REHABI

LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

Gener
al:Int
roductionandDef init
ionforRepair
,Retr
ofi
tt
ing,St r
engthening
and rehabi
l
itat
ion.Phy sicaland Chemi calCauses ofdet erior
ati
on of
concr
ete st
ructures,Evaluati
on ofst r
uctur
aldamages t ot he concrete
str
uct
uralel
ement sduet oearthquake.
MODULE-
1 08hour
sL1,
L2

Repai r
:Tobr ingbackt heposi ti
onoft hestruct uretoi tspr eviouscondi tionsoi t
givesper formancesameaspr ev iousl y.Itdoesn’ tcov ert hest rengt haspectof
thest r
uct ures.
Someexampl esofr epai r…….
 Decor at i
onofst ruct ur e,Pai nt i
ng, Whi teWashi ng
 Checki ngt hewi ringofbui lding
 Repl ast er ingofanywal lifr equi r
ed
 Repai ri
ngofdamagedf loor ing
 Repai rofdoorandwi ndow
 Checki ngorr epai ri
ngofpi pel ineconnect i
ons,gasl i
neconnect i
onsand
plumbi ngser v eries.
 Rel ayingdi st
urbedr ooft iles
Rehabi l
itation:Rehabi l
itation ofa bui ldi
ng meansr eturning a bui lding ora
structuret oausef ulstatebymeansofr epair
, modi fi
cat ion, oral terati
on.
 Itisr elat edt othest rengt haspectofst r uctures.
 Tobr ingbackt heposi ti
onandcondi t
ionoft hest r
uct urebyconsi deri
ng
thest r
engt haspect .
Someoft heexampl esofRehabi li
tat i
on…. .
 Tof il
lthewi decr acksusi ngsomesui tablemat er i
al
 Injectingepoxyl i
kemat er ialint ocracksi nwal ls, columns, beams, etc.
 Remov alofdamagedpor tionofmasonr yandr econst ructingi tusingr i
ch
mor tarmi x.
Ret r
ofitt
ing:
Earthquakecr eat esgr eatdev ast at ioni nt ermsofl i
f e,moneyandf ailuresof
structures.Sei smi c Ret rof it
ting i s a col l
ect i
on mi tigation t echni ques f or
EarthquakeEngi neering.I ti sofut mosti mpor tancef orhi stor i
cmonument s,
areaspr onet osev ereear thquakesandt allorexpensi v
est ructuresI ti sthe
modi fi
cat ionofexi sti
ngst ruct urest omaket hem mor er esist antt osei smi c
activi
ty,gr ound mot ion,orsoi lf ail
ure due t o ear thquakes.The r etr
of i
t
techniques ar e al so appl i
cabl ef orot hernat uralhazar ds such as t r
opical
cyclones, tor nadoes, andsev erewi ndsf rom t hunder stor ms.
Wheni sSei smi cRet r
of i
ttingNeeded?
The t wo ci rcumst ances ar e: Ear t
hquakedamaged bui l
dings, and
SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI
VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 1
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

Earthquakev ul ner ablebui ldings( withnoexposur etosev er eearthquakes)

Someexampl esofr etrofit
ting………
 Increasi ngt hel ateralst rengt hinoneorbot hdirections,byr einf
orcement
orbyi ncreasi ngwal lareasort henumber sofwal lsandcol umns
 Givinguni tyt ot hest ructur ebypr ov i
dingapr operconnect i
onbet ween
resi
stingel ement s.
 Eliminat ingf eat urest hatar esour cesofweakness,asy mmet ri
calplan
dist
ributionofr esistingmember s,abr uptchangesofst if
fnessf rom onef l
oorto
theot her.
 Av oidingt hepossi bili
tyofbr it
tlemodesoff ai
lurebypr operr einf
orcement
andconnect i
onofr esistingmember s.
Assessi ngt heexi stingcondi tionoft hest ructureanddeci dingwhi chcomponent
oft he st ruct ur e shoul d be r epaired orr estored based on al lthe fut
ure
requirement sofst ruct urether etrofi
tenabl estoi ncreaset heoriginalstr
engthof
thebui l
ding.
Theact i
onsofRet rofitti
ngi ncludes
• Addi ti
onofshearwal lofdi agonal braces
• Modi f
icat ionofr oofs
• Strengt heni ngoff oundat ion
• Modi f
icat ionofbui l
dingpl anet c…
Thecauseofdet er i
orat i
onmaybedi videdi ntofourmai nfami l
ies:

Det
eri
orat
ion

Ot
her
phy
sical chemi
cal Mech
ani
cal
def
ect
s

Aggr
essionbyPhy sicalaction
 Freezingandt hawi ng
 Hight emperatures
 Fir
e
 Shr i
nkageandcr acking
 Ther malmov ement
Aggr
essionfrom chemi cals
 Aggr essi
onbycar bondioxi
de
 Aggr essi
onbysul phat es
 Aggr essi
onbychl or i
des
 Alkali-
aggregatesr eacti
on

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 2
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

Aggressionbymechanicalelements
 Abr asi
on
 Erosion
 Cav it
ation
Defects
 Def ectsduet
opoor/i
ncor r
ectdei
gnofthemi x
 Def ectsduet
othewr ongcompositi
on;
 Def ectsduet
oincor
rect/poorqual
it
yinst
all
ati
on.

1.Freezi ngandt hawi ng:

Freeze-thaw di sint egrat ion ordet eriorati
on t ake pl ace when t he foll
owi ng
condi t
ionsar epresent .
(a) Fr eezi ngandt hawi ngt emper aturecy cl
eswi thint he concr ete.
(b) Por ous concr ete t hat absor bs wat er( wat er-fi
l
led por es and
capill
aries)Mechani sm
 Ast het emp.ofacr it
icallysat uratedconcr etei sl ower eddur i
ngcol d
weat her, thef reezabl ewat erhel dint hecapi l
larypor esoft hecementpast eand
aggregat es expands upon f reezing.I fsubsequentt hawi ng i sf oll
owed by
refr
eezi ngt heconcr etei sf urtherexpanded,sot hatr epeat edcy clesoff reezing
andt hawi nghav eacumul at i
veef fect.
 Thef reezingwat ercont ainedi npor estructureexpandsasi tisconv er
ted
i
ntoI CE.
 The expansi on causes l ocal i
zed t ension f or ces t hat f r
acturet he
surroundi ngconcr et emat r
ix.
Thef ir
stst agei st hedev el opmentoff inecloselyspacedcr ackspar al
lelt othe
edgeoft heexposedconcr et e.
 Thecr ackssoonbecomef il
ledwi t
hadar kdeposi tofcal cium carbonat e
andar ecommonl ycal ledDcr acks
 Ast hedet eriorat i
oncont i
nuessmal lpiecesofconcr et
ebet weent he
crackssepar atef rom t hebodyofconcr ete.
 Hy draul i
cst r
uct ur esar ev ulnerabl etof r
eezingandt hawi ng.Exposur ein
suchar easast het opwal l
s, piers,parapet sandsl absenhancest hev ul
ner abi
lit
y
ofconcr et etot hehar mf ul effectsofr epeat edcy cl
esoff r
eezi ngandt hawi ng.
 Theuseofdi cingchemi calsonconcr etesur facesmayal soaccel er
ate
damagecausedbyf reezi ngandt hawi ngandmayl eadt opi tti
ngandscal i
ng.
Prevent i
v emeasur es:
• Lowwat ercementr atio
• Ai rent rainingagent
• Flatsur facepr ovidepr operdr ai
nage
• Dur ableaggr egat esRat eoff r
eezing:

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 3
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

• I
ncr easedpor osity
• I
ncr easedmoi sture
• Reducedr ateofai rent rai
nment
• I
ncr easedr ateoff r
eezeandt hawcy cle Aggr egateswithi ncreasedr ate
ofabsor ption
2. We athering:
Itisdef i
nedaschangei ncol our,text ure,st rength,chemi calcomposi ti
on,or
otherproper ti
esofanat uralorar ti
fi
cial mat erialduet otheact i
onofweat her .
1. Thedamagef rom f r
eezi ngandt hawi ngi st hemostcommonweat her
rel
atedphy si
cal deteri
or at
ion.
2. Al ternatewet ti
nganddr y
ing,andheat ingandcool i
ngmaycausecr acking
i
nconcr et eduet oweat hering.
3. I ft hev olumechangesduet ot hesepr ocessesar eexcessi ve,cracksmay
develop.
4. Thedamageduet ot hesef act orsmayappeari nt hef orm ofgener al
fl
akingandspal l
i
ngofconcr etef r
om t hesur faceofconcr ete.
5. Conc retegener all
yl osesst rengt hwi thincr easeint emper atureabout300
C,damagebei nggr eaterwi t
haggr egat ehav inghi ghercoef f
icientoft hermal
expansion.

