepolitics.com, 9 July 2008
99. "Lawsuit filed against Sony, Wal-Mart over game linked to shootings" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20060503074048/http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/10/22/videogame.lawsuit.ap/index.html).
CNN. Archived from the original (http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/10/22/videogame.lawsuit.ap/in
dex.html) on 3 May 2006. Retrieved 6 May 2006.
00. "Families sue over Grand Theft Auto III-inspired shooting" (https://web.archive.org/web/200405
08045243/http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/grandtheftauto3/news_6077161.html).
GameSpot. Archived from the original (http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/grandtheftauto
3/news_6077161.html) on 8 May 2004. Retrieved 6 May 2006.
01. "Rockstar seeks to dismiss Grand Theft Auto III lawsuit" (http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/action/g
randtheftauto3/news_6081737.html). GameSpot. Retrieved 6 May 2006.
02. "Suit: Video Game Sparked Police Shootings" (https://web.archive.org/web/20050307095559/h
ttps://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=502424). ABC News. 7 March 2005. Archived from the
original (https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=502424) on 7 March 2005.
03. "Grand Theft Auto sparks another lawsuit" (http://www.gamespot.com/pc/action/grandtheftautov
icecity/news.html?sid=6118699). GameSpot. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
04. Reeves, Jay "Court rejects appeal in Alabama suit blaming game for slayings (http://www.al.co
m/newsflash/regional/index.ssf?/base/news-20/1143662355218050.xml&storylist=alabamane
ws) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081029012618/http://www.al.com/newsflash/regio
nal/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-20%2F1143662355218050.xml&storylist=alabamanews) 29
October 2008 at the Wayback Machine". Associated Press, 29 March 2006.
05. CNN Headline News – Grand Theft Morality Pt.2 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqSCLrti
oEI) YouTube. Retrieved 7 May 2008. Update There is 1.234 dislikes
06. "Video-game maker blamed in '04 killing" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070825065157/http://
www.abqtrib.com/news/2006/sep/25/video-game-maker-blamed-04-killing/). The Albuquerque
Tribune. Archived from the original (http://www.abqtrib.com/news/2006/sep/25/video-game-mak
er-blamed-04-killing/) on 25 August 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
07. "Antigame Crusader in ABQ" (http://www.abqjournal.com/abqnews/index.php?option=com_con
tent&task=view&id=1526&Itemid=2). ABQnewsSeeker. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0070927230450/http://www.abqjournal.com/abqnews/index.php?option=com_content&task=vi
ew&id=1526&Itemid=2) from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 27 September
2006.
08. "Jack Thompson becomes boring" (http://www.joystiq.com/2006/09/27/jack-thompson-becomes
-boring/). Joystiq. 27 September 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
09. "Jack Thompson Lawsuit to be Filed in Albuquerque" (https://web.archive.org/web/200710111
51427/http://gamepolitics.com/2006/09/25/jack-thompson-lawsuit-to-be-filed-in-albuquerque/).
Game Politics.com. 25 September 2006. Archived from the original (http://gamepolitics.com/20
06/09/25/jack-thompson-lawsuit-to-be-filed-in-albuquerque/) on 11 October 2007. Retrieved
11 July 2007.
10. "Vera Ockenfels, the Cody Posey defence team's mitigation specialist, discusses his conviction
(transcript) (Feb. 8, 2006)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080502183241/http://www.courttv.co
m/talk/chat_transcripts/2006/0208posey-ockenfels.html). CourtTV. Archived from the original (h
ttp://www.courttv.com/talk/chat_transcripts/2006/0208posey-ockenfels.html) on 2 May 2008.
Retrieved 27 September 2006.
11. Chalk, Andy (20 May 2008). "Vice City Wrongful Death Suit Dismissed" (http://www.escapistma
gazine.com/news/view/83973-Vice-City-Wrongful-Death-Suit-Dismissed).
