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Nonproliferation Treaty

The Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) was a 1968 agreement between nuclear and non-nuclear states to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. It distinguished between Nuclear Weapon States that already possessed nuclear weapons and could retain them, and Non-Nuclear Weapon States that agreed not to acquire them. The NPT faced challenges like failing to restrict black markets or nuclear programs in states like Iran and North Korea. However, it did help reduce arms races and the number of states attaining nuclear weapons, with only India and Pakistan conducting tests outside the treaty. Fulfilling NWS commitments and giving equal priority to NWS and NNWS could help the NPT be more successful going forward.

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90 views2 pages

Nonproliferation Treaty

The Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) was a 1968 agreement between nuclear and non-nuclear states to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. It distinguished between Nuclear Weapon States that already possessed nuclear weapons and could retain them, and Non-Nuclear Weapon States that agreed not to acquire them. The NPT faced challenges like failing to restrict black markets or nuclear programs in states like Iran and North Korea. However, it did help reduce arms races and the number of states attaining nuclear weapons, with only India and Pakistan conducting tests outside the treaty. Fulfilling NWS commitments and giving equal priority to NWS and NNWS could help the NPT be more successful going forward.

Uploaded by

Tariq Qaisrani
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Nonproliferation treaty (NPT)

After the end of Second World War, nuclear race was one of the main consequence of this war.
Most of the states moved towards nuclear weapons to ensure its security. Until 1960 four states
acquire nuclear weapons. In 1964 fifth state china denoted nuclear weapons. So to reduce nuclear
race and to prevent world from nuclear weapons on 1968 UN general assembly passed a
resolution and a treaty was signed known as nuclear nonproliferation treaty. After tow year in
1970 treaty enter into force. This treaty was made for definite time period but in the review
conference of 1995 this treaty was extended for indefinite time period.
All the members of united nation are also member of NPT instead of four states. Pakistan, India
and Israel never accepted this treaty. North Korea accede in 1985 but withdraw in 2003 after its
nuclear explosive test in 2001. This treaty define nuclear weapon states those acquire and tested
nuclear explosive before 1967. Nonproliferation means the Prevention of the spread of weapons
of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical, biological) and their means of delivery. There are two
types’ first Horizontal nuclear nonproliferation means to prevent the spread of weapons to states
not currently possessing nuclear weapons. Second is Vertical nuclear nonproliferation means to
decrease in number and destructiveness of nuclear weapons within a state already possessing
nuclear weapons. Disarmament or nuclear zero means total elimination of weapons of mass
destruction, including nuclear weapons, through the prohibition on development, production and
use and destruction of all such weapons.
Objectives of NPT
Sole purpose of NPT was nonproliferation instead of disarmaments. NPT was deal between
haves and have not which means Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) and non-nuclear weapons states
(NNWS). So rules and regulations of the treaty was different for these states. Like nuclear
weapons states as China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United
States may retain their nuclear arsenals and not assist any NNWS to acquire, manufacture or
control nuclear weapons. Commit among each other to pursuing negotiations in good faith
towards ending the nuclear arms race and achieving nuclear disarmament. Non-Nuclear Weapon
States must not build, acquire or possess nuclear weapons. They can research, produce, and use
nuclear energy for peaceful purposes under IAEA safeguard system. NPT has some other goals
such as
 NWS not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear
explosive devices and not to assist, encourage, or induce any NNWS to manufacture or
otherwise acquire them.
 NNWS not to receive nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices from any
transferor, and not to manufacture or acquire them.
 NNWS to place all nuclear materials in all peaceful nuclear activities under IAEA
safeguards.
 All parties to facilitate and participate in the exchange of equipment, materials, and
scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
 For peaceful purpose to achieve complete or general disarmament of nuclear weapons.
The NPT non-nuclear weapon states agree to never to acquire nuclear weapons and NPT nuclear
weapons states in exchange agree to share the peaceful nuclear technology. Treaty establish
safeguard system under the international atomic energy agreement (IAEA). IAEA granted access
to the commercial nuclear technologies for beneficial purpose and Determine efforts to eliminate
the existing nuclear arsenals and provide member states confidence and trust.
Challenges and failure of NPT
Treaty faced many challenges like treaty fails to provide a comprehensive plan to achieve its
objective and goals. Unable to draw a clear line between the commercial application of nuclear
technology and nuclear weapons programme .Use of conventional explosive weapons never stop
despite of universal prohibition. This treaty has unsuccessful approach to progress on Middle
East zone free of weapon of mass destruction. Pakistani nuclear scientist A Q Khan demonstrate
that nuclear and equipment's are not strictly controlled by state actors. NPT failure to restrict the
Presence of black market of fissile material because the construction of a primitive nuclear
device is lack of fissile material not lack of knowledge. Other main challenge was the Nuclear
weapon that’s still know exist and modernized and developed. Iran and North Korea nuclear
program was one of the main challenge to the treaty because these states violate treaty rules.
Success of NPT
NPT got success to some extent can able to reduce arm race. If we see after the treaty formation
only two states Pakistan and India do nuclear explosive test and both these states are not member
of this treaty. Before this treaty after Second World War five states attain nuclear power. During
cold war bilateral treaties and agreement between united states and soviet union such as Strategic
arms limitation talk(SALT 1)1969, Anti-ballistic missile treaty(ABM Treaty)1972, Strategic
arms limitation talks (SALT 2)1979, Strategic arms reduction talks (START 1)1991, Strategic
arms reduction talks (START 2)1993 and Intermediate range nuclear force treaty (INF
Treaty)1987. Comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty (CTBT) in 1996 was signed by united nation
general assembly but this treaty never enforced.
Conclusion
Security cannot be achieved through the continued reliance on nuclear weapons, but security can
be achieved through international cooperation in developing and maintaining effective, binding,
and verifiable multilateral agreements such as embodied in the NPT and the CTBT. If NWS and
NNWS should be given equal priority so that this treaty became successful. Fulfillment of NWS
commitments is integral to maintaining the NPT itself if NNWS are to be convinced of the
continuing value of not pursuing nuclear weapons and staying within the NPT, they will need to
be convinced that the NWS are taking active steps towards eliminating their nuclear arsenals and
decreasing rather than increasing the changes of these weapons being used.

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