3. Crazing:
 Craz i
ngi sthedev elopmentoff iner andom cr acksont hesur faceoft he
concretecausedbyshr inkageoft hesur facelay er
.
 Thesecr acksdonotaf fectt hest r
ucturalintegrityofconcr etebutmay
l
eadt osubsequentdet eriorati
onoft heconcr ete.
 Thecr acksar eshapedl ikei rregul arhexagonandar etypicall
ynotmor e
than50t o100mm acr oss.Theyar er arelymor ethanf ewmi l
l
imetresdeepand
aremor enot iceabl eonst eeltrowel l
edsur faces.
 Theygener allyoccuri nt heov erf loatedorov ertrowel l
edsur facelay
ersof
concretesl absandi nthef ormedsur f acesofconcr ete.
 Craz ecr acksdev elopatanear lyageandar eappar entthedayaf ter
placement .Thecr azingi smor epr omi nent lyseenwhent hesur f
acei swet.
Thegener all
yobser vedr easonsf orappear anceofCr azingcr acksar e
• Poorori nadequat ecur ing.
• Toowetami x,excessi v ef l
oat i
ng,t heuseofaj itt
erbugoranyot her
procedurewhi chdepr essest hecoar seaggr egateandpr oducesanexcessi ve
concentrat i
onofcementpast eandf inesatt hesur face.
• Sprinkli
ngcementont hesur f
acet odryupbl eedwat er.Thisconcentrates
fi
nesont hesur face.
• Occasi onall
ycar bonat i
onoft hesur f
acecancausecr azing.

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 4
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

• Finishingwhi lether ei sbl eedwat erpresentont hesurfaceort heuseof

steelt rowelatat i
mewhent hesmoot hsur f
acebr i
ngsupt oomuchwat erand
cementf ines.TheuseofaDar byorbul lfloatwhi lebleedwat erispr esentwill
produceahi ghwat er-cementr atioatt hesur face,whi chmakest hesl abmor e
suscept i
bl etocr azing.
Prev entiveMeasur es
 Dampi ngt hesubgr adebef oreplacingconcr ete.
 Av oidingov er-fi
nishi ngoft hesurface.
 Del ayingtrowel li
ngunt i
l thesur f
acemoi sturehasdi sappeared.
 Av oidingspr inkli
ngofdr ycementorwat eront hesurfacedur ingf i
nishi
ng
oper ation.
 Cur ingassoonaspossi bl e.
 Av oidinghi ght emper at uredi ff
erent i
alsbet weent heconcr eteandcur i
ng
wat er.
4. Hone ycombi ng:
 Honey comb consi sts ofexposed pocket s ofcoar se aggr egates not
cover edbyasur facel ay erofmor tar
.
 I
tmayal sobedef i
nedast hehol low spacesandcav i
ti
esl efti nthe
concr etemassonsur faceori nsi detheconcr et ewhi chiscausedbymor t
arnot
fi
ll
ingt hespacebet weencoar seaggr egat es
 Thismaybecausedbyi nadequat ecompact i
on.
 Presenceofexcesswat eri nconcr eteorbyl eakyf orms,whi chal l
owt he
wat ert oescape.
TypesofHoney comb
 Smal lsi
zehoney comb–Dept hisl esst han25mm
 Moder atesi zehoney comb-Deepert han25mm butst eelbar shav enot
exposed.
 Lar gersizehoney comb-Deepert han25mm andbar shav ecomeout
CausesofHoney combi ng:
 Poorwor kabi li
ty
 Pooraggr egat equal i
ty
 I
mpr opercompact i
on
 I
mpr opercov er
 Mov ementoff or mwor k
Prev entivemeasur es
 Tof ol
lowgoodconst ruct i
onpr actice.
 Tousewor kableconcr ete.
 Topr ovi
degoodf orms.
 Togi veproperv i
br ation.
 Tobepl annedsequenceofpl aci
ng.

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 5
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

5. POPOUTSONCONCRETE
 Apopouti sasmal l,coneshapedcav i
tyorhol einahor izontalconcr ete
surfacel ef taf t
eranearsur faceaggr egat epar ticlehasexpandedandf r
actur ed.
 Thecav i
tymayr angef r
om 6mm t of ewmm di amet erCauses
 Theyar ecausedbyf r eezingofwat erint heaggr egatepar ti
clest hathav e
i
nternal por est ructur ewhi chcausest oexpand.
 popout sdonotappeardur ingconst ruct ionbutt heyst artt oappear
duri
ngt hef ir
stwi nterandmaycont i
nuet of ormf orsev er alyear s
FOLLOW THESERULESFORPOPOUTS:
 Usedur abl eaggr egat ef rom apr ov ensour ce.Al imitof1% del eterious
mat erialbymassofdr yaggr egat ehasbeenf oundt omi nimi zedi ff
iculti
eswi th
popout s.
 Useconcr etewi tht hel owestwat ercont entandsl umppossi bl
ef ort he
applicat i
on.
 Useai rent rainedconcr ete.
 Donotf i
ni shconcr etewhenbl eedwat erisont hesur face.
 Av oidov erf inishingorhar dst eelt rowel lingwher enotneeded,suchas
mostext eriorandgar agesl abs.
 Reduceconcr et et emper at uret o10Ct o21C.
 Imper vi
ousf loorcov er i
ngsormembr anesshoul dbeav oidedf orslabson
gradeast heycanaggr av atepopout s.
 Pr ov idepr operdr ainage.Sl opet hesl absur f
acet opr ovidegooddr ainage.
Basement ssl absshoul dbepr ov idedwi thaf r
eedr aininggr anul arbasei nar eas
withhi ghgr oundwat ercondi ti
ons.
Repai rofpopout s
 Sur faceswi thpopout scanber epai red.
 Asmal lpat chcanbemadebydr ill
ingoutt hespal l
edpar t
icl
eandf il
ling
thev oidwi thadamppackmor tar ,orot herappr opr i
at epat chingmat er i
al.
 Ifpopout sar et oonumer oust opat chi ndi vi
dual ly,at hinbondedov erlay
orsur facesgr i
ndi ngmaybeusedt or est or eser viceabi l
ity.
6. The rmal mov ementi nconcr et
e:
Ther mal mov ementi sdef i
nedasconcr eteexpandsorcont r
act swhenchangei n
temper atur e.
Causes
 Ther malmov ementduet oconsi der abl
eamountofheatduet oheatof
hydrat i
on, atmospher ict emper atur eandext ernal fi
r e.
 Duet ot her malmov ement ,changesi nshapeandv olumeofconcr ete
causescr acksont heconcr et est ructur e.
 Theext entoft emper at urer isedependsont hepr oper ti
esofcementused
andt heshapeandsi zeoft hecomponent .

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 6
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

 Theheatofhy drati
onmaynotbesi gnif
icantbutinmassconcr
eteworks
i
tisanimportantf
actort obeconsider
ed.
 I
nf r
amest ructures,r oofsl
abalongwi thbeamsandcol umnsmov es
j
oint
lycausesdiagonalcr acksinwall
swhi char el
ocatedparal
l
eltomovement
andhori
zontalcr
acksbel owbeamsi nwallswhi chareri
ghtangl
estomovement
asshowninf i
g.

 Hori
zont
alcr
acksmayalsoappearatthesuppor
tofabr
ickparapetwal
l
orbri
ck-cumir
onrail
i
ng overRCC cant
il
eversl
absasshowni nfig.duet o
di
ff
erenti
alt
hermalmovement.

Prevent
ivemeasur e:
 Useofpozzol ana.
 Useofl owheatcement .
 Pre-cooli
ngofaggr egatesandmi xingwater.
 Postcool i
ngofconcr etebyref
rigeratedwatert
hroughpipesembeddedi
n
thebodyofconcr ete.
 Providi
ngjointstoreli
evetherestraint
sinthest
ructur
e.
 Providi
ngadequat ereinfor
cementt odist
ri
butethestr
esses.
 Providi
ngsuitablecover.