12. "Grand Theft Auto Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/197476-grand-theft-auto/index.
html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
13. "Grand Theft Auto Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/ps/197477-grand-theft-auto/index.
html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
14. "Grand Theft Auto Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/gbc/576069-grand-theft-auto/inde
x.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
15. "Grand Theft Auto: Mission Pack #1: London 1969 Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/p
c/197482-grand-theft-auto-mission-pack-1-london-1969/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved
12 August 2012.
16. "Grand Theft Auto Mission Pack #1: London 1969 Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/ps/
197481-grand-theft-auto-london-1969/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
17. "Grand Theft Auto 2 Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/197478-grand-theft-auto-2/ind
ex.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
18. "Grand Theft Auto 2 Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/dreamcast/197479-grand-theft-a
uto-2/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
19. "Grand Theft Auto 2 Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/ps/185853-grand-theft-auto-2/ind
ex.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
20. "Grand Theft Auto 2 Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/gbc/562989-grand-theft-auto-2/in
dex.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
21. "Grand Theft Auto 2 Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation/grand-theft-auto-2).
Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
22. "Grand Theft Auto III Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/ps2/466217-grand-theft-auto-iii/i
ndex.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
23. "Grand Theft Auto III Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/548931-grand-theft-auto-iii/in
dex.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
24. "Grand Theft Auto III Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-2/grand-theft-auto-ii
i). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
25. "Grand Theft Auto Double Pack for Xbox Reviews" (https://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox/gra
nd-theft-auto-double-pack). Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
26. "Grand Theft Auto III Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/grand-theft-auto-iii).
Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
27. "Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/ps2/561545-grand-theft-
auto-vice-city/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
28. "Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/561641-grand-theft-a
uto-vice-city/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
29. "Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-2/grand-the
ft-auto-vice-city). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
30. "Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/grand-theft-auto-vic
e-city). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
31. "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/ps2/914983-grand-t
heft-auto-san-andreas/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
32. "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/xbox/925634-grand-
theft-auto-san-andreas/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
33. "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/924362-grand-th
eft-auto-san-andreas/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
34. "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-2/gran
d-theft-auto-san-andreas). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
35. "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox/grand-theft-a
uto-san-andreas). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
36. "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/grand-theft-auto
-san-andreas). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
37. "Grand Theft Auto Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/gba/919434-grand-theft-auto/inde
x.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
38. "Grand Theft Auto Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/game-boy-advance/grand-theft-a
uto). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
39. "Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/psp/925776-gr
and-theft-auto-liberty-city-stories/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
40. "Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/ps2/931275-gr
and-theft-auto-liberty-city-stories/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
41. "Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/psp/grand-th
eft-auto-liberty-city-stories). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
42. "Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-
2/grand-theft-auto-liberty-city-stories). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
43. "Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/psp/933097-gran
d-theft-auto-vice-city-stories/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
44. "Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/ps2/938211-gran
d-theft-auto-vice-city-stories/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
45. "Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/psp/grand-theft
-auto-vice-city-stories). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
46. "Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-2/gr
and-theft-auto-vice-city-stories). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
47. "Grand Theft Auto IV Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/ps3/933036-grand-theft-auto-iv/i
ndex.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
48. "Grand Theft Auto IV Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/xbox360/933037-grand-theft-aut
o-iv/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
49. "Grand Theft Auto IV Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/952150-grand-theft-auto-iv/in
dex.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
50. "Grand Theft Auto IV Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/grand-theft-auto-i
v). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
51. "Grand Theft Auto IV Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/grand-theft-auto-iv).
Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
52. "Grand Theft Auto IV Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/grand-theft-auto-iv).
Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
53. "Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/9877
36-grand-theft-auto-iv-the-lost-and-damned/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August
2012.
54. "Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/ps3/987
733-grand-theft-auto-iv-the-lost-and-damned/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August
2012.
