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Engineering Drawing Module 7

The document discusses orthographic projections and technical drawing. It defines orthographic projection as a method of drawing 3D objects using 2D views from different directions. The six principal views are the standard views used to fully describe an object. Dimensions of width, height, and depth are used regardless of the object's shape. Hidden lines are indicated with dashed lines to show hidden features. Isometric views provide an additional 3D perspective and are often included for clarity.

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Aldrin Villanueva
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338 views8 pages

Engineering Drawing Module 7

The document discusses orthographic projections and technical drawing. It defines orthographic projection as a method of drawing 3D objects using 2D views from different directions. The six principal views are the standard views used to fully describe an object. Dimensions of width, height, and depth are used regardless of the object's shape. Hidden lines are indicated with dashed lines to show hidden features. Isometric views provide an additional 3D perspective and are often included for clarity.

Uploaded by

Aldrin Villanueva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Projections Engineering Drawing and Plans

CHAPTER VII
PROJECTIONS

Objectives
After studying the material in this chapter, you should be able to:

 Recognize and sketch the symbol for third-angle projection.


 List the six principal views of projection.
 Sketch the top, front, and right-side views of an object with normal, inclined, and oblique
surfaces.
 Understand which views show depth in a drawing that shows top, front, and right-side views.
 List the dimensions that transfer between top, front, and right-side views.

7.1 Orthographic Projection

A view of an object is called a projection. By projecting multiple views from different directions in
a systematic way, you can completely describe the shape of 3D objects.

 The Six Standard Views


Any object can be viewed from six mutually perpendicular directions, as shown in Figure
6.1. These are called the six principal views.

Fig 7.1. The six principal views.

Tarlac State University | B111L Aldrin Joar. Taduran 1


College of Engineering and Technology Aldrin M. Villanueva
Projections Engineering Drawing and Plans

Fig 7.2. The Six Views of a House.

 Principal Dimensions

The three principal dimensions of an object are width, height, and depth (Figure 7.3). In
technical drawing, these fixed terms are used for dimensions shown in certain views, regardless
of the shape of the object. The terms length and thickness are not used because they may be
misleading.

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College of Engineering and Technology Aldrin M. Villanueva
Projections Engineering Drawing and Plans

Fig 7.3. The Principal Dimensions of an Object.

 Projection Method

Figure 7.4 illustrates the front view of an object drawn using an orthographic projection. Imagine
a sheet of glass parallel to the front surfaces of the object. This represents the plane of
projection. The outline on the plane of projection shows how the object appears to the observer.
In orthographic projection, rays (or projectors) from all points on the edges or contours of the
object extend parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane of projection. The word
orthographic means “at right angled drawing.”

Examples of top and side views are shown in Figure 7.5. Specific names are given to the planes
of projection. The front view is projected to the frontal plane. The top view is projected to the
horizontal plane. The side view is projected to the profile plane.

Fig 7.4. Projection of an Object.

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College of Engineering and Technology Aldrin M. Villanueva
Projections Engineering Drawing and Plans

Fig 7.5. Horizontal and Profile Projection Planes.

 The Glass Box

One way to understand the standard arrangement of views on the sheet of paper is to envision a
glass box. If planes of projection were placed parallel to each principal face of the object, they
would form a box, as shown in Figure 7.6. The outside observer would see six standard views
(front, rear, top, bottom, right side, left side) of the object through the sides of this imaginary
glass box.

Fig 7.6. The Glass Box.

 Hidden Line Technique

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College of Engineering and Technology Aldrin M. Villanueva
Projections Engineering Drawing and Plans

Sketch hidden lines by eye, using thin dark dashes about 5 mm long and spaced about 1 mm
apart. Hidden lines should be as dark as other lines in the drawing, but should be thin.

When hidden lines intersect each other in the drawing, their dashes should meet. In general,
hidden lines should intersect neatly with visible lines at the edge of an object. Leave a gap when
a hidden line aligns with a visible line, so that the visible line’s length remains clear.

7.2 Correct and Incorrect Practices for Hidden Lines

 Make a hidden line join a visible line, except when it causes the visible line to extend too far, as
shown here. Leave a gap whenever a hidden line is a continuation of a visible line.

 Make hidden lines intersect at L and T corners.

 Make a hidden line “jump” a visible line when possible.

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College of Engineering and Technology Aldrin M. Villanueva
Projections Engineering Drawing and Plans

 Draw parallel hidden lines so that the dashes are staggered, as in bricklaying.

 When two or three hidden lines meet at a point, join the dashes, as shown for the bottom of this
drilled hole.

 The same rule of joining the dashes when two or three hidden lines meet at a point applies for the
top of this countersunk hole.

 Hidden lines should not join visible lines when this makes the visible line extend too far

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College of Engineering and Technology Aldrin M. Villanueva
Projections Engineering Drawing and Plans

 Draw hidden arcs with the arc joining the centerline, as in upper example. There should not be a
gap between the arc and the centerline, as in the lower example with the straightaway joining the
centerline.

7.3 Isometric Views

 Including isometric views in detail drawings helps others easily interpret the drawing.
 Isometric views are often shown in the upper right-hand area of the drawing, as there is often
room there.
 The isometric view does not have to be at the same scale as the other views.
 Often, a smaller scale is just as clear and fits on the sheet better.
 It is not necessary to indicate the scale of the isometric view on the drawing.
 Figure 7.7 shows an example of an isometric view added to a part drawing.

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College of Engineering and Technology Aldrin M. Villanueva
Projections Engineering Drawing and Plans

Fig 7.7 The isometric view provides an easy visual reference for the part described in the
orthographic views.

Reference:

F. E. Giesecke, et. al., 2016, Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 5th Ed. Pearson Education,
Inc., Publishing as Prentice Hall.

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College of Engineering and Technology Aldrin M. Villanueva

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