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 7
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

7.Fi r
eonconcr et e
 Concr etei sconsi der edf ireproofonaccountofi t
si ncombust i
bili
tyand
l
owt her mal diffusi vit
y.
 Concr etecanal soexper ienceexpl osi vespal linganddet eri
orati
ondur ing
heat i
ng whi ch need t o be under stood and desi gned agai nstei theratt he
mat er i
alslev el and/ oratt hest r
uct ural l
ev el.
 Theext entoff i
redependsupont hei ntensityanddur ationoff i
re.The
principal typesofdamagesar e
 Reduct i
oni nst rengt hofconcr ete
 Cracki ngandspal l
ingofconcr ete
 Def l
ect i
onanddef or mat i
onofmember s
 Discol our ation
 othermi scel l
aneousf unct i
onal f
ailur es.
 Fir
er esi stanceofconcr et ei sdet ermi nedby3f actors
oThecapaci t
yofconcr etei tsel ftowi t
hst andheat .
o Theconduct i
v i
tyoft heconcr etet oheat .
o Thecoef ficientt her mal expansi onofconcr ete.
 Theef f
ectofi ncr easei nt emp.Ont hest rengt hofconcr eteisnotmuch
o o
upt oat emp.Ofabout250 Cbutabov e350 C,def initelossofst r
engtht akes
place.
 I
nmor t
arorconcr ete,t heaggr egat esunder goapr ogr essiveexpansi on
onheat i
ngwhi l
et hehy dr atedpr oduct soft hesetcement ,bey ondt hepointof
maxi mum expansi on shr inks.These t wo opposi ng act i
ons pr ogr
essi vel
y
weakenandcr ackt heconcr et e.
 Thet estr esul tsi ndicat edt hatev ent hebestf irer esistantconcr etefound
tof ailifconcr etei sexposedf oraconsi der abl eper iodt oat emp.Exceedi ng900
C, whi l
er educt i
oni nst rengt hoccur satat empofabout600C.
8.Ef fectoft emper ature:
Ther ear et hreet emper atur echangephenomenat hatmaycausedamaget o
concr ete.
1.byheatofhy dr ation
2. Var i
at i
oni ncl imat iccondi ti
on
3. f i
redamage
 Changesi nt emper at urecauseacor respondi ngchangei nv olumeof
concr ete
 Ther einf orcementr odsr esistatt emper atur esofupt o 500°C,whi l
e
concr eter esistsatup t o 650° C.Thef unct ion oft heconcr et
ear ound t he
reinforcementr ods i nt his case i sf undament al,i nt hati tsl ows down
propagat i
on ofheat .The t hi ckert he concr ete,t he l ongeri tt akes fort he
reinforcementr odst oreacht hei rfailuretemper atureof500° C.

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 8
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

 Fi remaypr ov okemanyt ypesofdamaget oconcr ete,andt hedamage

mayal sobev eryser ious:
 Ev eni ft her einf orcementr odsar epr otect edbyconcr ete,whent heyheat
up,t hei rv olumei ncr easesandt heycr eatest ressesi nt heconcr ete,thismay
l
eadt opar tsoft heconcr et ebr eaki ngof f.
 Oncet her ei nfor cementr odsar eexposedt of ir
e, theyexpandmuchmor e
qui cklyt han t he concr etei n whi ch theyar e embedded,causi ng a l ossi n
adher enceandt ot hem bei ngex pel led.
 Ev eni ft hef ailur et emper aturei snotr eached,t heconcr et emayl osei ts
per formancechar act eristicsi fi ti ssuddenl ycool eddown,acondi ti
onwhi ch
usual l
yoccur swhenf i
resar eext i
nguished.I nt hissituat i
on,t heoxi dewhi ch
formsduet otheheati st ransf ormedi ntol i
me, whi chdi sintegrat estheconcr ete
ont hef acecl osestt ot hef ir
e,spal l
ingt akespl aceduet orapidexpansi on,and
someoft heaggr egat esexpl odeandmaydet acht hesur roundi ngconcr et e,the
samer esul taswhenhumi dit
yi squi cklyt r
ansf or medi ntowat erv apour ,cr eating
smal lexpl osi ons.
 Ifex posur et of irei spr olonged,t her einf or cementr odsr eacht heirf ail
ure
temper atur eandt her ei sal ossi nt ensi l
est rengt h,whi chcausest heent i
re
struct ur et ocol l
apse.
Prev ent i
v emeasur e:
 Lowcementcont ent
 Useofl owheatcement
 Useofpozzol ana
 Aggr egat eswi thlowmodul usofel asticity
 Lowcoef fi
ci entoft hermal expansi on
9.Shr inkage:
Shr inkagei sdef i
nedast hev ol umechangesi nconcr eteduet ol ossofmoi sture
from concr eteduet oev apor ationorbyhy drationofcement .
Inpr act ice,t heshr i
nkagei smeasur edasl i
nearst raini nt ermsofmm/ mm,
ex pressedi n106.
Shr inkagecanbecl assi fiedi nt of ol l
owingcat egor ies
1. Pl ast icshr i
nkage
2. Dr yi
ngshr inkage
3. Aut ogenousshr i
nkage
4. Car bonat i
onshr i
nkage
a)Pl ast i
cshr inkage:
Theconcr etewi llexhi bitbl eedi ngt osomedegr eebet weenpl aci ngandset ting
ti
mei scal ledpl ast icshr inkage.Bl eedingi st heappear anceofmoi stureont he
sur faceofconcr et e;causedbyt heset tli
ngoft heheav iercomponent soft he
mi xtur e.Usual l
y, thebl eedwat erev apor atesf rom t heconcr etesur f
ace.

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 9
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

At ypical plasticshr i
nkagecr acksoccur redduet o
 Rapi dev apor at i
onofwat erf rom t hesur faceofconcr ete.
 Occur swi thinf ew hour saf terpl acingconcr etewhi lest il
liti si npl ast i
c
andbef orei thasat tainedsuf ficientst rengt h.
 Thesecr acksoccur sal mostent irelyonhor izont alsur faces exposedt o
atmospher e.Thesecr acksar epar all
elt ooneanot her ar espaced0. 3m t o0.
.1m apar tandwi dthv ar yi
ngf rom
0.1mm t o3mm.
 Themagni tudedependsuponambi enttemper atur e,relativehumi dityand
windv el
oci ty.
 I
tal sodependsupont her ateofev apor ationofwat erfrom t hesur faceof
concr ete( 1kg/ m2/ hr)
Eli
mi nationofpl asticshr inkagecr acks
Plasticshr i
nkagecr ackscanbeel imi nat edbyf ol l
owi ngmeasur es
 Reducet het imebet weenpl aci ngandf inishing.I fther ei sdel aycov ert he
concr etewi t
hpol ythenesheet s.
 Minimi zeev apor ati
onbycov eringconcr etewi thf ogspr ayandcur ing
compounds.
 Erectt empor aryr ooft opr ot ectconcr etef rom hotsun.
b. Dr yingshr inkage
Thel ossofmoi st ureaf terset tingi scal l
eddr yingshr inkage.I tist hel ongt er m
changei nv olumeofconcr et e.I ft hisshr i
nkagecoul dt akepl acewi thoutany
restraint,t herewoul d beno damaget ot heconcr et e.Thecombi nation of
shrinkageandr est r
aint scausest ensi l
est ressest hatcanul ti
mat elyl eadt o
cracking.
Adr yingshr i
nkagecr acksoccur redduet o
 Thesecr acksi scausedbyphy sicall oss( evapor ation)andchemi call oss
(hydrat i
on)ofwat erdur i
ngt hehar deni ngpr ocessandexposur etounsat ur ated
air.
 Reduct ioni nv olumeofconcr etecancausecr acksi fi
ti sr estr ainedand
i
tst ensilest rengt hexceeded.
 Thesecr acksappear satabout7- 10day saf terconcr et
ingandabout80%
ofdr yingshr inkaget akepl acei naboutay ear.
 I
ti si nfluencedbycementcont ent ,wat ercont ent ,aggr egat es,cur ing,
humi dityandt emper ature
 I
tisconf inedt onon- struct ur almember s, floort oppi ngsandpar apetwal l
s
cont r
ol l
i
ngdr yingshr inkagecr acks Useofmi ni mum wat ercont ent .
 Useofhi ghestpossi bleaggr egat econt ent .
 Prov i
dingadequat eandear l
ycur ing.
 Prov i
dingsuf f
icientclosespacedr einforcement .

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 10
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

 Itisconf i
nedt onon- struct ur almember s,fl
oort oppi ngsandpar apetwal l
s
Autogenousshr inkage:
Ifnomov ementofwat ert oorf rom setpast eofconcr etei sal l
owed,t hent he
shrinkagedev el oped i sknown asaut ogenousshr i
nkage.Thi sshr i
nkagei s
causedbyt hel ossofwat erconsumedorusedi nthehy drat i
onofcement .The
magni tudeoft hi sshr i
nkagei sv er ysmal landi snotmuchofsi gni f
icance.
Cont rollingAut ogenousshr i
nkagecr acks
 Consi derahi ghercont entofsuppl ement arycement itiousmat er i
allikeFl y
ashandGr oundgr anul atedbl astf urnaceSl ag( GGBS)i nt heconcr etemi x.
 Keept hesur faceoft heconcr etecont i
nuousl ywet ;
conv ent i
onalcur i
ngby
sealingt hesur facet opr ev entev apor ationi snotenoughandwat ercur ingi s
essent i
al.
 Consi deraddi tion ofshr i
nkage- reduci ng admi xtures mor e commonl y
usedt ocont rol dr yi
ngshr inkage,
 Consi deraddi tionofsat ur atedl ight wei ghtfineaggr egat es.
c. Car bonat ionshr i
nkage:
Carbonat i
oni st her eact i
onofCO2,whi chi spr esenti nt heat mospher ewi t
h
hydrat edcement .TheCO2 i npr esenceofmoi sturef ormscar bonicaci dt hat
reactswi thcal cium hy droxi de-Ca( OH)2,apr oductofhy drationt of or m
Calcium Car bonat e( CaCO3) .
 Car bonat ionshr i
nkagei spr obabl ycausedbyt hedi ssol ut i
onofcr ystal sof
calcium hy droxi deanddeposi tionofcal cium car bonat eini tspl ace.
 Thecar bonat ionpr oceedsf rom t hesur faceofconcr etei nwar ds, butdoes
soext remel ysl owl y.
 The act ualr ate ofcar bonat ion depends on t he per meabi l
ityoft he
concr et e,itsmoi sturecont entandont heCO2 cont entandr elativehumi dityof
theambi entmedi um.
Concr et emadewi thhi ghwat er -
cementr atioandi nadequat el
ycur edwi llbe
mor epr onet ocar bonat ioni .e.t her ewi ll beagr eaterdept hofcar bonat i
on
Chemi cal causes:
1.Aci dat t
ack:
• Concr et esmadeofPor tl
andcement( OPC)ar ehi ghl yal kalinewi thpH
valuesnor mal l
yabov e12. 5andar enoteasi l
yat t
ackedbyaci dicsol utions.
• Ast hepHoft hesol utiondecr easest heequi li
brium i nt hecementmat ri
x
i
sbei ngdi sturbed,andt hehy drat edcementcompoundsar eessent iall
yal tered
byhy dr olyti
cdecomposi tion whi ch l eadst ot hesev eredegr adat ion oft he
techni cal proper tiesoft hemat erial.
• AtpHv aluesl owert han12. 5por tlandit
ei st hef ir
stconst it
uentst ar t
ing
dissolut ion.
• IfpHdecr easest ov aluesl owert hanst abilit
yl i
mi tsofcementhy drat es,