55. "Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/xbox36
0/955085-grand-theft-auto-iv-the-lost-and-damned/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved
12 August 2012.
56. "Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-3
60/grand-theft-auto-iv-the-lost-and-damned). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
57. "Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/playsta
tion-3/grand-theft-auto-iv-the-lost-and-damned). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
58. "Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/ds/950922-grand
-theft-auto-chinatown-wars/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
59. "Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/psp/961725-gran
d-theft-auto-chinatown-wars/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
60. "Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/ds/grand-theft-
auto-chinatown-wars). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
61. "Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/psp/grand-theft
-auto-chinatown-wars). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
62. "Grand Theft Auto IV: The Ballad of Gay Tony Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/987
735-grand-theft-auto-iv-the-ballad-of-gay-tony/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved
12 August 2012.
63. "Grand Theft Auto IV: The Ballad of Gay Tony Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/ps3/98
7734-grand-theft-auto-iv-the-ballad-of-gay-tony/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved
12 August 2012.
64. "Grand Theft Auto IV: The Ballad of Gay Tony Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/xbox36
0/960355-grand-theft-auto-iv-the-ballad-of-gay-tony/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved
12 August 2012.
65. "Grand Theft Auto IV: The Ballad of Gay Tony Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-
360/grand-theft-auto-iv-the-ballad-of-gay-tony). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
66. "Grand Theft Auto IV: The Ballad of Gay Tony Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/playst
ation-3/grand-theft-auto-iv-the-ballad-of-gay-tony). Metacritic. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
67. "Grand Theft Auto V Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/xboxone/805605-grand-theft-aut
o-v/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
68. "Grand Theft Auto V Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/ps3/634490-grand-theft-auto-v/in
dex.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
69. "Grand Theft Auto V Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/ps4/805601-grand-theft-auto-v/in
dex.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
70. "Grand Theft Auto V Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/xbox360/634491-grand-theft-aut
o-v/index.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
71. "Grand Theft Auto V Reviews" (http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/805606-grand-theft-auto-v/ind
ex.html). GameRankings. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
72. "Grand Theft Auto V Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/grand-theft-auto-v).
Metacritic. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
73. "Grand Theft Auto V Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/grand-theft-auto-
v). Metacritic. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
74. "Grand Theft Auto V Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/grand-theft-auto-
v). Metacritic. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
75. "Grand Theft Auto V Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/grand-theft-auto-v).
Metacritic. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
76. "Grand Theft Auto V Reviews" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/grand-theft-auto-v).
Metacritic. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
77. Stephen McGinty (20 September 2013). "Grand Theft Auto V: Scottish game conquering world"
(http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/technology/grand-theft-auto-v-scottish-game-conquering-wo
rld-1-3101847). scotsman.com. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
78. Sabbagh, Dan. "Grand Theft Auto IV records 609,000 first-day sales" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20080720064451/http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/gadgets_and
_gaming/article3856081.ece), The Times, 1 May 2008
79. Franklin Paul (7 May 2008). "Take-Two's Grand Theft Auto 4 sales top $500 million" (https://ww
w.reuters.com/article/hotStocksNews/idUSWNAS233520080507). Reuters. Retrieved 8 May
2008.
80. "Concorde voted the UK's top icon" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/4814088.stm). BBC. 18
November 2016.
81. Ivan, Tom (28 February 2009). "Guinness ranks top 50 games of all time" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20090301225730/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=209385).
Computer and Video Games. Archived from the original (http://www.computerandvideogames.c
om/article.php?id=209385) on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
82. "Legacy Platform Games at Metacritic – Metacritic" (http://www.metacritic.com/game/legacy).
Metacritic.com. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
83. "New and Upcoming Nintendo 3DS Games at Metacritic – Metacritic" (http://www.metacritic.co
m/browse/games/release-date/available/ds/metascore). Metacritic.com. Retrieved 5 November
2013.
84. "New and Upcoming PSP Games at Metacritic – Metacritic" (http://www.metacritic.com/browse/
games/release-date/available/psp/metascore?view=condensed&hardware=all). Metacritic.com.
Retrieved 5 November 2013.