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 11
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

thenthecor r
espondinghydratelosescalcium anddecomposest oamor phous
hydrogel.
• Thefi
nalreact
ionproductsofacidat t
ackarethecorrespondingcalci
um
saltsoftheacidaswellashydrogelsofsil
icium,al
umi ni
um,andf er
ri
coxides.
• Thesolubi
li
tyofAl2O3 andFe2O3 dependsont hepHv al
ueoft heact i
ng
soluti
on,whil
eSiO2isinsol
ubleinacidi
csolut i
onsexceptinHF

Sulphur i
cAci dat tack
 Sulphur ic acid at tack causes ext ensi vef ormation ofgy psum i nt he
regionscl oset ot hesur faces,andt endst ocausedi sint egratingmechani cal
stresseswhi chul t
imat elyleadt ospall
ingandexposur eoft hef reshsur face.
 Owi ngt ot hepoorpenet rati
onofsul phuri
caci d,thechemi calchangesof
thecementmat ri
xar er estrict
edt otheregi onscloset othesur faces
 Thechemi calreact ionsinvolvedinsul phuricacidat tackoncementbased
mat erial
scanbegi v
enasf oll
ows:
Ca( OH) 2+H2S O4 CaSO4. 2H2O
3CaO. 2SiO2. 3H2O+H2SO4 CaSO4. 2H2O+Si (OH)4
 Sour cewat erhashi ghsul phurcont ent,bothassul phat eorsul phide,and
form hy drogensul phide,H2S.
 Thehy drogensul phidegascomesoutoft hesolutionandf ormssul phuri
c
acidint heairspace.
 Sulphur icaci di shi ghlyreacti
veandr eactswi t
hcal cium compoundst o
form gy psum whi chcausest heconcr etet osof ten,ul
t i
mat elyl eadingt oroof
collapse.
Organicmat ter+SO42- S2-+H2O+CO2
S2-+2H+ H2S
H2S+2O2 H2SO4

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 12
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

Hy drochl oricAci dAt t ack:

 Thechemi calsf ormedast hepr oduct sofr eactionbet weenhy dr
ochlor i
c
acidandhy drat edcementphasesar esomesol ubl esal t
sandsomei nsoluble
salts.
 Solubl esal ts,most l
ywi thcal cium, aresubsequent lyleachedout ,wher eas
i
nsol ubl esal tsal ongwi thamor phoushy dr ogel s,remai nint hecorrodedl ayer.
 Besi desdi ssolution, t
hei nter actionbet weenhy drogel smayal soresultin
thef ormat i
onofsomeFe- Si
, Al-Si,Ca- Al-Si compl exeswhi chappeart obest able
i
npHr angeabov e
3.5.
Ca( OH) 2+2HCl CaCl 2+2H2O
 Ther eactionessent iallycausesl eachi ngofCa( OH) 2f r
om thesetcement .
 Afterl eachi ngoutofCa( OH) 2,C- S- Handet tri
ngitest ar
tt odecompose,
withr eleaseofCa2+t ocount eractt hel ossi nCa( OH) 2andt hesetcement
startst odi sintegr ateaccel erat i
ngt hedi ssol uti
on.
Ca6Al 2( SO4) 3( OH) 12.26H2O 3Ca2+2[ Al(OH) 4]-+4OH-+26H2O
3Ca2++2[ Al (
OH) 4]-+4OH-+12HCL 3CaCl 2+2ALCL3+12H2O
 Ther ear ef ew i ndicationst hroughexper i
ment saboutt hef ormationof
Friedel’ssal t,C3A. CaCl 2.10H2O, byt heact ionofCaCl 2, f
or medduet oreaction
ofHCLwi thCHandC3A
 Hy drochl or i
c aci d attack i sat ypi calaci di
c cor rosion whi ch can be
char acterizedbyt hef ormat ionofl ayerst r ucture.
Chandr adi vi
dedt hecr osssect i
onofdamagedpr ismsi ntothreemai n
zones;undamaged zone,hy droxidemi xt urezoneorbr own ring,and
attackedzone.Byhy droxidemi xtur ezone,her eferredt oal ay
erf ormed
byundi ssol vedsal t
sseenasadar kbr ownr i
ng.Pr ev entiv
eMeasur es
 Byi ncreasi ngcementcont entandr educi ngW/ Cratio.
 Byi mpr ov ingqual i
tyofcov erconcr ete.

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 13
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

 Byt reat i
ngt hesurfacewi t
hsodi um si l
icateknownaswat ergl ass.
 Bysur facet reatmentwi thcoal ,tar,bitumi nouspai nts,
epoxyr esinset c
2. Aggr essi vewat erat tack
 Wat er shav ebeen r eported t o hav eext r
emel ylow concent r
ationsof
dissolvedmi ner als.
 Thesesof toraggr essi vewat erwi llleachcal cium from cementpast eor
aggr egatesandt hisat t
ackt akepl acesv er ysl owly.
 Aggr essi vewat erat tackt ohav easer i
ousef fectonhy draulicstructures,
the at t
ackmustoccuri nf l
owing wat er.Thi skeepsa const antsuppl yof
aggr essivewat eri ncont actwi tht heconcr eteandwashesawayaggr egates
particl
est hatbecomel oosenedasar esultofl eachi ngoft hepaste.
 Visualexami nati
onwi llshow concr etesur facest hatar ev er
yr oughi n
areaswher et hepast ehasbeenl eached.
 Ift he aggr egat ei s suscept iblet ol eaching,hol es wher et he coar se
aggr egatehasbeendi ssol vedwi llbeev i
dent .
 Wat er sampl es f rom st ruct ures wher e aggr essive wat er attack is
suspect edmaybeanal ysedt ocal culatet hel anglierindex,whichi sameasur e
oftheaggr essi venessoft hewat er .
Prev enti
veMeasur es
 Assessi ngt henat ur eofwat eratt hesi t
ebef or econstruct
ion.
 Wat erqual i
tyev aluat ioninst ruct
ur est omoni tortheaggr essivenessof
wat eratthest ruct ure
 Coat ingwi thanonPor tl
and- cementbasedcoat i
ng.

3. Aggr essionbycar bondioxi

de
 Aggr ession due t o CO2 may be mani f
ested int wo differ
entway s
accordi
ngt ot hesur roundingconditi
ons.
 Inconst ructionsexposedt ot heat mospher e,carbonati
onofconcr ete
takesplace.
 Whi lei n hy drauli
c constructi
ons,t her ei s an occurrence known as
l
eachingwhi chact supont hecement iti
ouspast e.
 Car bonationi sduet othepenet r
ationofCO2i nt
ot heconcret
e.
 Thisphenomenonconsi stsint het r
ansf ormat i
onoft heli
me,whi cht hen
generateshy drationoft hecementi ntocal cium car bonateduetot hepresence
ofcarbondi oxide.
CO2+Ca( OH)2--
--
---
-CaCO3+H2O
 Heal t
hyconcr etehasapHl evelofmor et han13,andi nthisconditi
on,a
passiveironoxi def i
lmi sformedont her einforcementr odswhi chinsulates
them againstoxy genandhumi dit
y .
 Ifthest ruct urei scarbonated,thepHl evelintheconcr et
eisr educedt o

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 14
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

l
ess t han pH 9,t hus cr eat ing a sl i
ghtlyl ess al kaline env i
ronmentf ort he
reinf orcementr ods.
 Whent hepHl ev eli sl esst han11,t hepassi v atingf ilmi sneut ralised,and
ther odsar eexposedt oaggr essi onbyt heoxy genandhumi ditywhi char e
presenti nt heat mospher e.
 Ascor rosi onpr ocessoft her einforcementr odsi ni
tiat es,whi chi ncreases
thei rv olumebyappr oxi mat el y6t i
mest heiri nit
ial volume.
 Theconcr etear oundt her einf orcementr odsdet achesf r
om t her ods, and
mayev enbecompl etelypushedoutI nfl
uencef actor :
• Rat eofcor rosi oni ncr easeswi thincr easi ngi ntimeofexposur et oai r.
• Great ercov ergi vebet terpr ot ection.
• Rat eofcor rosi oni ncr easeswi thincr easi ngi nrat eofCo2i nai r.
• Dept hofcar bonat ioni ncr easeswi thi ncreasesi nper meabi l
ity.
Diagnosi s:
• Tov erifyi fdet er ior ationi sduet ocar bonat ion,at estmet hodbasedon
thecol ouroft heconcr et eaf tert reat i
ngi tssur facewi tha1%phenol phthal ein
sol utioni net hanol (UNIEN13295: 2005)i sused.
• When t he sol ut ion comesi nt o cont actwi th a mat er
ialwhi ch i snot
car bonat ed, i
tt ur nsPi nk.
• Ifthemat er ialiscar bonat ed, i
tdoesnotchangecol our .
• Wi tht hi smet hod,i tisal sopossi blet ocheckt hedept hofcar bonat i
onof
theconcr ete.
• Theonl ymet hodt ov eri
fyt hepr esenceofl eachi ngonconcr etei sa
det ailedv isual anal ysisoft hesur face.
• Ifit’
s det er i
or atedduet ol eachi ng,t heaggr egat eswi l
lbev i
siblewi thout
thecement iti
ousmat rix.
4.Aggr essi onbySul phat es
 Themostcommonsol ubl esul phat esi nt hegr ound,i nwat erand i n
i
ndust ri
al pr ocessesar ecal cium andsodi um.
 Theymayal sobef ounddi rect lyintheaggr egat esasi mpur i
ties.
 The sul phat ei ons car ri
ed i nside t he cement it
ious mat ri
x by wat er
(fundament alf ort ranspor tat ion)r eact swi tht hecal cium hy droxi det of or m
gy psum( cal cium Sul phat es)
Na2SO4.10H2O+Ca( OH) 2-----
---CaSO4. 2H2O+2NaOH+8H2O
 Itt hen r eact swi tht hehy dr ated cal ci
um al umi nat es( C-A- H)t of or m
secondar yet tringi te( sul phoal umi nat ehy drat e)
 Thusi ncr easesi nv olumer esul tini nt er
nalexpansi vest ressandcauses
swel l
ing, cr acki nganddet achment .
 When cr acks occur ,i ts per meabi l
ityi ncr eases and aggr essi ve wat er
penet rateeasi l
yt husaccel erat et hepr ocessofdet eri
or ation.

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 15
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

2(3CaO. Al2O3.12H2O) +12H2O+3( Na2SO4. 10H2O)--

--
--
3CaOAl2O3.
3CaSO4.
31H2O+
2Al(OH) 3+6 NaOH+17H2O
Identi
fication:
• The sur face at tacked by sul phates are character
ized by whi
tish
appear anceont hesurface.
• Thedamagesusual l
yst ar
tsatedgesand cor nerand i sfol
lowed by
progressivecr acki ngandspal li
ng.
Prevent i
vemeasur e:
• Useofdenseconcr ete,concr etewi thlowwatercementratio.
• Usingsul phateresisti
ng/supersul phatecement.
• Prov isi
onofexpansi ont hroughj oints.
Sulphat ereactiondependsupon
• Concent r
at i
onofsul phat eions.
• Cationspr esentinthesul phat esol uti
on
• C3Acont entincement
• Densi ty,Permeabi li
tyofconcr et
e.

5.Aggr
essi
onbychl
ori
des

 Aggr essionbychl or i
des( phot o10)onconcr eteoccur sifi
tisi ncont act
wit
henv ironment swi t
hahi ghchl oridecont ent ,suchasseawat eror der-i
cing
sal
ts,ori fitispr epar edusi ngcont ami nat edr awmat erials.
 Penet rationst artsont hesur faceandcont i
nuesi ntotheconcr ete.
 Penet rationt i
medependson:
• Theconcent r
ationofchl or ideswhi chcomei ntocont actwit
ht hesur face
oftheconcr ete;
• Permeabi lit
yoft heconcr ete;
• Percent ageofhumi dit
ypr esent .
 Once t he chl ori
de penet rates i nt ot he concr ete and reaches t he
rei
nforcementr ods,i teliminat est hepassi vat ingf errousoxi defi
l
m ont herods
sothatt heyar eexposedt othecor rosi onpr ocess.
 Cor r
osi onoccur swhenmoi stur eandoxy genispr esent.
 Asr ustl ay erbui l
ds,t ensi l
ef orcesgener atedbyt heexpansionofoxi des
causet heconcr et etocr ackanddel ami nate.
 Theconcent rati
on ofchl oridesr equi red t o pr omot ecor r
osi on oft he
rei
nforcementr odsi sdirect l
ypr opor tional tot hepHoft heconcrete.
 Thehi ghert heal kal i
nityoft heconcr et e,t hehi ghert heconcent rati
onof
chl
orides.
 Withr efer encet othi sconsi derat ion,thephenomenonofdet eriorationdue
tocarbonat ionmaybeconnect edt odet eriorationbychl ori
des.

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 16
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

Diagnosi s
Thepr esenceofchl or i
desmayal sobev eri
fiedbyasi mplel abor atorytestby
chemi cal anal y sis.
• Int hi scase, chlorideofar ound0. 2%t o0.4%compar edwi ththewei ghtof
cementmaybeconsi der ednor mal i
nconcr ete.
• Ift hel ev eli shi gher ,t hent hechl oridehasi nfiltratedint otheconcr eteand
hasdamagedi t.
Apar tf rom chemi cal anal y
si s, t
heot hert estswhi chmaybecar ri
edout :
1.Col ourt est ,usi ngf luorescei nandsi lverni t
rate(UNI7928St andar ds);
• Thet estconsi st sinspr ay ingacor esampl ewi thasol uti
onoff luorescein
andsi lv erni trat e.
• Achemi calr eact i
ont akespl ace,andt hepor ti
onofconcr etepenet rated
bychl or idest ur nsal ightpi nkcol our,whi letheheal thypar tturnsadar kcol our.
• Thel i
newhi chdel imi t
st hecol ourchangei ndicatest het hi
cknessof
det erior at ed concr ete, and whet her t he chl or i
des hav e r eached t he
reinfor cementr ods.
6.Al kal i-aggr egat esr eact i
on
 An al kal i-aggr egat esr eact i
on maycauseconsi derabl eexpansi on and
ser i
ousdet erior at ionofconcr etest r
uctur es.
 Somet y pesofaggr egat e,suchast hosewhi chcont ai
nr eactivesili
con,
reactwi tht woal kal i
scont ainedi nt hecement ,pot assi um andsodi um.Thi s
react ionf or msagelwhi chi shi ghlyexpansi veifexposedt ohumi dity,andt he
gel cr eat esf or ceswhi chbr eakt heconcr etear oundt heaggr egat es.
 Oncet hecr acki ngst artmor emoi st urepenet ratet heconcr ete,accelerate
theal kal iaggr egat er eact i
onandal lowingaddi ti
onal freezingandt hawdamage.
Influencef act or :
Ther eact iv i
tyofaggr egat edependson
• Sizeofaggr egat e
• Por osi tyofaggr egat e
• Al kal icont enti ncement
• FinenessofcementPr ev entivemeasur e:
• Useofl owal kalicement
• Useofsl agcement
• Useofnon- react i
veaggr egat es
• Pr ev ent iv edampnessDi agnosi s:
 Ani nitial ,immedi ateassessment t odet ectt hepr esenceofanal kali
-
aggr egat esr eact ioni sbycar ryingoutadet ail
edv i
sual check.
 Thi st ypeofdet erior ati
on shows up wi th cr acking i nt heconcr ete
distribut ed l ikeaspi der ’
sweb,wi t
h anor derl
y orl essor der ly distri
bution
pat ternaccor di ngt ot her einfor cementr odspr esent .

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 17
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

 Therewi l
lalsobeswel l
inginconj
uncti
onwi ththecracki
ng,duetot he
i
ncreaseinvolume.
 A petr
ographicanalysi
smaybecar ri
edoutaccor di
ngt oUNIEN 932-
3St
andards.
 Chemical anal
ysi
sbymeansofacol ourtestusi
ngsodium cobal
tni
tri
te.
 Thesodi umcobalti
nit
ri
tereact
swit
ht heK( pot
assi
um)i nthegelt
oform
ayell
owcolour .