85. "New and Upcoming PC Games at Metacritic – Metacritic" (http://www.metacritic.com/browse/g
ames/release-date/available/pc/metascore). Metacritic.com. 27 October 2013. Retrieved
5 November 2013.
86. "Best PC Video Games of All Time" (http://www.metacritic.com/browse/games/score/metascor
e/all/pc?sort=desc). Metacritic. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
87. "New and Upcoming Xbox 360 Games at Metacritic – Metacritic" (http://www.metacritic.com/bro
wse/games/release-date/available/xbox360/metascore?view=condensed&hardware=all).
Metacritic.com. 27 October 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111004213431/htt
p://www.metacritic.com/browse/games/release-date/available/xbox360/metascore?view=conde
nsed&hardware=all) from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
88. Kushner, David (2012). "Chapter 7: Gang Warfare". Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft
Auto. Wiley. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-470-93637-5. "By 1999, GTA had sold more than a million
copies worldwide but remained little more than a culty underground anomaly."
89. Internet Archive Wayback Machine (https://web.archive.org/web/20080408234728/http://taketw
ovalue.com/documents/TTWO_Value.pdf#page=12). Web.archive.org (8 April 2008). Retrieved
on 6 September 2012.
90. GTA IV Overtakes San Andreas in Lifetime Sales [Correction] (https://kotaku.com/5840484/gta-i
v-overtakes-san-andreas-in-lifetime-sales). Kotaku.com (15 September 2011). Retrieved on 6
September 2012.
91. CCBN – Lobby (https://web.archive.org/web/20120207175047/http://www.corporate-ir.net/ireye/
confLobby.zhtml?ticker=TTWO&item_id=1642557). Corporate-ir.net (26 September 2007).
Retrieved on 6 September 2012.
92. "Grand Theft Auto series shipments reach 125 million" (http://www.gamespot.com/articles/gran
d-theft-auto-series-shipments-reach-125-million/1100-6400652/). GameSpot.com. 27
November 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
93. GTA IV DLC to sell 2m by year end (http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/gta-iv-dlc-to-sell-2m-
by-year-end/) by Matt Martin (6 March 2009) Edge Magazine.com
94. Analyst: Lost And Damned Sales At 1 Million, All-New GTA In 2010 (https://kotaku.com/516581
8/analyst-lost-and-damned-sales-at-1-million-all+new-gta-in-2010). Kotaku.com (6 March
2009). Retrieved on 6 September 2012.
95. thorsen-ink. "Only 200,000 Chinatown Wars sold in March?" (http://www.gamespot.com/article
s/only-200000-chinatown-wars-sold-in-march/1100-6207855/). GameSpot.com. Retrieved
21 July 2009.
96. GTA: Episodes from Liberty City sells under 160K in Oct.-Nov. (http://www.gamespot.com/articl
es/gta-episodes-from-liberty-city-sells-under-160k-in-oct-nov/1100-6242842/) by Tor Thorsen
(11 December 2009) GameSpot.com
97. Valentine, Rebekah (20 May 2020). "Take-Two sets net bookings records as Q4 digital sales
jump" (https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-05-20-take-two-sets-net-bookings-records-
as-q4-digital-sales-jump). Gamesindustry.biz. Gamer Network. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20200520213757/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-05-20-take-two-sets-net-b
ookings-records-as-q4-digital-sales-jump) from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 21 May
2020.
98. "Take-Two Interactive Software - Investor Relations - SEC Filings" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20190214232458/http://ir.take2games.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=86428&p=irol-SECText&TEXT=a
HR0cDovL2FwaS50ZW5rd2l6YXJkLmNvbS9maWxpbmcueG1sP2lwYWdlPTEwNzExNjMxJk
RTRVE9MCZTRVE9MCZTUURFU0M9U0VDVElPTl9FTlRJUkUmc3Vic2lkPTU3). Archived
from the original (http://ir.take2games.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=86428&p=irol-SECText&TEXT=aH
R0cDovL2FwaS50ZW5rd2l6YXJkLmNvbS9maWxpbmcueG1sP2lwYWdlPTEwNzExNjMxJkR
TRVE9MCZTRVE9MCZTUURFU0M9U0VDVElPTl9FTlRJUkUmc3Vic2lkPTU3) on 14
February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
99. Game Informer Issue 138 p.73
00. Page 2 – What devs think of Grand Theft Auto III (http://www.gamesradar.com/what-devs-think-
grand-theft-auto-iii/?page=2). GamesRadar (18 October 2011). Retrieved on 6 September
2012.