Mechani cal Causes:

1.Abr asion
 I
famat er i
ali sr epeat edl yst ruckbypar ti
clesfrom ahar derbody , abrasion
takespl ace.
 Thisi sduet ot hef rictionwhi cht hehar derpowderpar t i
clesexer ciseon
thesur f
aceoft hemat erial
.
 Wecani mpr ov er esist ancet oabr asionbyr educi ngt hewat er/cement
rati
oorbyspr inklingcementmi xedwi t
hhar dadmi xesandaggr egat
esont he
surfaceoft heconcr et e.
 Fact or swhi chi nfluenceabr asionr esistance:
• Compr essi vest rengt h;
• Proper tiesoft heaggr egat es;
• Nat ureoft hef i
ni shingcoat ;
• Presenceofar easwhi chhav ebeenpat chedup;
Structur eswhi char epar ticul arlypronet ot hi
sphenomenoni ncludei ndustrial
fl
oor s,madewor sebyt hecont inuouspassageofv ehicles.
2.Erosi on
 Erosi oni sapar ticularf orm ofwearduet owi nd,wat erori cewhi ch
provokest her emov al ofmat erial fr
om t hesur face.
 I
tdependsont hespeed, thecont entofhar ddustpar ticlesandt hequal ity
oftheconcr ete.
 I
nt hiscase,t heonl yr emedyi st ot akespeci alcar ewhenmi xingt he
concr ete.Thesamegui delinesasf orabr asionshoul dbef ollowed.
3.Cav itation
 Cav itationi sapr oblem wher eflowi ngwat er( >12m/ s)i spr esent .
 Thehi ghspeedoft hewat er,t
oget herwi t
hani r
regul arsur f acewher ethe
waterf l
ows,pr ov oket urbul enceandar easofl ow pr essur e,andv or
texeswi l
l
form whi cher odet hesubst rate.
 Theai rbubbl eswhi chf or mi nt hewat erflowdownst ream, andwhent hey
runint oanar eaofhi ghpr essur e,impl odeandcauseast r
ongi mpact ,r esult
ing
i
ner osi on.
 I
ft hespeedoft hewat eri spar ti
cul arl
yhigh, erosionduet ocav it
at i
onmay
SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI
VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 18
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

beser i
ous.
 Theoccur renceofcav it
ationmaybeav oidedbyl ayi
ngsmoot hsur faces
wi thoutobst acl esal ongt hewat ercour se.
Def ect s
 Defect sduet opoor /incor rectdei gnoft hemi x;
 Defect sduet ot hewr ongcomposi tion;
 Defect sduet oi ncor rect /poorqual ityi nst all
ation.
Ear thquake.
Theshaki ngoft heear th, becauseoft hemov ement sofpl at
esbeneat ht hecr ust
oft heear th, iscal l
edanear thquake.
Anear thquakei sanabr uptmov ementort remoroft heear th’
scr ustt hati s
i
ni tiatedbel ow oratt hesur face.Thedamagei st hemaxi mum cl oset ot he
epi cent re,thepoi ntf rom wher et hev ibr ationsar einitiat ed.
Vibr at i
onoft hest ruct urei nr esponset ogr oundshaki ngati t
sf oundat ioni st he
concer noft hest ruct ur alengi neer ,andwhi chi st akeni ntoaccountbycodal
prov i
sionsoft hedi ffer entsei smi cr esi stantdesi gn codes.Howev er ,these
codesdonoti ncl udeanypr ov i
sionduet oot heref fect s, whi chmayev enexceed
thatduet ov ibr ation, ast hepr ocedur eoft hei rest i
mat i
onandt heneededst eps
fort hedesi gnar eout sidet hescopeoft hest r
uct ur alengi neeri
ngdi scipline.
Ev ent hen,i ti sessent ialt hatt hest ruct ur alengi neershoul dbeawar eoft he
differ entsei smi chazar dsi nor dert oadv iset hecl i
entofpot entialdamage
i
nv ol vedi nsel ect ingsi tesi nsuchzones.Hence,t hef ir
stst epi nt hedesi gn
procedur eofaf ut urest ruct ur eshoul dbet heanal ysi soft hesui tabilityoft he
sitesel ect edwi thpr operconsi der ationf ort hepot ent ialofanyoneoft he
followi ngt y pesofdamage.
Thedi ff
erent‘ Di r
ect ’ and‘ Indi rect ’
sei smi cef fect sar easf ol
lows.
Directef fect s:
•Gr oundf ailur es,whi chi ncl udeSur facef aul ti
ng,Vi br at i
onofsoi l(oref fectsof
seismi cwav es) ,Gr ound cr acking,Li quef act ion,Gr ound l urching,Di f
f er
ent ial
set tlement ,Lat er al spr eadi ngandLandsl ides.
(A) Damageduet osur facef aulti
ng:
Thesedamagest obui l
di ngsandf aci liti
esal ongt hef aultscar psv arywi del y
from compl et elydemol ishedhousest or upt ureoft hef oundat i
ons,tilti
ngoft he
foundat ionsl absandwal ls.
Somet imeshousesal sohav emi nordamage.
(B) Damageduet ol iquef act i
on:
Thei nstabi l
ityoft hesoi li nt hear eaaf fect edbyi nter nalsei smicwav escan
causesi gni fi
cantdamage.Themechani calchar acter i
st icsoft hesoill ay er
s, the
dept hoft hewat ert abl eandt hei ntensi ti
esanddur at ionoft hegr oundshaki ng
i
nf luencet hesoi lr esponse.Deposi tsofl oosegr anul armat er i
alsifpr esenti n

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 19
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

thesi temaybecompact edbyt hegr oundv ibrationsi nducedbyt heear thquake.

Thi swi llcausel ar geset tl
ementanddi fferent ialset tl
ement soft hegr ound
sur face.Fur ther ,t hecompact ionoft hesoi lmayr esul tint hedev elopmentof
ex cesshy drost aticpor e wat erpr essur esofsuf f i
ci entmagni tude t o cause
l
iquef actionoft hesoi l
,resul tingi nset tlement ,ti
ltingandr upt ureofst ructures.
Thesei smi c-resi stantdesi gnpr ov isionsofmostcodesonl yassur eanef fective
desi gnandconst ruct i
onofst ruct ur esagai nstdamageduet ot hepossi ble
vibrat oryr esponseoft hest ruct ur et ot heshaki ngi nt roducedatt heirf oundat ion
byt hegr ound.Howev er,itmaynotbepossi blet ohav esuccessi nal lsuch
cases.Theonl yopt ionr emai nsi nt hosear easi st opr ohibitt heconst r uctionof
bui l
dingst ruct urest her e.
(C) Damageduet ogr oundshaki ng:
Integr atedf i
eldi nspect i
onandpost -ear thquakeanal y sesofst ruct uraldamage
duet o ear thquakeshaki ng i soneoft hemostef fectivemeansofhav ing
ex per ti
seknowl edgeonsei smi cr esponsewi thav iewt oi mpr ovingt hest ateof
thear tandoft hepr acti
cei nsei smi cresi stantdesi gnandconst ruct ion.Such
i
nt egr ated i nspect ion and anal yses r ev ealed t hati n addi ti
on t ot he soi l
condi ti
onsment ionedabov e,t hesei smi cper formanceofast ruct urei sv er y
sensi tivet ot ypeoff oundat i
on; conf i
gur at i
onoft hest ructure; struct ural mat erial;
anddesi gnandconst ruct i
ondet ai li
ng.
(D) Damageduet osl i
dingofsuper str uct ureoni t
sf oundat ion:
Oneoft hebasi cgui del i
nesi nt hesei smi c- resistantdesi gnandconst r ucti
onof
struct uresi st hatt hewhol est ruct ur e-foundat i
onsy st em shoul dwor kasauni t,
andt hatt hesuper struct urebet iedoranchor edpr oper l
ytot hef oundat i
on.
(E) Damageduet oSt ruct ur al Vibr at i
on:I .Wood- Fr ameHouses:
Thei nertiaf or cesdev elop dur ing t hev i
br atoryr esponseofa st ructur et o
ear thquakegr oundshaki ngwhosei ntensi tydependsont hepr oductoft he
massandaccel erat ion.Hence,i ti soft heut mosti mpor tancet or educet he
massoft hest ruct ur et oami ni mum.I ti sobv ioust hatt imberi st hemost
efficient ear thquake- resistant mat er i
alf or l ow- rise bui l
di ngs among t he
traditional struct ural mat erials–t imber , masonr y, concr ete,st eel andal umi nium.
Howev er,pr ov i
si on ofpr operl at eralbr aci ng and t ying ofal lcomponent s
toget herf rom t her oofdownt ot hef oundat ionar et obef oll
owed.
I
I. Conc retest ruct ures:
Concr etei sacompar ativelyheav ymat er i
alandhav eav erygoodcompr essi ve
strengt h.Duet oi tsv erysmal ltensi leandf lexur alst rengt hsst eelr einf orcement
i
spr ov i
dedwhenusedi nst ruct ur es.Suchr einf or cedconcr etecanbeused
effect ivelyi n sei smi c-resist antconst ruct ion.To ov ercomei t
sr el ativelyl ow
strengt hperuni twei ghtwhennor malwei ghtaggr egat esar eused,t heuseof
l
ight wei ghtaggr egat econcr eteof f ersasi gnificantadv antagei nsei smi cr egions.

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 20
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

Member scar efully :t hepr operamountandcor rectdet aili

ngoft her einforcing
steelpl aysani mpor tantr olei nt hesei smi cr esponseofar einforcedconcr ete
struct ure.
I
II. St eel struct ur es:
Steelcomesoutofst eelpl antshav ingexcel l
entqual it
ycont r
ol.Thest i
ff
ness
peruni twei ghtofst eeli spr act i
cal l
yt hesameasofanyot hert r
adi t
ional
const ruct ionalmat er i
al.Howev er,itsst rengt h,duct il
ityandt oughnessperuni t
wei ght ar e si gni ficant ly hi gher t han concr et e and masonr y mat erials.
Accor dingl y,t he sl ender ness ofst eelst ructuralmember s usual lyexceeds
significant lyt hatofot herst ruct uralmember s.Hence,buckl i
ng becomesa
seriouspr oblem.Thedangerofbuckl i
ngbecomesmuchmor eathi ghery i
elding
strengt hoft hest eel .Fur ther,t hepl at eel ement susedext ensi velyt of ormt he
struct uralshapesar epr onet ol ocalbuckl i
ng,par ticularlywhenst rainedi nt he
i
nel ast i
cr ange.Accor dingl y,t he compact ness r equi rement sf ort he cr oss
sect i
onoft hecr iticalr egi onsofst ructuralmember sar emor est ri
ngenti n
earthquake- resistantdesi gnt hant hatofnor malcondi ti
on.Mor eov er ,t hef iel
d-
connect ionoft hest ructur almember si sanot herpr oblem i nachi ev ingef fi
cient
seismi c-resistantconst ruct ion.
Indirectef fects( orConsequent ial Phenomena) :
• Tsunami s
• Landsl ides
• Floods
• Fires
Prev ent iveMeasur es
Prev ent ivemeasur esmayr educet hedest ructiv eef f
ect sduet oear thquakes,
butmaynotcompl etelyel iminat et her iskofdamages.I fabui ldi ngi snot
proper l
ydesi gnedt owi thst andear thquakes,i twi l
lbeexposedt ogr eat errisks
ofst ruct ur aldamage.Sui t ablef ixingoft hest ruct urewi t
ht hef oundat ion,and
amongt hedi fferentconst i
tuent soft hest ructur e,i simpor tantf orear thquake
resistance.St ruct ur est hatar enotpr operlyconnect edwi tht hef oundat i
onsmay
beshi fteddur inganear thquake
TYPI CALDAMAGEANDCOLLAPSEOFRCBUI LDI NGS
Thef ollowi ngt ypesofdamagear equi t
ecommoni nr ei
nf orcedconcr ete
buildings:
1. Sl i
dingofr oof sof ft hesuppor ts
Wher et hebeamssi mpl yr estonwal lsorcol umns, t
heyar eboundt osl i
de, when
theear thquakei nt ensi tyexceedst hef ri
cti
onalr esi st anceandmanyt i
mesl eav e
thesuppor tandf al ldown, par ti
cul arl
yi fthebear ingl engt hissmal l.
2. Fal li
ngofi nf illwal ls
Thei nfillpanelwal lsi nbet weenr einf or
cedconcr etecol umnsov ert urnout side

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 21
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

theframewor kifnott ight l

yheldorconnect edwi ththef r
ames.
3. Cr ushingofcol umnendsandv i
rt
ual hinging
During severe shaki ng,t he column ends ar e subj ected to heavyeccent ric
compr essivest ressesunderwhi cht heconcr eteget scr ushedandspal ledof f
from theout ersur faces.I nr epeatedcy clest hedamagepr ogressesinwar ds,
thusef f
ectiv
esect i
onget sv erymuchr educed,bot hcol umnendsv i
rt
uall
yst art
behav i
ngaspi nsandt hewhol eframewor kcol l
apsesl i
keamechani sm.
4. Shor tcol umnef fect
Wheni nfil
lwal lswi t
hwi deopeni ngsar eat tachedt ot hecol umns,thepor t
ions
ofthecol umnst hatwi lldeform underl ateralsei smi cloadsbecomev eryshor t
ascompar edt ot hei
rnor malheight .Suchshor tcolumnsbecomemuchst iffer
thanot hercol umnsandat tr
actmuchl argershearf orcesunderwhi chget
severediagonal tensionwhi chmayl eadt of ail
ur eoft hecolumn.

5. Diagonalcrackingi nthecol umns

Col umnsar esubjectedt odi agonalcrackingduet ol argesei smi cshear scaused
undersev ergr oundshaki ng.Ift wist
ingoft hebui l
dingal sooccur s,t hecr ack
mayt akespi r
al f
ormr educi ngt heloadcapacityoft hecol umnssev erely.
6. Di agonalcrackingofcol umnbeam j oi
nt
Manyt imesdi agonalcr ackingoccur sthrought hej uncti
onoft hecol umnswi th
thebeam whi chser i
ouslyi mpai rsthestrengthoft hef rame.
7. Pul l
ingoutoft her einforcingbars
Wher et he anchorl engt h oft he column bar s orov erl
aps bet ween t he
l
ongi tudinalbarsar enotadequat efordevelopingf ullt
ensilest r
engthoft hebar,
theyar eof tenpulledoutduet otensionscausedi nt hecol umnunderr eversalof
stresses.
8. Col l
apseofgabl eframes
Reinfor cedconcr etegabl ef rames,of t
enusedf orschoolwor kshops,gy mnasi a
andassembl yhal l
s,orci nemahal l
s,hav eat endencyofspr eadingoutwi thno
SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI
VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 22
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

secondar yr esi stanceav ailableonceaj ointf ai

l
s.Thesear eof tenf oundt ofail
andcol lapseunl essv erycar ef ullydesi gnedanddet ailed.
9. Foundat ionsi nki ngandt i
lti
ng
Sinkingort i
ltingoff oundat ionsofcol umnsduet osei smicshaki ngoccur sin
l
oosesof tsoul sandcanl eadt osev erecr ackingoft hesuper struct ureandev en
coll
apse.
Factor sAf fect ingDegr eeofEar t
hquakeDamagest oBui ldings
Thef actorst hataf fectt heext entofear t
hquakedamagest ot hest ructur
es
i
nclude:
1. De v i
ationbet weendesi gnandact ualresponsespect rum
2. Br ittl
ecol umns
3. As ymmet ricar rangementofst if
f nessel ementi npl an
4. Fl exibl egr oundf loor
5. Shor tcol umns
6. Shapeoft hef loorpl an
7. Shapeoft hebui ldi
ngi nel evation
8. Sl abssuppor tedbycol umnswi t
houtbeams
9. Damage sduet opr eviousear t
hquake
10. Re inforcedconcr etebui l
dingwi thaf r
amest r
uct uralsystem
11. Numbe rofst or ey s
12. Ty peoff oundat i
on
13. Loc at i
onofadj acentbui ldingsi nt hebl ock
14. Sl abl ev el sofadj acentst ructur e
15. Poors truct ural layout
1.Dev iati
onbet weenDesi gnandAct ual ResponseSpect rum
Impr operev aluat ion ofant icipat ed ear thquake char acteri
stics used i nthe
earthquakedesi gnoft hest ruct ureist hemostcommonandcr iti
calf actor
sfor
thedamageofbui l
di ngs.Howev er,thisi snott heonl yf actorsi ncet hereare
certainfeat uresoft hest ructur et hatcoul dbesei smicweakpoi nt .

Fi
g.2:
Desi
gnResponseSpect
rum

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 23
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

2.Br i
ttleCol umns
Itisr epor tedt hat, t
hemaj orit
yofst ruct ur
esf aileddur i
ngear t
hquakear eduet o
col umnf ailure.Thecol umnmayf ailduet odet er ior
ationofconcr eteasar esult
ofcy clicl oadi ngandi nsuf fici
entnumberoft i
esembeddedi nthecolumnatt he
cr i
tical locat ions.
3.Asy mmet ri
cAr rangementofSt i
ffnessEl ementi nPlan
Cor esi nst r
uct uresar et hebasi cstiffnessel ementandi tslocati
onwi t
hr egar d
tot he bui l
ding woul di nfl
uence t he behav iour of t he st r
uctur e dur ing
ear thquakesandev ent ual l
yaf fectt heext entoft hedamage.Howev er,iti s
repor t
edt hat ,smal lper cent ageoff ailedbui ldingswasduet oeccent ricit
iesof
thecor eofst aircaseandel evators.
4.Fl exi bleGr oundFl oor
Flexi blegr oundf l
oori sanot herf actort hatcont r
ibutest othedamaget hat
struct ur emayencount erdur i
ngear thquake.Whenst i
ffnessi sabruptlyr educed
atspeci ficl ev elofast r
uct ure,thenst ressesont hest r
uctur
alel ement sof
flexiblest or ywoul dincr easeandsubsequent l
yf ail
.Ther efore,t
hepr esenceof
sof tst or ywoul dincreaset heext entofst r
uct ural sei
smi cf ail
ure
Flexi blegr oundf l
oori smadewhent hisfloori susedf orcommer ci
alpur poses
andbr oadspacesneedt obepr ovided.
5.Shor tCol umns
Thef ailureofshor tcol umnsduet oear thquakesi sl esscommoncompar e
or dinar ycol umnf ail
ure.Howev er
,shor tcol umnmayf ailinsheari nexpl osive
mannerandev entuall
yl eadt othecol l
apseoft hest ructure.