01. Jeff Gerstmann (14 March 2006). "Driver: Parallel Lines Review" (http://www.gamespot.com/rev
iews/driver-parallel-lines-review/1900-6145962/). GameSpot. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
02. Chris Roper (18 September 2006). "The Godfather: Mob Wars" (http://www.ign.com/articles/200
6/09/19/the-godfather-mob-wars-review). IGN. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
03. Steve Tilley (1 April 2007). "Wii 'Godfather' for newbies only" (http://wham.canoe.ca/wii/2007/0
3/30/3871537-torsun.html). CANOE. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
04. Sam Bishop (16 May 2003). "E3 2003: True Crime: Streets of LA Update" (http://www.ign.com/a
rticles/2003/05/16/e3-2003-true-crime-streets-of-la-update). IGN. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
05. Will Tuttle (30 August 2006). "GameSpy Review — Saints Row" (http://xbox360.gamespy.com/
xbox-360/saints-row/729563p1.html). GameSpy. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
06. Blake Snow (30 January 2008). "Just Cause 2 announced for Xbox 360, PS3, PC" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20080201011432/http://www.gamepro.com/news.cfm?article_id=158948).
GamePro. Archived from the original (http://www.gamepro.com/news.cfm?article_id=158948)
on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
07. "Crackdown Community Q&A" (http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/crackdown-community-q-and
-a-interview). EuroGamer. 27 March 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
08. Douglass C. Perry, Saints Row Review (https://web.archive.org/web/20060902213158/http://xb
ox360.ign.com/articles/728/728829p1.html), Saints Row 2 IGN, 28 August 2006
09. Chris Roper, Scarface: The World Is Yours Review (https://web.archive.org/web/200610261019
26/http://xbox.ign.com/articles/737/737782p1.html), IGN, 6 October 2006
10. True Crime: Streets of LA (http://ps2.ign.com/articles/457/457538p4.html), IGN, 31 October
2003
11. "Gameranking PS2 Average 77%" (http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/561383.asp?q=
True%20Crime). Gamerankings.com. 3 November 2003. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20071016205510/http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/561383.asp?q=True%20Crime)
from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
12. "Independent.ie" (http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/games/all-eyes-on-watch-dogs-but-
have-we-seen-it-before-30313403.html). 9 June 2014.
13. "5 Ways Sleeping Dogs Improves On Grand Theft Auto" (https://kotaku.com/5938212/5-ways-sl
eeping-dogs-improves-on-grand-theft-auto). Kotaku. 27 August 2012. Retrieved 27 October
2016.
14. "What GTA V can learn from Just Cause 2" (http://metro.co.uk/2012/11/17/what-gta-v-can-learn-
from-just-cause-2-readers-feature-497519/). Metro News. 17 November 2012. Retrieved
5 September 2015.
15. Lemne, Bengt (26 August 2010). "Mafia II vs GTA IV" (https://www.gamereactor.eu/news/4718/
Mafia+II+vs+GTA+IV/). Gamereactor UK. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
16. Totilo, Stephen (9 January 2009). "What Godfather II Did Better Than GTA" (https://kotaku.com/
5349309/what-godfather-ii-did-better-than-gta). Kotaku. Retrieved 5 September 2015.

Further reading
Garrelts, Nate (2006). The Meaning and Culture of Grand Theft Auto. Jefferson, North Carolina,
United States: McFarland. ISBN 9780786428229.
Kushner, David (2012). Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto. Hoboken, New Jersey,
United States: Wiley. ISBN 978-0470936375.

External links
Official website (https://www.rockstargames.com/games?franchise=grand-theft-auto)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Theft_Auto&oldid=1021539723"

This page was last edited on 5 May 2021, at 08:06 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.