Fi
g.6:ShortColumninaBui l
ding
6.Shapeoff l
oorplan
I
ti s demonst r
ated t
hat,square shape f
loorplan exhi
bitthe bestsei
smic
behaviourcompar ewit
hothershapessuchasX,I ,and+.Ther ef
ore,t
heext
ent
ofbuil
dingseismicdamageisi nf
luencedbyfl
oorshapeplan.

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 24
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

7.ShapeofBui ldingi nEl ev ati

on
Itispr ov ent hat ,st ruct ur eswi thr egul arupperst or ey sshow super iorsei smic
responsecompar edwi t
hbui l
di ngswhi cht hei rupperst or ey sar ei nf orm of
set backs.
8.Sl absCar riedbyCol umnswi thoutBeams
Flatsl absy st em i sconsi der ablyv ulner ablest ructuralsy st em anddoesnothav e
sat i
sf act or yr esi st ance agai nstsei smi c ef fect s.Such st ruct ur alsy stem i s
consi der abl yf lexi bleandhasl owduct ility.Thati swhyEC8pr ev ent stheuseof
fl
atsl absunl essot hersei smi cr esistantst ruct uresl ikeshearwal lsandf l
exible
framesar eusedaswel l.
DamagesofSt ruct ur esduet oPr ev i
ousEar thquakes
• Bui ldingt hatsuf feredcer tainty peofdamagesf rom pr ev iousear t
hquakes
woul dexper iencet hesamemodeoff ailurei ft her epai rtechni quehadnotbeen
conduct edpr oper l
y .
• Itisf oundt hat ,st ructurest hatr epai r
edl ongt imeagowoul dunder got he
samedamagebutt hisi slesscommoni nmostr ecentr epai redst r
uct ures.Thi s
i
sbecauser epai ringmet hodshav edev elopedandhencet hei ref fect sar emor e
prof ound.
10.Rei nfor cedConcr et eBui l
dingswi thFr ameSt ruct ural Sy stem
Framest ruct ur alsy st em i st hesour ceofv ul
ner abi li
tyi sbui ldings.Thi sis
becausei tunder goesconsi der ablei nt er -
st oreydr iftdur ingsei smi cexci tati
on.
Suchl ar gedi spl acementdamagei nf illwal l
st hatt heirr epai ri ssubst ant i
all
y
cost ly.
So,t hemaj orpoi ntt hatmakesf ramest ructur alsy stem v ul
ner abl ei st hehi gh
costneededt or epai rdamagedi nfi
llwal ls.
11.NumberofSt or ey s
• Itisr epor tedbasedonst at i
stical dat athat ,thev ulner abilityofst ructur eto
ear thquakef or cesdecr easesast henumberofst oresar ei ncr eased.
• Itshowni nsev er alear thquakesl i
ket hoseofBuchar esti n1997and
Mexi coCi tyt hatt heext entofdamageswasmor esev er ei nhi ghr isebui l
ding
(mor et hant hreest or ey s)compar ewi thl owr isebui ldings.
• Itisknownt hat ,thepr esenceofmasonr yi nfillinbui l
di ngwi l
lnotonl y
i
ncr easet hest rengt hoft hest ruct urebutal soi timpr ov esi t sst if
fness.These
i
mpr ov ement sar emor eobv iousandef fectiv ei nl ow r i
sebui ldingscompar e
wi t
hhi ghr isest ruct ur es.
12.Ty peofFoundat ion
Ty peoff oundat ionusedi nfl
uencet hedegr eeofear thquakedamagesi nt wo
formsi ncl udi ngdi rectandi ndirectef f ect .
Wi thr egar dt odi rectef f
ectoff oundat i
onf orm,i tmani festi tsel fi nnumberof
char act eristicssuchasf ractureoff oundat ionsoi l,failureoff oundat i
onmember

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 25
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

l
ikef oundat ionbeam f ractur e,gr ounddi ff
er entialset t
lementwhi chi st hemost
commonef fect ,soi lliquef act iont hati sr arelyoccurbuthascat ast rophicef f
ect,
andgener al orpar ti
al l
andsl ideoff oundat i
onsoi l.
Thei ndi recti nf l
uencesoff oundat iont ypei ncludeoutofpl anemov ement sof
i
ndi vidualcol umnsbasei nt hecaseofi solatedf oundat ionswhi char enot
connect edt oget her ,orwhenbeamsbet weenf oundat ionsar ef lexi ble.
Ther ef ore,i sol atedf oundat ionwoul di ncr easet hesev erityoft heear thquake
damages.
13.Locat ionofAdj acentBui ldi ngsi nt heBl ock
Thel ocat ionoft headj acentbui ldingsont hebl ockaf fectssei smi cr esponseof
thest ruct ur econsi der ably .Forexampl e,bui l
dingsatt hecor neroft hebl ock
woul dexper iencegr eat erdamageandmor esensi ti
vet oear t
hquakescompar e
wi t
hf reest andi ngst ruct ures.
Factor s such as asy mmet ric di stribution ofst i
ff
ness i n bui lding pl an and
transf erofki net i
c ener gy t hr ough poundi ngs ar e commonl yi ncr ease t he
vulner abi li
tyoft hecor nerbui ldi ngs.
14.Sl abLev el sofAdj acentSt ruct ures
Itisfoundt hat , thei mpul sel oadi ngt hatast ructur eget sf r
om adj acentbui l
dings
hav eaconsi der ablei nfluenceont heext entoft heear thquakedamages.I tis
repor tedt hat , theext entofdamagesi nst r
uct ureswi t
hdi fferentf l
oorl ev elslabs
aresi gni ficant lygr eat ert hanbui ldingswi tht hesamef loorslabl ev el.
Thiscanbecl ear lyobser vedi nMexi coCi tyear thquakewhi choccur r
edi n1985
andThessal oni ki ear thquakeoccur redi n1978.
15.PoorSt ruct ur alLay out
Byandl ar ge,poorcol l
abor ationbet weenar chi
t ecturalengi neerandst ructural
engineeratconcept ual desi gnphaser esultsi npoorst ructurallay out .
Exampl esofpoorst ruct urall ay outi ncludescutof fofcol umns,asy mmet ri
c
arrangement sofst iffnessel ement si npl anandel evation,andi rregular i
tiesin
formi npl anandel ev at i
on.
Itisr epor tedt hatar oundonet hirdofst ruct urescol l
apsedi nAt henear thquake
occur redi n1999wer eduet opoorst ructur al l
ayout .

Questi
onBank
1.Expl
ainthev ar
iouscausesf ordeteriorati
onofconcr etest
ructures.
2.El
aboratelyexplai
naboutt heeff
ect soft emper at
ureonconcr ete
3. El abor at
elyexplainabouttheef f
ect soffir
eonconcr et
e.
4. El abor at
elyexplainabouttheef f
ect soffreezingandThawi ngonconcr
ete.
5. Di scussindet ai
laboutthephy si
cal properti
esofconcrete
6.Expl
ainthecausesandef fect
sofanyf ourdef ect
sinconcrete.
7. Di scussthei mportanceofmai ntenance.

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 26
 REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

8. Different
iat
ebet weenrepai
randmaintenance.
9. Ex plai
nthefactorseff
ecti
ngdegreeofEarthquakedamagest
oBui
l
dings.
10. Explai
ntheeffectsofeart
hquakeonconcretestruct
ure.

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 27
REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

1) Physical i
nspect i
onofdamagedst ructure.
2) Presentationanddocument i
ngt hedamage.
3) Coll
ect i
onofsampl esandcar ryingoutt est sbothinsituandi nlab.
4) Studyingt hedocument si ncludingst ructuralaspects.
5) Esti
mat ionofl oadsact ingont hest ructure.
6) Esti
mat eofenv i
ronment aleffect si
ncl udingsoilstruct
ureinteracti
on.
7) Diagnosis.
8) Takingpr eventivest epsnott ocausef urtherdamage.
9) Retrospect i
veanal ysistogett hedi agnosi sconfi
rmed.
10) Assessmentofst ructuraladequacy .
11) Esti
mat ionoff utureuse.
12) Remedi almeasur esnecessar ytost rengt henandr epai
ringthest r
uctur
e.
13) Postrepai revaluationthrought ests.
14) Loadt estt ostudyt hebehav i
or.
15) Choiceofcour seofact ionf orther est orati
onofst ruct
ure.

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 28
REHABI
LITATI
ONANDRETROFI
TTI
NGOFSTRUCTURES[
17CV753] MODULE-
1

SANTHOSHM C ASSTPROFESSOR DEPTOFCI

VILENGG,
. G.
M.I
.T,
BHARATHI
NAGAR. 29